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Du X, Zhang M, Wang S, Li J, Zhang J, Liu D. Ethnopharmacology, chemical composition and functions of Cymbopogon citratus. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2024; 16:358-374. [PMID: 39072200 PMCID: PMC11283232 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Cymbopogon citratus in the gramineous family, also known as lemongrass (LG), is a perennial herb. LG, a drug and food homologous medicine, has a widely recorded medicinal value and food applications. To date, 158 LG compounds have been reported, including terpenoids, flavonoids, phenolic acids. Pharmacological and clinical studies have indicated that LG has antibacterial, neuroprotective, hypoglycemic, hypotensive, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects. This article reviews LG in ethnopharmacology, chemical composition, pharmacology, food, medicine, and daily chemical applications to provide a basis for the subsequent development of food and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqin Du
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Tianjin Modern Innovation Chinese Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300380, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Tianjin Modern Innovation Chinese Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300380, China
| | - Shuping Wang
- Characteristic Medical Center of Chinese People's Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Jingyang Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Logistics College of Chinese People’s Armed Police Force, Tianjin 300309, China
| | - Jingze Zhang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Tianjin Modern Innovation Chinese Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300380, China
| | - Dailin Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
- Tianjin Modern Innovation Chinese Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300380, China
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Ben-Azu B, Adebayo OG, Moke EG, Omogbiya AI, Oritsemuelebi B, Chidebe EO, Umukoro E, Nwangwa EK, Etijoro E, Umukoro E, Mamudu EJ, Chukwuma C. Geraniol attenuates behavioral and neurochemical impairments by inhibitions of HPA-axis and oxido-inflammatory perturbations in mice exposed to post-traumatic stress disorder. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 168:165-175. [PMID: 37913743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Geraniol is an acyclic isoprenoid monoterpenoid analogue that has been shown to elicit neuroprotective functions, primarily through its ability to stimulate antioxidant and anti-inflammatory systems. An increase in inflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress exacerbate activation hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), leading to neurochemical dysfunction, which has important roles in the pathogenesis of post-traumatic disorder (PTSD), a mental health disorder characterized of post-trauma-induced intense fear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-PTSD-like effects and underlying mechanisms of geraniol against single-prolonged-stress (SPS)-induced PTSD in mice. Following concomitant exposure to SPS (triple-paradigm traumatic events) and isolation for 7 days, mice (n = 9) were treated with geraniol (50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.) or fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, p.o.) from days 8-21. Mice were assessed for behavioral changes. Neurochemical changes, inflammatory, oxido-nitrergic markers, adrenal weight, serum glucose and corticosterone concentrations were assayed. Geraniol inhibits SPS-induced anxiety- and depressive-like features as well as behavioral despair in the depression paradigms. SPS-induced locomotor and memory impairments were also abated by geraniol treatment similarly to fluoxetine. SPS-induced adrenal hypertrophy and increased blood glucose and corticosterone concentrations, were attenuated by the geraniol treatment. Elevated levels of TNF-α and IL-6, and malondialdehyde, nitrite, acetylcholinesterase enzyme were reduced by geraniol. Geraniol also increased glutathione, superoxide-dismutase, and catalase levels as well as dopamine, serotonin concentrations and GABAergic glutamic acid decarboxylase enzyme activity in the striatum, prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in the PTSD-mice relative to SPS control. In conclusion, geraniol attenuates behavioral impairments and neurochemical dysregulations by inhibitions of HPA-axis and oxido-inflammatory perturbations in mice exposed to PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benneth Ben-Azu
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.
