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Liang J, Stöppelmann F, Schoenbach J, Rigling M, Nedele AK, Zhang Y, Hannemann L, Hua N, Heimbach J, Kohlus R, Zhang Y. Influence of peeling on volatile and non-volatile compounds responsible for aroma, sensory, and nutrition in ginger (Zingiber officinale). Food Chem 2023; 419:136036. [PMID: 37003052 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Industrial use of ginger after peeling results in large amounts of agro-waste. To provide a basic reference for the sustainable processing of ginger products as a spice, we investigated the differences between unpeeled ginger, peeled ginger, and corresponding ginger peel, in terms of aroma, sensory profiles, and nutrition relevant physicochemical properties. The results showed that the total concentrations of identified odor-active compounds in unpeeled ginger, peeled ginger, and ginger peel were 876.56, 672.73, and 105.39 mg/kg, respectively. Unpeeled ginger exhibited more intense citrus-like and fresh impressions compared to peeled ginger, revealed by descriptive sensory analyses. This is relevant to the high odor activity values of odorants such as β-myrcene (pungent, citrus-like), geranial (citrus-like), citronellal (citrus-like, sourish), and linalool (floral, fresh). In parallel, unpeeled ginger contained higher total polyphenol (84.49 mg/100 g) and total sugar content (33.4 g/kg) in comparison with peeled ginger (76.53 mg/100 g and 28.6 g/kg).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Liang
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Flavor Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstraße 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Felix Stöppelmann
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Flavor Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstraße 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Julia Schoenbach
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Flavor Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstraße 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Marina Rigling
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Flavor Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstraße 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Ann-Kathrin Nedele
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Flavor Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstraße 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Youfeng Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Flavor Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstraße 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Lea Hannemann
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Flavor Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstraße 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Nathalie Hua
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd E, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Julia Heimbach
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Process Engineering and Food Powders, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Reinhard Kohlus
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Process Engineering and Food Powders, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 25, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Flavor Chemistry, University of Hohenheim, Fruwirthstraße 12, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Hehet P, Pütz M, Kämmerer B, Umlauf G, Geiss O, Caetano JGN, Karaghiosoff K, Wende M. Determination of triacetone triperoxide (TATP) traces using passive samplers in combination with GC-MS and GC-PCI-MS/MS methods. Forensic Sci Int 2023:111673. [PMID: 37031011 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
The use of organic peroxides for the preparation of homemade explosives (HMEs) is common among terrorists due to inexpensive precursor chemicals and simple synthetic procedures. Triacetone triperoxide (TATP) is the most notable peroxide explosive, and has been deployed in several terrorist attacks as explosive filling of improvised explosive devices (IEDs). Forensic identification of TATP in pre-blast and post-blast residues, including on-site analysis, poses significant analytical challenges and induces demand for practicable and sensitive detection techniques. This work presents a concept suitable for laboratory and on-site identification of TATP residues in liquid samples (aqueous TATP synthetic waste) and in gas phase. It is based on TATP enrichment from the aqueous or gas phase using different types of passive samplers (polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sampling rods and activated carbon sampling tubes (ACST)) and subsequent identification of the explosive by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or GC with positive chemical ionization and tandem MS (GC-PCI-MS/MS) analytical techniques. Additionally, investigation of the stability of TATP in aqueous solutions and of the stability of enriched TATP in passive samplers under different storage conditions, as well as development of TATP re-extraction procedures from passive samplers have been performed in this study. The practical use of passive samplers was demonstrated during and after TATP production processes. Moreover, post-blast sampling of TATP under different conditions of controlled blasting events was investigated using the passive sampling concept.
