1
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An J, Fan L, Zhi X, Dong Z. Quantification of sedative-hypnotics in human urine and plasma via polystyrene-based solid phase extraction-LC-MS/MS analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 236:115753. [PMID: 37776626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the adverse effects of the overuse of common sedative-hypnotics on human health, the development of an efficient analytical method for the detection of drugs in clinical emergencies and forensic science is significant. Although conventional analytical methods, such as immunoassay, liquid chromatography (LC), gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry (MS) are reliable, they exhibit drawbacks such low-throughput screening and high costs. Thus, in this study, we developed a novel high-throughput method consisting of a polystyrene-based solid phase extraction (SPE) and an LC with tandem MS analysis for the detection of drugs in biological samples and investigated its precision and reliability via the detection of twelve sedative-hypnotics in human urine and plasma samples. Good linear relationship (r ≥ 0.99) were achieved within the concentration range of 0.1-20 ng/mL for the 12 analytes in urine samples. Whereas, in the plasma samples, the correlation coefficient was greater than 0.99 in the concentration range 1-100 ng/mL for lorazepam and clonazepam and in the range 0.5-100 ng/mL for the remaining analytes. The intra- and inter-day precision, autosampler and freeze-thaw stabilities, and lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) for all twelve analytes in the urine and plasma samples were favorable. Furthermore, sedative-hypnotics were detected in clinical samples obtained from the Hebei General Hospital using this method. These results indicated that the analytical method proposed in this study can be effectively applied in toxicology screening and drug abuse monitoring.The method developed in this study could be applied in clinical and forensic toxicology laboratories for sedative-hypnotic drug screening, providing support for drug abuse monitoring and clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing An
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China
| | - Liju Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China
| | - Xuran Zhi
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China
| | - Zhanjun Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang 050051, PR China.
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2
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An J, Wang X, Song H, Zhao T, Ren H, Kang W, Dong Z, Niu L, Shi H. Simultaneous determination of four sedative-hypnotics in human urine based on dendritic structured magnetic nanomaterials. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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3
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Chen X, Liu S, Jiang R, Luan T, Ouyang G. Rapid detection and speciation of illicit drugs via a thin-film microextraction approach for wastewater-based epidemiology study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 842:156888. [PMID: 35753476 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
High detection frequency of illicit drugs in water samples urges the development of rapid detection method for wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) study. Here, we first developed a fast, convenient, and cost-effective method by combining thin-film microextraction (TFME) with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for sensing illicit drugs in wastewater sample. A divinylbenzene particle-loaded membrane was prepared by dip coating on a copper mesh. The sampling conditions of three illicit drugs were optimized and the performance of the proposed method was evaluated. The limit of detection was 5.5 2.0, and 1.1 ng L-1 for methamphetamine (MAMP), ketamine (KET), and methaqualone (MEQA), respectively, with acceptable precision (< 6.1 % for membrane to membrane reproducibility) and recovery from influent water (95 % - 111 %). Then, the proposed method was applied to study the occurrence and distribution of the target compounds in a wastewater treatment plant. The presence of methamphetamine, ketamine, and methaqualone was confirmed and their concentrations in the influent sample were 57 ± 8, 40 ± 4, and 75 ± 2 ng L-1, respectively. The speciation of the target compounds in different ponds was also investigated. Results showed that the content of organic matter and the pH of the sample significantly affected the binding state of the compounds. This work provides an efficient and accurate analytical protocol for WBE investigation of illicit drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlv Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Shuqin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Ruifen Jiang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China.