| | - Olusegun G Adebayo
- Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port-Harcourt, River State, Nigeria
| | - Emuesiri G Moke
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Adrian I Omogbiya
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Benjamin Oritsemuelebi
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel O Chidebe
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Emuesiri Umukoro
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Eze K Nwangwa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Etijoro
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel Umukoro
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth J Mamudu
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
| | - Chineye Chukwuma
- DELSU Joint Canada-Israel Neuroscience and Biopsychiatry Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria
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Omayone TP, Salami FT, Aluko OM, Nathanniel JN, Jeje SO, Adedeji TG, Ijomone OM. Neuroprotective effects of methyl jasmonate in male Wistar rats exposed to delayed acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis: involvement of antioxidant status, GFAP, and IBA-1 immunoreactivities. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:671-686. [PMID: 36595156 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01145-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurobehavioral deficits have been severally reported as a comorbid outcome in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). This study evaluated neurological changes in the experimental model of IBDs, as well potential protective effects of methyl jasmonate (MJ). The study used the acetic acid model of colitis and thereafter delayed the healing process by the administration of indomethacin (Indo) (2 mg/kg, SC). Thirty male Wistar rats (120-160 g) were divided into 5 groups (n = 6). Control, Colitis, Colitis + Indo, MJ (50 mg/kg, IP) + Colitis and MJ + Colitis + Indo. Colitis was induced by intrarectal administration of 2 mL, 4% acetic acid. Neurobehavioral studies were carried out to assess memory function, depression, and anxiety on day 7 of post-colitis induction. Animals were thereafter sacrificed to collect the brain tissues for routine histology, immunoreactivity of GFAP and IBA-1, and biochemical assays. Neurobehavioral tests showed anxiety, depression, and memory deficits, especially in the Colitis + Indo group which were accompanied by increased IBA-1 and GFAP count. MJ reversed these effects and reduced GFAP count in the hippocampus and amygdala as well as IBA-1 count in the hippocampus, amygdala, and cortex. Histological observations of these areas showed no significant histopathological changes across all groups. GPx and CAT levels were significantly reduced, while MPO was significantly increased in colitis and Colitis+indo groups when compared with control, which was attenuated in groups administered with MJ. These findings tuggest that MJ possesses neuroprotective, anti-oxidant, and neuron-regeneration properties. Therefore, it could be considered as a potential treatment for behavioral deficits associated with ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tosan P Omayone
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria.
| | - Faizah T Salami
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Oritoke M Aluko
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
- The Neuro-Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Jannie N Nathanniel
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
- The Neuro-Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
| | - Sikirullai O Jeje
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Temitope G Adedeji
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Omamuyovwi M Ijomone
- The Neuro-Lab, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
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Adebayo OG, Ben-Azu B, Ajayi AM, Wopara I, Aduema W, Kolawole TA, Umoren EB, Onyeleonu I, Ebo OT, Ajibo DN, Akpotu AE. Gingko biloba abrogate lead-induced neurodegeneration in mice hippocampus: involvement of NF-κB expression, myeloperoxidase activity and pro-inflammatory mediators. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:1736-1749. [PMID: 34240327 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02790-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimmune alterations have important implication in the neuropsychiatric symptoms and biochemical changes associated with lead-induced neurotoxicity. It has been suggested that inhibition of neuroinflammatory-mediated lead-induced neurotoxicity by phytochemicals enriched with antioxidant activities would attenuate the deleterious effects caused by lead. Hence, this study investigated the neuroinflammatory mechanism behind the effect of Ginkgo biloba supplement (GB-S) in lead-induced neurotoxicity in mice brains. Mice were intraperitoneally pretreated with lead acetate (100 mg/kg) for 30 min prior the administration of GB-S (10 and 20 mg/kg, i.p.) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (50 mg/kg, i.p.) for 14 consecutive days. Symptoms of neurobehavioral impairment were evaluated using open field test (OFT), elevated plus maze (EPM), and tail suspension test (TST) respectively. Thereafter, mice brain hippocampi were sectioned for myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α and IL-6) estimation and inflammatory protein (NF-κB) expression. Furthermore, histomorphormetric studies (Golgi impregnation and Cresyl violet stainings) were carried out. GB-S (10 and 20 mg/kg) significantly restores neurobehavioral impairments based on improved locomotion, reduced anxiety- and depressive-like behavior. Moreover, GB-S reduced the MPO activity, inhibits TNF-α, IL-6 release, and downregulates NF-κB immunopositive cell expression in mice hippocampus. Histomorphometrically, GB-S also prevents the loss of pyramidal neuron in the hippocampus. The endpoint of this findings suggest that GB-S decreases neuropsychiatric symptoms induced by lead acetate through mechanisms related to inhibition of release of pro-inflammatory mediators and suppression of hippocampal pyramidal neuron degeneration in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun G Adebayo
- Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port-Harcourt, River State, Nigeria.