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Assessment of commercial porous polyethylene frit for extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3005-3015. [PMID: 33758989 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03236-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Exploring commercial and inexpensive sorbents for extraction of organic pollutants is still an active area of research. Ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene sieve plate (UMPESP) is a commercially available, low-cost, and porous frit, which has been widely used in solid-phase extraction cartridges to fix the filling materials. In this work, UMPESP was investigated for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from water samples. The desorption and sorption efficiencies of UMPESP were first evaluated and compared with two previously reported sorbents, low-density polyethylene plastic pellet (LDPEP) and silicone rod (SR). The comparative results showed that quantitative desorption of analytes from UMPESP, which could be easily achieved with 2 × 1.5 mL n-hexane, was more effective than that of LDPEP (>6 × 1.5 mL n-hexane) and comparable to that of SR. Additionally, shorter equilibrium time was rendered by UMPESP (shaking for 120 min) compared with SR (>480 min), due to the porous structure and larger surface area of the former. Different parameters that affect the extraction efficiency, including organic modifier, ionic strength, and pH value, were then studied. The optimized method coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry afforded good linearity in a concentration range of 10-5000 ng L-1 (except acenaphthene in the range of 25-5000 ng L-1) with coefficients of determination ranging from 0.9957 to 0.9995 and relative standard deviations below 13.8%. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.04-3.35 ng L-1 and 0.13-11.16 ng L-1, respectively. Finally, the method was successfully applied to determine PAHs in real water samples, and the results showed no statistically significant difference with the concentrations derived from liquid-liquid extraction.
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Roychowdhury T, Patel DI, Shah D, Diwan A, Kaykhaii M, Herrington JS, Bell DS, Linford MR. Sputtered silicon solid phase microextraction fibers with a polydimethylsiloxane stationary phase with negligible carry-over and phase bleed. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1623:461065. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Aly AA, Górecki T. Green Approaches to Sample Preparation Based on Extraction Techniques. Molecules 2020; 25:E1719. [PMID: 32283595 PMCID: PMC7180442 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Preparing a sample for analysis is a crucial step of many analytical procedures. The goal of sample preparation is to provide a representative, homogenous sample that is free of interferences and compatible with the intended analytical method. Green approaches to sample preparation require that the consumption of hazardous organic solvents and energy be minimized or even eliminated in the analytical process. While no sample preparation is clearly the most environmentally friendly approach, complete elimination of this step is not always practical. In such cases, the extraction techniques which use low amounts of solvents or no solvents are considered ideal alternatives. This paper presents an overview of green extraction procedures and sample preparation methodologies, briefly introduces their theoretical principles, and describes the recent developments in food, pharmaceutical, environmental and bioanalytical chemistry applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alshymaa A. Aly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Menia Governorate 61519, Egypt
| | - Tadeusz Górecki
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada;
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Determination of Phenols Isomers in Water by Novel Nanosilica/Polydimethylsiloxane-Coated Stirring Bar Combined with High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8697. [PMID: 28821791 PMCID: PMC5562817 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel nanosilica/polydimethylsiloxane (SiO2/PDMS) coated stirring bar was adopted in the sorption extraction (SBSE) of phenols in water, and the high performance liquid chromatography-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (HPLC-FTIR) was subsequently used to determination of phenol concentration. The SiO2/PDMS coating was prepared by sol-gel method and characterized with respect to morphology and specific surface area. The results of field-emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) and N2 adsorption-desorption as well as phenol adsorption experiments denoted that SiO2/PDMS has larger surface area and better adsorption capacity than commercial PDMS. The extraction efficiency of phenol with SiO2/PDMS coated stirring bar was optimized in terms of ion strength, flow rate of phenol-involved influent, type of desorption solvent and desorption time. More than 75% of phenol desorption efficiency could be kept even after 50 cycles of extraction, indicating the high stability of the SiO2/PDMS coated stirring bar. Approximately 0.16 mg/L 2, 5-dimethylphenol (2, 5-DMP), which was 34-fold more toxic than phenol, was detected in water through HPLC-FTIR. However, 2, 5-DMP could be oxidized to 5-methy-2-hydroxy benzaldehyde after disinfection in drinking water treatment process. Therefore, the proposed method of SiO2/PDMS-SBSE-HPLC-FTIR is successfully applied in the analysis of phenols isomers in aqueous environment.