| | - Tiangang Luan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Psychoactive Substances Monitoring and safety, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, 100 Waihuanxi Road, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Measurement and Emergency Test Technology, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Ambient Mass Spectrometry, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou 510070, China; KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Chemistry College, Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Zhengzhou University, Kexue Avenue 100, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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4
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Vahidifar M, Es’haghi Z. Magnetic Nanoparticle-Reinforced Dual-Template Molecularly Imprinted Polymer for the Simultaneous Determination of Oxazepam and Diazepam Using an Electrochemical Approach. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934822050082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Sun T, Ali MM, Wang D, Du Z. On-site rapid screening of benzodiazepines in dietary supplements using pipette-tip micro-solid phase extraction coupled to ion mobility spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1610:460547. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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6
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Abrão LCDC, Figueiredo EC. A new restricted access molecularly imprinted fiber for direct solid phase microextraction of benzodiazepines from plasma samples. Analyst 2019; 144:4320-4330. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an00444k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Restricted access molecularly imprinted polymers (RAMIPs) are hybrid materials that present selective binding sites for a template (or similar molecules), and an external hydrophilic layer that avoids the binding of proteins to the material, making them appropriate for the sample preparation of protein fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lailah Cristina de Carvalho Abrão
- Laboratory of Toxicant and Drug Analyses – LATF
- Gabriel Monteiro da Silva St 700
- Federal University of Alfenas – Unifal-MG
- 37130-000 Alfenas
- Brazil
| | - Eduardo Costa Figueiredo
- Laboratory of Toxicant and Drug Analyses – LATF
- Gabriel Monteiro da Silva St 700
- Federal University of Alfenas – Unifal-MG
- 37130-000 Alfenas
- Brazil
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7
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Piergiovanni M, Cappiello A, Famiglini G, Termopoli V, Palma P. Determination of benzodiazepines in beverages using green extraction methods and capillary HPLC-UV detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 154:492-500. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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8
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Pinto MAL, de Souza ID, Queiroz MEC. Determination of drugs in plasma samples by disposable pipette extraction with C18-BSA phase and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 139:116-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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de Faria HD, Abrão LCDC, Santos MG, Barbosa AF, Figueiredo EC. New advances in restricted access materials for sample preparation: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 959:43-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Baghdady YZ, Schug KA. Evaluation of efficiency and trapping capacity of restricted access media trap columns for the online trapping of small molecules. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:4183-4191. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yehia Z. Baghdady
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | - Kevin A. Schug
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
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11
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Microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS)-UHPLC-UV: A simple and efficient method for the determination of five benzodiazepines in an alcoholic beverage. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 125:48-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Torabizadeh M, Talebpour Z, Adib N, Aboul-Enein HY. Preparation of a novel sorptive stir bar based on vinylpyrrolidone-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate monolithic polymer for the simultaneous extraction of diazepam and nordazepam from human plasma. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:1316-25. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Torabizadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics & Chemistry; University of Alzahra; Vanak Tehran Iran
| | - Zahra Talebpour
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics & Chemistry; University of Alzahra; Vanak Tehran Iran
| | - Nuoshin Adib
- Food and Drug Research Center; Ministry of Health; Tehran Iran
| | - Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division; National Research Centre; Giza Egypt
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13
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Yang F, Li Z, Bian Z, Wang Y, Fan Z, Liu S, Zhang H, Tang G. An Environmentally Friendly Method for the Determination of Pentachlorophenol in Paper Packaging Materials Using Ultrasonic-Assisted Micellar Extraction. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 53:1808-12. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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14
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Zaitsev VN, Zui MF. Preconcentration by solid-phase microextraction. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934814080139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Cavalheiro J, Monperrus M, Amouroux D, Preud’Homme H, Prieto A, Zuloaga O. In-port derivatization coupled to different extraction techniques for the determination of alkylphenols in environmental water samples. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1340:1-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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16
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Chaichi MJ, Alijanpour SO. A new chemiluminescence method for determination of clonazepam and diazepam based on 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Ethylsulfate/copper as catalyst. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2014; 118:36-41. [PMID: 24036305 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.08.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A novel chemiluminescence (CL) reaction, Benzodiazepines-H2O2-1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Ethylsulfate/copper, for determination of clonazepam and diazepam at nanogram per milliliter level in batch-type system have been described. The method relies on the catalytic effect of 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Ethylsulfate/copper on the chemiluminescence reaction of Benzodiazepines, the oxidation of Benzodiazepines with hydrogen peroxide in natural medium. The influences of various experimental parameters such as solution pH, the ratio of 1-Ethyl-3 Methylimidazolium ethylsulfate concentration to copper ion, the type of buffer and the concentration of CL reagents were investigated. Under the optimum condition, the proposed method was satisfactorily applied for the determination of these drugs in tablets and urine without the interference of their potential impurities.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Chaichi
- Faculty of Chemistry, Mazandaran University, Babolsar, Iran.