| | - Benneth Ben-Azu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria.
| | - Abayomi M Ajayi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Iheanyichukwu Wopara
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, River State, Nigeria
| | - Wadioni Aduema
- Department of Physiology, Bayelsa Medical University, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | - Tolunigba A Kolawole
- Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port-Harcourt, River State, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth B Umoren
- Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port-Harcourt, River State, Nigeria
| | - Ijeoma Onyeleonu
- Department of Anatomy, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port-Harcourt, River State, Nigeria
| | - Oloruntoba T Ebo
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Doris N Ajibo
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, River State, Nigeria
| | - Ajirioghene E Akpotu
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria
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Onasanwo SA, Adamaigbo VO, Adebayo OG, Eleazer SE. Moringa oleifera-supplemented diet protect against cortico-hippocampal neuronal degeneration in scopolamine-induced spatial memory deficit in mice: role of oxido-inflammatory and cholinergic neurotransmission pathway. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:2445-2460. [PMID: 34669098 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-021-00855-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic and pharmacological management of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is generally considered a major concern in ethnomedicine. Moreover, plant-based foods containing flavonoids were previously reported to show neuroprotective effects by modulating self-aggregation of amyloid-β (Aβ)/or tau peptide into oligomers and fibrils, associated with the pathogenesis of AD. This study investigated the impact of Moringa oleifera-supplemented diet (MO-SD) in scopolamine-induced spatial memory deficit in mice. Mice were partitioned into two phases with five groups each (n=6) and pretreated intraperitoneally with scopolamine (1 mg/kg) prior the daily oral administration of MO-SD (1 %, 5 % and 10 %) for 7 and 14 days. Spatial memory function was assessed using the Morris water maze (MWM) test. Thereafter, markers of cholinergic system inhibition (Acetylcholinesterase; AChE) and oxido-inflammatory stress (Malonaldehyde, MDA; Nitrite; Superoxide Dismutase, SOD; Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-α) and histo-morphology of the cortico-hippocampal neuron were measured. The scopolamine treatment led to loss of spatial memory function in mice spatial exploration of the escape platform in the MWM test. Meanwhile, treatment with MO-SD attenuated loss of spatial memory function via significant decrease in escape latency, significant increase in the frequency of cross with time spent in the platform quadrant. Furthermore, scopolamine treatment altered the endogenous antioxidants and pro-inflammatory mediators, elevated acetylcholinesterase activity and promoted chromatolysis of the cortico-hippocampal neuron. However, MO-SD significantly ameliorated oxido-inflammatory stress, restored cholinergic transmission via acetylcholinesterase inhibition and maintains neuronal integrity in the mice brain at both phases. These results suggest that Moringa oleifera-supplemented diet may serve a potential therapeutic and possible pharmacological macromolecule for preventing loss of neuronal cells and management of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Adetunji Onasanwo
- Neurosciences and Oral Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Vanessa O Adamaigbo
- Neurosciences and Oral Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Olusegun G Adebayo
- Neurosciences and Oral Physiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
- Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port-Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Spiff E Eleazer
- Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Port-Harcourt, Nigeria
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Wopara I, Adebayo OG, Umoren EB, Aduema W, Iwueke AV, Etim O, Pius EA, James WB, Wodo J. Involvement of striatal oxido-inflammatory, nitrosative and decreased cholinergic activity in neurobehavioral alteration in adult rat model with oral co-exposure to erythrosine and tartrazine. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08454. [PMID: 34888423 PMCID: PMC8637136 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Overuse or overconsumption of food additive or colorant cannot be ignored in our society and there are several reports of it harmful effect on the body system. This study investigated the toxicity effect of tartrazine and erythrosine (ET, 50:50) on neurobehavioral alteration, striatal oxido-nitrosative and pro-inflammatory stress and striatal acetylcholinesterase activity in experimental rat model. Rats were co-exposed to ET (2 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg) and distilled water (control), p.o for 6 weeks. The change in neurobehavioral function (Open field test, Forced swimming test and Tail suspension test), Lipid peroxidation (Malonaldehyde, MDA), Antioxidants (Glutathione, GSH; Catalase, CAT) Nitrite, Pro-inflammatory cytokine (Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-α) and Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were evaluated. Results showed significant decrease in neurobehavioral functions after co-exposure to ET. Moreover, there were significant increase in MDA and Nitrite level, significant decrease in the concentration of GSH and CAT and a significant increase TNF-α concentration and AChE activity after co-exposure to ET. Oral co-exposure to tartrazine and erythrosine induced decrease in locomotion and exploration, increase anxiety and depression-like behavior and altered the cholinergic system through upregulation of oxido-nitrosative stress, pro-inflammatory cytokine and acetylcholinesterase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iheanyichukwu Wopara
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Olusegun G. Adebayo
- Department of Physiology, Neurophysiology Unit, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth B. Umoren
- Department of Physiology, Neurophysiology Unit, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Wadioni Aduema
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Bayelsa Medical University, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State, Nigeria
| | - Adaku V. Iwueke
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - O.E. Etim
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Egelege Aziemeola. Pius
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria
| | - Woha Boobondah James
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Rivers State University, Rivers State, Nigeria
| | - Joel Wodo
- Department of Physiology, Neurophysiology Unit, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Rivers State, Nigeria
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Wopara I, Modo EU, Adebayo OG, Mobisson SK, Nwigwe JO, Ogbu PI, Nwankwo VU, Ejeawa CU. Anxiogenic and memory impairment effect of food color exposure: upregulation of oxido-neuroinflammatory markers and acetyl-cholinestrase activity in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06378. [PMID: 33748463 PMCID: PMC7970276 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythrosine and tartrazine are one of the synthetic azo dye mostly consumed in food, drugs and other industrial compounds. This study was designed to investigate the adverse effect of combine erythrosine and tartrazine on cognitive and neurobehavioral functions, pro-oxidants, endogenous antioxidants, cholinergic system and pro-inflammatory cytokines in rats. Erythrosine and tartrazine (2 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg, and 10 mg/kg, b.w., p.o, 50:50) was administered to rats (n = 6) for 6 weeks. Memory and neurobehavioral assessment using Novel object recognition test (NORT) and Elevated plus maze (EPM) and biochemical (pro-oxidants and anti-oxidant enzymes) and pro-inflammatory cytokine measurement from the brain sub regions namely, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex were done at the end of treatment. The results showed (p < 0.05) significant decreased memory and neurobehavioral function, increased acetyl-cholinesterase and pro-oxidants activity (Malonaldehyde level and Nitrite), decreased endogenous anti-oxidants (Glutathione and Catalase) and increased pro-inflammatory cytokines (Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, TNF-α). We suggested that the mechanism by which this oxidative and neuro-inflammatory damage and cholinergic system alteration occur might be related to the release of metabolite in fission of the azo dyes of the combined erythrosine and tartrazine administration in the animals. However, we concluded on these findings that erythrosine and tartrazine dyes significantly provoke the release of oxido-nitrergic and neuroinflammatory stress markers and also may incite acetyl-cholinesterase activities in different brain regions leading to memory and neurobehavioral impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iheanyichukwu Wopara
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Nigeria
| | - Emmanuel U. Modo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Madonna University, Nigeria
| | - Olusegun G. Adebayo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, PAMO University of Medical Sciences, Nigeria
| | - Samuel K. Mobisson
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Madonna University, Nigeria
| | - Jovita O. Nwigwe
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Madonna University, Nigeria
| | - Prince I. Ogbu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Madonna University, Nigeria
| | - Vincent U. Nwankwo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Madonna University, Nigeria
| | - Constance U. Ejeawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Madonna University, Nigeria
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