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Eremina N, Paschke A, Mazlova EA, Schüürmann G. Distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls, phthalic acid esters, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine substances in the Moscow River, Russia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 210:409-418. [PMID: 26807987 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the levels of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), phthalic acid esters (PAE), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and organochlorine substances (OCP) in the Moscow River water. Some studies have reported the occurrence of these substances in the soil of the Moscow region; however, no study has yet established an overview for these compounds in the Moscow River water. In this study the Moscow River water contamination with PAEs, PAHs and OCPs was determined. Obtained results were associated with the resident area located on the river bank, and the possible contamination sources were considered. The obtained data were compared with the data on the contamination of the different world-wide rivers. This research indicates the further study necessity of the Moscow region to cover more contaminated sites and environmental compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Eremina
- Department of Industrial Ecology, Gubkin Russian State, University of Oil and Gas, Leninskiy pr-t 65k1, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Albrecht Paschke
- Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elena A Mazlova
- Department of Industrial Ecology, Gubkin Russian State, University of Oil and Gas, Leninskiy pr-t 65k1, 119991, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Gerrit Schüürmann
- Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Strasse 29, 09596, Freiberg, Germany
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8
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Programmable flow-based dynamic sorptive microextraction exploiting an octadecyl chemically modified rotating disk extraction system for the determination of acidic drugs in urine. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1368:64-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.09.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Triñanes S, Pena MT, Casais MC, Mejuto MC. Development of a new sorptive extraction method based on simultaneous direct and headspace sampling modes for the screening of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water samples. Talanta 2014; 132:433-42. [PMID: 25476328 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A new straightforward and inexpensive sample screening method for both EPA and EU priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water has been developed. The method is based on combined direct immersion and headspace (DIHS) sorptive extraction, using low-cost disposable material, coupled to ultraperformance liquid chromatography with fluorescence and UV detection (UPLC-FD-UV). Extraction parameters, such as the sampling mode, extraction time and ionic strength were investigated in detail and optimized. Under optimized conditions, water samples (16 mL) were concentrated in silicone disks by headspace (HS) and direct immersion (DI) modes simultaneously, at room temperature for 9h for the majority of the 24 studied compounds. Ultrasound-assisted desorption of extracted analytes in acetonitrile was carried out also at room temperature. The optimized chromatographic method provided a good linearity (R≥0.9991) and a broad linear range for all studied PAHs. The proposed analytical procedure exhibited a good precision level with relative standard deviations below 15% for all analytes. Quantification limits between 0.7 and 2.3 µg L(-1) and 0.16 and 3.90 ng L(-1) were obtained for compounds analyzed by UV (acenaphtylene, cyclopenta[c,d]pyrene and benzo[j]fluoranthene) and fluorescence, respectively. Finally, the proposed method was applied to the determination of PAHs in different real tap, river and wastewater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Triñanes
- Departamento Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ma Teresa Pena
- Departamento Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ma Carmen Casais
- Departamento Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Ma Carmen Mejuto
- Departamento Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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10
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Manzo V, Honda L, Navarro O, Ascar L, Richter P. Microextraction of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from waste water samples by rotating-disk sorptive extraction. Talanta 2014; 128:486-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Blanco-Zubiaguirre L, Delgado A, Ros O, Posada-Ureta O, Vallejo A, Prieto A, Olivares M, Etxebarria N. Assessment of commercially available polymeric materials for sorptive microextraction of priority and emerging nonpolar organic pollutants in environmental water samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:11867-11883. [PMID: 24424482 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2481-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Among the different organic pollutants, persistent organic pollutants and emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) are of particular concern due to their potentially dangerous effects on the ecosystems and on human health. In the framework of the analysis of some of these organic pollutants in water samples, sorptive extraction devices have proven to be adequate for their monitoring. The efficiency of four commercially available and low-cost polymeric materials [polypropylene, poly(ethylene terephthalate), Raffia, and polyethersulfone (PES)] for the simultaneous extraction of 16 organic compounds from five different families from environmental water samples was evaluated in this work. Firstly, the homogeneity of the sorbent materials was confirmed by means of Raman spectroscopy. After the optimization of the parameters affecting the extraction and the liquid desorption steps, it was found that PES showed the largest efficiencies for slightly polar analytes and, to a lesser extent, for nonpolar analytes. Additionally, Raffia rendered good extraction efficiencies for nonpolar compounds. Thus sorptive extraction methods followed by large volume injection-programmable temperature vaporizer-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were validated using PES and Raffia as sorbent materials. The validation of the method provided good linearity (0.978 < r (2) < 0.999 for PES and 0.977 < r (2) < 0.999 for Raffia), adequate repeatability (below 19 % and 14 % for PES and Raffia, respectively), and low method detection limits (low ng · l(-1) level). Finally, these materials were applied to the analysis of contaminants in environmental water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Blanco-Zubiaguirre