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17
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Ghobadi M, Yamini Y, Ebrahimpour B. SPE coupled with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by GC with flame ionization detection for the determination of ultra-trace amounts of benzodiazepines. J Sep Sci 2013; 37:287-94. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoomeh Ghobadi
- Department of Chemistry; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
| | - Yadollah Yamini
- Department of Chemistry; Tarbiat Modares University; Tehran Iran
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18
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Boyacı E, Gorynski K, Rodriguez-Lafuente A, Bojko B, Pawliszyn J. Introduction of solid-phase microextraction as a high-throughput sample preparation tool in laboratory analysis of prohibited substances. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 809:69-81. [PMID: 24418135 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.11.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A fully automated, high-throughput method based on thin-film solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed for simultaneous quantitative analysis of 110 doping compounds, selected from ten classes and varying in physical and chemical properties. Among four tested extraction phases, C18 blades were chosen, as they provided optimum recoveries and the lowest carryover effect. The SPME method was optimized in terms of extraction pH, ionic strength of the sample, washing solution, extraction and desorption times for analysis of urine samples. Chromatographic separation was obtained in reversed-phase model; for detection, two mass spectrometers were used: triple quadrupole and full scan orbitrap. These combinations allowed for selective analysis of targeted compounds, as well as a retrospective study for known and unknown compounds. The developed method was validated according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) criteria, taking into account Minimum Required Performance Level (MRPL) values required by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). In addition to analysis of free substances, it was also shown that the proposed method is able to extract the glucuronated forms of the compounds. The developed assay offers fast and reliable analysis of various prohibited substances, an attractive alternative to the standard methods that are currently used in anti-doping laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezel Boyacı
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Krzysztof Gorynski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Angel Rodriguez-Lafuente
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Barbara Bojko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1.
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19
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Vani N, Mohan B, Nagendrappa G. A new high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method for determination of diazepam in spiked blood samples. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2013. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.26.2013.4.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Yang SH, Fan H, Classon RJ, Schug KA. Restricted access media as a streamlined approach toward on-line sample preparation: Recent advancements and applications. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2922-38. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201300595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H. Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | - Hui Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | | | - Kevin A. Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
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21
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Li Y, Li W, Wang Y, Zhou H, Hu G, Zhang N, Sun C. Development of a solid-phase microextraction fiber coated with poly(methacrylic acid-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) and its application for the determination of chlorophenols in water coupled with GC. J Sep Sci 2013; 36:2121-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse; School of the Environment, Nanjing University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Wenchao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse; School of the Environment, Nanjing University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Yonghua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Department on Shallow Lakes; College of Environment, Hohai University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Haolin Zhou
- Agilent Technologies (Shanghai); Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Guanjiu Hu
- Environmental Monitor Center of Jiangsu Province; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Ninghong Zhang
- Environmental Monitor Center of Jiangsu Province; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Cheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse; School of the Environment, Nanjing University; Nanjing P. R. China
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22
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Elucidating the sorption mechanism of “mixed-mode” SPME using the basic drug amphetamine as a model compound. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 782:21-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Yuan Q, Liao Z, Wang F, Zhang H, Guo Y, Li R. A RAPID HILIC METHOD FOR ANALYSIS OF DIAZEPAM AND ESTAZOLAM IN HUMAN PLASMA. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.678459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yuan
- a Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education , China Three Gorges University , Yichang , China
| | - Zhaojiang Liao
- a Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education , China Three Gorges University , Yichang , China
| | - Fengling Wang
- b Hospital of China Three Gorges University , Yichang , China
| | - Huilian Zhang
- c Research Institute of Criminal Science and Technology , Yichang Municipal Public Security Bureau , Yichang , China
| | - Yali Guo
- a Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education , China Three Gorges University , Yichang , China
| | - Ruiping Li
- a Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region, Ministry of Education , China Three Gorges University , Yichang , China
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24
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da Silva DS, Brenner CGB, Mayer FM, Montipó S, Martins AF. PDMS extraction bars for the determination of volatile aromatic hydrocarbons in water and wastewater. J Sep Sci 2012; 36:362-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 09/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sheila Montipó
- Chemistry Department; Federal University of Santa Maria; RS; Brazil
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25