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain
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12
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Silicone rod extraction followed by liquid desorption–large volume injection-programmable temperature vaporiser–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for trace analysis of priority organic pollutants in environmental water samples. Talanta 2013; 117:471-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Recent developments and future trends in solid phase microextraction techniques towards green analytical chemistry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1321:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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14
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Płotka J, Tobiszewski M, Sulej AM, Kupska M, Górecki T, Namieśnik J. Green chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1307:1-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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15
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Boonjob W, Quintana JB, Rodil R, Cela R, Miró M. In-line sequential injection-based hollow-fiber sorptive microextraction as a front-end to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry: a novel fully automatic sample processing technique for residue analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:8653-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7253-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Manzo V, Navarro O, Honda L, Sánchez K, Inés Toral M, Richter P. Determination of crystal violet in water by direct solid phase spectrophotometry after rotating disk sorptive extraction. Talanta 2013; 106:305-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Gouliarmou V, Collins CD, Christiansen E, Mayer P. Sorptive physiologically based extraction of contaminated solid matrices: incorporating silicone rod as absorption sink for hydrophobic organic contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:941-948. [PMID: 23214713 DOI: 10.1021/es303165u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The oral bioaccessibility of soil contaminants is increasingly assessed with physiologically based extraction tests (PBETs): the contaminant fraction that is desorbed into simulated digestive fluids is measured and classified as bioaccessible. However, this approach can lead to underestimations if the capacity of the fluids is insufficient to provide infinite sink conditions. Desorption will then progressively decrease and finally stop when equilibrium between soil and medium is reached. To circumvent this artifact, we incorporated a silicone rod as an absorption sink into the PBET to continuously absorb mobilized contaminants and maintain the desorption gradient. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons served as model contaminants and the colon extended PBET as the extraction model. The inclusion of the silicone rod sink (1) increased the extraction capacity of the test by orders of magnitude, (2) ensured near infinite sink conditions, and (3) allowed for simple back-extraction of PAHs for their quantification by GC-MS. The silicone rod provided fast enrichment when applied to the stomach and small intestine compartment, but was somewhat slower in the richer colon compartment. Finally, the sorptive-PBET was applied to wood soot and a kindergarten soil. The present article provides the basis for how an absorption sink can be integrated into PBET models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varvara Gouliarmou
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, P.O. Box 358, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark.
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18
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Mao X, Hu B, He M, Chen B. High polar organic–inorganic hybrid coating stir bar sorptive extraction combined with high performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the speciation of seleno-amino acids and seleno-oligopeptides in biological samples. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1256:32-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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19
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Cañas A, Richter P. Solid-phase microextraction using octadecyl-bonded silica immobilized on the surface of a rotating disk: Determination of hexachlorobenzene in water. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 743:75-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Air by Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction-Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1096.2011.01641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Recent Research Progress in Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1096.2011.01766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Solvent-free microextraction techniques in gas chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:565-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5511-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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23
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Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Air by Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction-Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(10)60480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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24
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Caicedo P, Schröder A, Ulrich N, Schröter U, Paschke A, Schüürmann G, Ahumada I, Richter P. Determination of lindane leachability in soil-biosolid systems and its bioavailability in wheat plants. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 84:397-402. [PMID: 21524779 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The leachability of lindane from different biosolid amended soils was determined and compared to its bioavailability. Sand, soil, and a mixture of soil-sand (1:1 w/w) were spiked with lindane, blended with different amounts of biosolids, and subjected to a leaching process with water that lasted for 1-28 d. This procedure is in accordance with ISO/TS 21268-1: 2007. After these batch tests, lindane was extracted from the leachates using three different solvent-free microextraction techniques, including solid phase microextraction (SPME), stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), and silicone rod extraction (SRE). The amount of lindane was determined with thermal desorption and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The efficiencies of the three microextraction techniques were statistically different, and the efficiency could be related to the amount of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) in each extraction device. However, all of the techniques provide data that shows that the leachability of lindane is dependent on the amount of organic matter contained in the matrix. The results of the lindane leachability assay were compared to the bioavailability of lindane, which was determined by measuring the amount of lindane that accumulated in the roots of wheat plants grown in similar soil-biosolid systems. It was confirmed that the amount of organic matter in the matrix is a determining factor for lindane immobilization. The presence of biosolids decreases the mobility of lindane in all of the systems under study. Similarly, increasing biosolid concentrations in the soil significantly decreased the bioavailability of lindane and, consequently, plant absorption. The good correlation (R(2)=0.997) between the leachability of lindane from the matrix and plant absorption of lindane indicates that the proposed biomimetic methodology can predict the bioavailability of lindane in a time period as short as 7d. The results of this work confirm that amending contaminated soils with biosolids is beneficial for immobilizing lindane and helps prevent the percolation of lindane through the soil profile and into groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Caicedo
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Analítica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 233, Santiago, Chile
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25
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Richter P, Cañas A, Muñoz C, Leiva C, Ahumada I. Rotating disk sorbent extraction for pre-concentration of chromogenic organic compounds and direct determination by solid phase spectrophotometry. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 695:73-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 04/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry following sorptive microextraction for the determination of fungicide residues in wine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:767-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5127-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Optimisation of stir bar sorptive extraction and in-tube derivatisation–thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the determination of several endocrine disruptor compounds in environmental water samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:339-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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28
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Negreira N, Rodríguez I, Rubí E, Cela R. Silicone discs as disposable enrichment probes for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry determination of UV filters in water samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:603-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4763-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Mao X, Chen B, Huang C, He M, Hu B. Titania immobilized polypropylene hollow fiber as a disposable coating for stir bar sorptive extraction–high performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry speciation of arsenic in chicken tissues. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.10.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2010] [Revised: 10/23/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Sorptive extraction with in-sample acetylation for gas chromatography–mass spectrometry determination of ethylphenol species in wine samples. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7208-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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31
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Solventless sample preparation techniques based on solid- and vapour-phase extraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:277-300. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4296-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Jahnke A, Mayer P. Do complex matrices modify the sorptive properties of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for non-polar organic chemicals? J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4765-70. [PMID: 20554283 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The partitioning of non-polar analytes into the silicone polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is the basis for many analytical approaches such as solid phase microextraction (SPME), stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and environmental passive sampling. Recently, the methods have been applied to increasingly complex sample matrices. The present work investigated the possible effect of complex matrices on the sorptive properties of PDMS. First, SPME fibers with a 30 microm PDMS coating were immersed in 15 different matrices, including sediment, suspensions of soil and humic substances, mayonnaise, meat, fish, olive oil and fish oil. Second, the surface of the fibers was wiped clean, and together with matrix-free control fibers, they were exposed via headspace to 7 non-polar halogenated organic chemicals in spiked olive oil. The fibers were then solvent-extracted, analyzed, and the ratios of the mean concentrations in the matrix-immersed fibers to the control fibers were determined for all matrices. These ratios ranged from 92% to 112% for the four analytes with the highest analytical precision (i.e. polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) 3, 28, 52 and brominated diphenyl ether (BDE) 3), and they ranged from 74% to 133% for the other three compounds (i.e. PCBs 101, 105 and gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)). We conclude that, for non-polar, hydrophobic chemicals, the sorptive properties of the PDMS were not modified by the diverse investigated media and consequently that PDMS is suited for sampling of these analytes even in highly complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Jahnke
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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33
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Prieto A, Basauri O, Rodil R, Usobiaga A, Fernández L, Etxebarria N, Zuloaga O. Stir-bar sorptive extraction: A view on method optimisation, novel applications, limitations and potential solutions. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2642-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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34