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Solid phase microextraction and LC–MS/MS for the determination of paliperidone after stereoselective fungal biotransformation of risperidone. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 742:80-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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26
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Benzodiazepines: sample preparation and HPLC methods for their determination in biological samples. Bioanalysis 2011; 1:755-84. [PMID: 21083137 DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzodiazepines (BDZs) belong to a group of substances known for their sedative, antidepressive, muscle relaxant, tranquilizer, hypnotic and anticonvulsant properties. Their determination in biological fluids is essential in clinical assays as well as in forensics and toxicological studies. Researchers focus on the development of rapid, accurate, precise and sensitive methods for the determination of BDZs and their metabolites. A large number of analytical methods using different techniques have been reported, but none can be considered as the method of choice. BDZs are usually present at trace levels (microgram or nanogram per milliliter) in a complex biological matrix and the potentially interfering compounds must be isolated by various extraction techniques before analysis. An extended and comprehensive review is presented herein, focusing on sample preparation (pretreatment and extraction) and HPLC conditions applied by different authors. These methods enable bioanalysts to achieve detection limits down to 1-2 ng/ml using UV/diode array detection, readily available in most laboratories, and better than 1 ng/ml using electron capture detection, which is lower than that obtained using a nitrogen phosphorus detector. MS interfaced with electrospray ionization offered a similar sensitivity, while negative chemical ionization MS or sonic spray ionization MS provided sensitivity down to 0.1 ng/ml.
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27
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Solid-phase microextraction in bioanalysis: New devices and directions. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:4041-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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28
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Preparation of a polyacrylonitrile/multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization on a stainless steel wire for solid-phase microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2758-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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29
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Spectrophotometric and titrimetric methods for the determination of nordiazepam in pure and pharmaceutical dosage form. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Recent developments and applications of microextraction techniques in drug analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:339-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Development and validation of a liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure photoionization–mass spectrometry method for the quantification of alprazolam, flunitrazepam, and their main metabolites in haemolysed blood. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2275-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 12/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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33
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Restricted-access media supports for direct high-throughput analysis of biological fluid samples: review of recent applications. Bioanalysis 2009; 1:577-94. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents an update on the use of restricted-access materials (RAMs) for direct injection of biological samples. The fundamental improvements in the preparation of tailored RAMs and the diversity of applications with these phases are presented. Insights into diminishing the matrix effect by the use of RAM supports in methods by LC–MS and into the low number of methods for enantiomeric separations by direct injections of biological samples are addressed. The diversity of systems that incorporate RAMs for selective sample clean-up or fractionation in proteome and peptidome analysis is also covered.
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Vuckovic D, Shirey R, Chen Y, Sidisky L, Aurand C, Stenerson K, Pawliszyn J. In vitro evaluation of new biocompatible coatings for solid-phase microextraction: Implications for drug analysis and in vivo sampling applications. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 638:175-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects of flumazenil and theophylline application in rats acutely intoxicated by diazepam. VOJNOSANIT PREGL 2009; 66:141-8. [DOI: 10.2298/vsp0902141s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim. The majority of symptoms and signs of acute diazepam poisoning are the consequence of its sedative effect on the CNS affecting selectively polisynaptic routes by stimulating inhibitory action of GABA. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of combined application of theophylline and flumazenil on sedation and impaired motor function activity in acute diazepam poisoning in rats. Methods. Male Wistar rats were divided in four main groups and treated as follows: group I - with increasing doses of diazepam in order to produce the highest level of sedation and motor activity impairment; group II - diazepam + different doses of flumazenil; group III - diazepam + different doses of theophylline; group IV - diazepam + combined application of theophylline and flumazenil. Concentrations of diazepam and its metabolites were measured with LC-MS. The experiment was performed on a commercial apparatus for spontaneous motor-activity registration (LKBFarad, Sweden). Assessment of diazepam- induced neurotoxic effects and effects after theophylline and flumazenil application was performed with rotarod test on a commercial apparatus (Automatic treadmill for rats, Ugo Basile, Italy). Results. Diazepam in doses of 10 mg/kg and 15 mg/kg produced long-time and reproducible pharmacodynamic effects. Single application of flumazenil or theophylline antagonized effects of diazepam, but not completely. Combined application of flumazenile and theophylline resulted in best effects on diazepaminduced impairment of motoric activity and sedation. As a result of theopylline application there was better elimination of diazepam and its metabolites. Conclusion. Combined application of flumazenil and theophylline resulted in the best antidotal effects in the treatment of diazepam poisoned rats. These effects are a result of different mechanisms of their action, longer half-life of theophylline in relation to that of flumezenil and presumably the diuretic effect of theophylline.