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van Pinxteren (née Schellin) M, Paschke A, Popp P. Silicone rod and silicone tube sorptive extraction. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2589-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2009] [Revised: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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35
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Richter P, Leiva C, Choque C, Giordano A, Sepúlveda B. Rotating-disk sorptive extraction of nonylphenol from water samples. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8598-602. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2009] [Revised: 10/02/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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36
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Giordano A, Fernández-Franzón M, Ruiz MJ, Font G, Picó Y. Pesticide residue determination in surface waters by stir bar sorptive extraction and liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 393:1733-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2627-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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37
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Jahnke A, McLachlan MS, Mayer P. Equilibrium sampling: partitioning of organochlorine compounds from lipids into polydimethylsiloxane. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 73:1575-1581. [PMID: 18926556 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2008] [Revised: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/08/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) can be used for equilibrium sampling of environmental pollutants in a large variety of matrices including biota. For comparison with lipid-normalized concentrations e.g. from biota monitoring programmes, reliable lipid to PDMS partition ratios (K(Lipid,PDMS)) are required. Additionally, K(Lipid,PDMS) facilitate comparison of equilibrium sampling data obtained in various environmental media and can be helpful to convert equilibrium sampling data into a more informative form. This work investigated the equilibrium partitioning of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and selected organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) between lipids from biota of different trophic levels and PDMS. One vegetable oil, a fish oil and seal oil were investigated. The lipid to PDMS partition ratios were compound-specific and ranged from 14.5 to 62.9 g/g with correction for lipid uptake into the PDMS and from 13.0 to 54.8 g/g without correction. Additionally, PDMS served as a reference partitioning phase for the accurate determination of lipid to lipid partition ratios, which for all analytes were close to unity. Evaluating the results in a bioaccumulation context, they indicate that the equilibrium partitioning of neutral lipophilic environmental contaminants into the lipids of the three investigated species will be very similar, although they represent three distinct trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Jahnke
- Department of Applied Environmental Science, ITM, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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38
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van Pinxteren MS, Montero L, Jäsch S, Paschke H, Popp P. Headspace sorptive extraction using silicone tubes for the determination of chlorobenzenes in water. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 393:767-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2455-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Comparison of thin-film microextraction and stir bar sorptive extraction for the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous samples with controlled agitation conditions. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1196-1197:89-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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40
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41
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Prieto A, Zuloaga O, Usobiaga A, Etxebarria N, Fernández L, Marcic C, de Diego A. Simultaneous speciation of methylmercury and butyltin species in environmental samples by headspace-stir bar sorptive extraction–thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1185:130-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Revised: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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42
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Poly(phthalazine ether sulfone ketone) as novel stationary phase for stir bar sorptive extraction of organochlorine compounds and organophosphorus pesticides. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1177:28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Revised: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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43
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Quintana JB, Rodil R, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P, Prada-Rodríguez D. Multiresidue analysis of acidic and polar organic contaminants in water samples by stir-bar sorptive extraction–liquid desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1174:27-39. [PMID: 17727869 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The feasibility of stir-bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) followed by liquid desorption in combination with large volume injection (LVI)-in port silylation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the simultaneous determination of a broad range of 46 acidic and polar organic pollutants in water samples has been evaluated. The target analytes included phenols (nitrophenols, chlorophenols, bromophenols and alkylphenols), acidic herbicides (phenoxy acids and dicamba) and several pharmaceuticals. Experimental variables affecting derivatisation yield and peak shape as a function of different experimental PTV parameters [initial injection time, pressure and temperature and the ratio solvent volume/N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) volume] were first optimised by an experimental design approach. Subsequently, SBSE conditions, such as pH, ionic strength, agitation speed and extraction time were investigated. After optimisation, the method failed only for the extraction of most polar phenols and some pharmaceuticals, being suitable for the determination of 37 (out of 46) pollutants, with detection limits for these analytes ranging between 1 and 800 ng/L and being lower than 25 ng/L in most cases. Finally, the developed method was validated and applied to the determination of target analytes in various aqueous environmental matrices, including ground, river and wastewater. Acceptable accuracy (70-130%) and precision values (<20%) were obtained for most analytes independently of the matrix, with the exception of some alkylphenols, where an isotopically labelled internal standard would be required in order to correct for matrix effects. Among the drawbacks of the method, carryover was identified as the main problem even though the Twisters were cleaned repeatedly.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Benito Quintana
- IUMA - University Institute of Environment, University of A Coruña, Pazo da Lóngora, Liáns, 15179 Oleiros (A Coruña), Spain
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44
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Pérez-Carrera E, León VML, Parra AG, González-Mazo E. Simultaneous determination of pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in seawater and interstitial marine water samples, using stir bar sorptive extraction–thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1170:82-90. [PMID: 17915232 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2007] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A method for the simultaneous determination of semi-volatile organic contaminants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides) in marine samples has been developed, for the first time, using the stir bar sorptive extraction technique (SBSE) and thermal desorption coupled to capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SBSE-TD-GC-MS). Polydimethyl siloxane (PDMS) was used for the extraction of the selected analytes and two procedures have been optimised and validated, one for seawater samples (100 mL) and another for interstitial water samples (10 mL), using PDMS stir bars of 20 mm and 10 mm size, respectively. The extraction and analytical conditions, such as extraction time, matrix effects, sample volume and desorption time, were optimised. The proposed methods are sensitive, simple and show good linearity and detection limits lower than 1 ng L(-1) with seawater and lower than 10 ng L(-1) with interstitial marine water for the majority of compounds tested. Repeatability and reproducibility, expressed as relative standard deviation, have values lower than 20% for the majority of analytes considered. The recoveries for both sample volume procedures are higher than 60 and 70% for 10 and 100 mL, respectively, except for the more apolar (some PAHs and PCBs) and the more polar (some triazines) analytes which present lower values. The present SBSE/GC/MS method was applied for the analysis of trace organic contaminants in seawater and interstitial water samples from Cadiz Bay (SW of Spain). Terbutylazine, DDX and some PAHs were found at several seawater sampling points at ng L(-1) levels, and some PAHs in interstitial water too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkuden Pérez-Carrera
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, Campus Río San Pedro s/n 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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45
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Montes R, Rodríguez I, Rubí E, Bollaín MH, Cela R. Alternative sorptive extraction method for gas chromatography determination of halogenated anisoles in water and wine samples. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 599:84-91. [PMID: 17765067 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 07/27/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
An alternative sorptive microextraction method for the determination of five halogenated anisoles in water and wine matrices is proposed. Analytes were concentrated in an inexpensive and disposable piece of bulk polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), desorbed with a small volume of organic solvent, and determined by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection (GC-ECD) or tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS). The influence of several factors on the efficiency of extraction and desorption steps was investigated in detail and the observed behaviour justified on the basis of thermodynamics and kinetics of the solid-phase microextraction technique. Under optimised conditions, analytes were first extracted in the headspace (HS) mode, at room temperature, for 2.5 h and then desorbed with 1 mL of n-pentane. This extract was further evaporated to 50 microL. The overall extraction yield of the procedure ranged from 40 to 55% and the limits of quantification remained between 0.5 and 20 ng L(-1), depending on the compound considered and the detection technique. Precision and linearity of the method were excellent for all species with both GC-ECD and GC-MS/MS detection. Matrix effects were evaluated with different water and wine samples; moreover, the suitability of the PDMS sorbent for storage of analytes, under different conditions, was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Montes
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
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46
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Prieto A, Zuloaga O, Usobiaga A, Etxebarria N, Fernández LA. Development of a stir bar sorptive extraction and thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of several persistent organic pollutants in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1174:40-9. [PMID: 17706230 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and thermal desorption followed by capillary gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (SBSE-TD-GC-MS) was applied to the simultaneous determination of ultra-traces of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 12 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 6 phthalate esters (PEs) and 3 nonylphenols (NPs) in water samples. The parameters that could affect the sorption-desorption efficiency were studied. A Plackett-Burman design was used for the screening of the main effects of the experimental parameters related to the desorption step (desorption time, desorption temperature, desorption flow, cryo-focusing temperature and vent pressure). Afterwards, two central composite designs were used to find the optimal process settings for the extraction and desorption steps. The best analytical compromise conditions for the simultaneous determination of analytes from spiked water samples were found to be: sample volume (20 mL), sodium chloride addition (30%), methanol addition (20%), desorption time (10 min), desorption temperature (300 degrees C), desorption flow (23 mL min(-1)), cryo-focusing temperature (-50 degrees C) and vent pressure (7 psi). Remarkable recovery, repeatability and reproducibility were attained. Furthermore, excellent linearities (r(2) = 0.959-0.999) and low detection limits (0.1-10 ng L(-1)) were also achieved for the congeners studied. The proposed methodology was applied for the simultaneous determination of PAHs, PCBs, PEs and NPs in sea and estuarine waters. The influence of humic acids on the recovery was also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Prieto