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Development of relatively selective, chemically and mechanically robust solid-phase microextraction fibers based on methacrylic acid–trimethylolpropanetrimethacrylate co-polymers. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1208:34-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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37
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Vuckovic D, Cudjoe E, Hein D, Pawliszyn J. Automation of Solid-Phase Microextraction in High-Throughput Format and Applications to Drug Analysis. Anal Chem 2008; 80:6870-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800936r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Vuckovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, and PAS Technology, Magdala, Germany
| | - Erasmus Cudjoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, and PAS Technology, Magdala, Germany
| | - Dietmar Hein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, and PAS Technology, Magdala, Germany
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, and PAS Technology, Magdala, Germany
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Uddin MN, Samanidou VF, Papadoyannis IN. Development and validation of an HPLC method for the determination of benzodiazepines and tricyclic antidepressants in biological fluids after sequential SPE. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:2358-70. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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39
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Ammerman JL, Aldstadt JH. Monolithic solid-phase extraction for the rapid on-line monitoring of microcystins in surface waters. Mikrochim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-008-0056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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40
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Liquid chromatographic determination of enrofloxacin in nasal secretions and plasma of healthy pigs using restricted access material for on-line sample clean-up. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1189:456-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 11/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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41
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Uddin MN, Samanidou VF, Papadoyannis IN. Development and Validation of an HPLC Method for the Determination of Six 1,4‐Benzodiazepines in Pharmaceuticals and Human Biological Fluids. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070802019574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Nasir Uddin
- a Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Victoria F. Samanidou
- a Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis N. Papadoyannis
- a Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , Aristotle University of Thessaloniki , Thessaloniki, Greece
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Pino V, Anderson JL, Ayala JH, González V, Afonso AM. The ionic liquid 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide as novel extracting system for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contained in sediments using focused microwave-assisted extraction. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1182:145-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 01/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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43
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Maurer HH. Chapter 12 Forensic screening with GC-MS. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7192(06)06012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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[Determination of diazepam and its metabolites in serum by the use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method]. VOJNOSANIT PREGL 2007; 64:659-62. [PMID: 18041566 DOI: 10.2298/vsp0710659d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Diazepam is a benzodiazepine anxyolitic. Metabolism of diazepam takes place in liver which generates pharmacologically active metabolites N-desmethyldiazepam, temazepam and oxazepam. The aim of this study was to develop and validate the method of liquid chromatographymass spectrometry (LC-MS) for separation and determination of diazepam and its active metabolites in the serum of rats samples after i.p. application of diazepam in a dose of 10 mg/kg. METHODS The serum samples taken from Wistar rats, were used in LC-MS analysis after the application of 10 mg/kg of diazepam i.p. RESULTS After alkaline extraction from the serum samples with diethylether and separation on a C18 reversed-phase column by using mobile phase methanolglacial acetic acid-water (50:1:49 v/v), diazepam and its metabolites were quantified. Determination was performed in a selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode, thereby the other exogenous and endogenous compounds did not interfere with this assay. Diazepam, N-desmethyldiazepam, oxazepam and temazepam were eluted in 14 minutes. The standard curve was linear in the range from 10-2 000 ng/ml. The limits of detection for diazepam, N-desmethyldiazepam, oxazepam and temazepam were 4.37, 3.13, 4.38 and 7.31 ng/ml, respectively. The limits of quantitation for diazepam, N-desmethyldiazepam, oxazepam and temazepam were 14.58, 10.41, 14.59 and 24.36 ng/ml, respectively. CONCLUSION The described LC-MS is a simple, sensitive, specific and accurate method and could be used for routine identification and quantification of small concentrations of diazepam and its metabolites in biological fluids.