- Kimika Analitikoa Saila, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 644 P.K., E-48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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47
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Hu Y, Zheng Y, Zhu F, Li G. Sol–gel coated polydimethylsiloxane/β-cyclodextrin as novel stationary phase for stir bar sorptive extraction and its application to analysis of estrogens and bisphenol A. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1148:16-22. [PMID: 17376456 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2006] [Revised: 02/25/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A sol-gel technique was used for the preparation of a stir bar coated with a composite composed of polydimethysiloxane and beta-cyclodextrin (PDMS/beta-CD). The sol-gel mechanism during coating procedure was discussed and successful binding of beta-CD to the sol-gel network was confirmed by the IR spectra. Scanning electron micrographs of the stir bars revealed a homogeneous surface with a film thickness of 30-150 microm attributing to different coating times. Good thermal stability and solvent-resistance of the stir bar were found thanks to chemical binding formed between the stationary phase and the glass substrate. The PDMS/beta-CD coated stir bar was proved to have better selectivity to polar compounds compared to the PDMS coated stir bar, and higher extraction capacity compared to the corresponding PDMS/beta-CD coated fiber. Methods for the determinations of estrogens in environmental water, bisphenol A in drinking water and in leachate of one-off dishware by the PDMS/beta-CD coated stir bar coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were developed. The limits of detection were within the range of 0.04-0.11 microg l(-1) for estrogens using UV detection and 8 ngl(-1) for bisphenol A using fluorescence detection. Reproducibility with RSD less than 9.7% for extractions of real water samples at microg l(-1) or ngl(-1) level was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
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48
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Kloskowski A, Chrzanowski W, Pilarczyk M, Namiesnik J. Modern Techniques of Sample Preparation for Determination of Organic Analytes by Gas Chromatography. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340600976663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam Kloskowski
- a Department of Physical Chemistry , Gdansk University of Technology , Gdansk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Chrzanowski
- a Department of Physical Chemistry , Gdansk University of Technology , Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michał Pilarczyk
- a Department of Physical Chemistry , Gdansk University of Technology , Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jacek Namiesnik
- b Department of Analytical Chemistry , Gdansk University of Technology , Gdansk, Poland
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49
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Montes R, Rodríguez I, Rubí E, Cela R. Suitability of polydimethylsiloxane rods for the headspace sorptive extraction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from water samples. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1143:41-7. [PMID: 17240387 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 01/09/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The suitability of an inexpensive polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) sorbent, produced on an industrial scale, for the extraction of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), from tetra- to hexabrominated congeners, from water samples was assessed. Experiments were carried out using samples spiked with a pentabromo diphenyl ether (pentaBDE) mixture, PDMS rods with a diameter of 2 mm and gas chromatography with micro-electron-capture detection (GC-micro-ECD). Influence of several variables on the efficiency of the enrichment step and the further desorption of the analytes was investigated in detail. The best performance was achieved in the headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE) mode, at 95 degrees C, using 80 mL water samples containing a 30% of sodium chloride. Extractions were performed overnight using disposable PDMS rods with a length of 10 mm (31 microL volume). Analytes were further recovered from the PDMS sorbent using just 1 mL of diethyl ether. This solvent was evaporated and extracts reconstituted with 25 microL of isooctane. Under final working conditions absolute extraction efficiencies from 69 to 93% and enrichment factors higher than 2200 folds were achieved for all species. The proposed method provided acceptable precisions (relative standard deviations values under 12%), correlation coefficients higher than 0.998 and the yield of the HSSE process remained constant for different water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Montes
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentario, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela 15782, Spain
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Schellin M, Popp P. Application of a polysiloxane-based extraction method combined with large volume injection-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of organic compounds in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1152:175-83. [PMID: 17303151 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2006] [Revised: 01/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This work describes a novel, simple, and inexpensive approach for an absorptive extraction of organic contaminants from aqueous samples applying polysiloxane tubes. After the extraction, the tubes were desorbed with 200 microL of an organic solvent and 50 microL of the extract were transferred via large volume injection (LVI) into a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry system (GC-MS). Fourteen organic compounds covering a broad range in polarity with log K(o/w)-values between 2.6 (atrazine) and 7 (polychlorinated biphenyl 138, PCB 138) were chosen as model compounds. The experimental parameters affecting the efficiency of the process such as desorption solvents, the addition of salt and pH-change, the extraction and desorption time were carefully optimised. The recoveries were compared with theoretical values. The limits of detection (LODs) were in the range of 0.5-5 ng/L and the precision was 7-15%. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of a contaminated river water sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Schellin
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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