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Ferreirós N, Dresen S, Alonso RM, Weinmann W. Hydrolysis and transesterification reactions of candesartan cilexetil observed during the solid phase extraction procedure. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 855:134-8. [PMID: 17478126 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Candesartan cilexetil is an angiotensin receptor antagonist widely used in the treatment of high blood pressure. This prodrug is metabolised into candesartan, which blocks the receptors AT1 for angiotensin II decreasing the blood pressure levels. During the development of a solid phase extraction procedure for the chromatographic determination of eight antihypertensive compounds, lack of linearity and reproducibility was observed only for candesartan cilexetil. Due to this fact, a stability study for this prodrug was performed. It showed that the lack of linearity and reproducibility was based on hydrolysis and transesterification processes which occurred during the drying step after elution with methanol into glass tubes. These phenomena could be reproduced artificially under basic conditions, which demonstrated the presence of basic residues in glass tubes. The study of this potential hydrolysis and transesterification reactions is very important to assure that labile drugs containing ester groups remain unaffected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Ferreirós
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, University Hospital, Albertstrasse 9, Freiburg, Germany
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46
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Pragst F. Application of solid-phase microextraction in analytical toxicology. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1393-414. [PMID: 17476482 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a miniaturized and solvent-free sample preparation technique for chromatographic-spectrometric analysis by which the analytes are extracted from a gaseous or liquid sample by absorption in, or adsorption on, a thin polymer coating fixed to the solid surface of a fiber, inside an injection needle or inside a capillary. In this paper, the present state of practical performance and of applications of SPME to the analysis of blood, urine, oral fluid and hair in clinical and forensic toxicology is reviewed. The commercial coatings for fibers or needles have not essentially changed for many years, but there are interesting laboratory developments, such as conductive polypyrrole coatings for electrochemically controlled SPME of anions or cations and coatings with restricted-access properties for direct extraction from whole blood or immunoaffinity SPME. In-tube SPME uses segments of commercial gas chromatography (GC) capillaries for highly efficient extraction by repeated aspiration-ejection cycles of the liquid sample. It can be easily automated in combination with liquid chromatography but, as it is very sensitive to capillary plugging, it requires completely homogeneous liquid samples. In contrast, fiber-based SPME has not yet been performed automatically in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography. The headspace extractions on fibers or needles (solid-phase dynamic extraction) combined with GC methods are the most advantageous versions of SPME because of very pure extracts and the availability of automatic samplers. Surprisingly, substances with quite high boiling points, such as tricyclic antidepressants or phenothiazines, can be measured by headspace SPME from aqueous samples. The applicability and sensitivity of SPME was essentially extended by in-sample or on-fiber derivatization. The different modes of SPME were applied to analysis of solvents and inhalation narcotics, amphetamines, cocaine and metabolites, cannabinoids, methadone and other opioids, fatty acid ethyl esters as alcohol markers, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, benzodiazepines, various other therapeutic drugs, pesticides, chemical warfare agents, cyanide, sulfide and metal ions. In general, SPME is routinely used in optimized methods for specific analytes. However, it was shown that it also has some capacity for a general screening by direct immersion into urine samples and for pesticides and other semivolatile substance in the headspace mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Pragst
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Charité, Hittorfstr. 18, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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47
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Sadílek P, Šatínský D, Solich P. Using restricted-access materials and column switching in high-performance liquid chromatography for direct analysis of biologically-active compounds in complex matrices. Trends Analyt Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Samanidou VF, Pechlivanidou AP, Papadoyannis IN. Development of a validated HPLC method for the determination of four 1,4-benzodiazepines in human biological fluids. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:679-87. [PMID: 17461106 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of four frequently prescribed 1,4-benzodiazepines: alprazolam (ALP), bromazepam (BRZ), diazepam (DZP), and flunitrazepam (FNZ). Separation was achieved on an Inertsil C8 analytical (250 mm x 4 mm, 5 microm) column, after selective extraction of benzodiazepine drugs from biological matrices by means of SPE. Isocratic elution was performed with a mobile phase consisting of CH3COONH4, 0.05 M CH3OH, and CH3CN (33:57:10 by volume). Quantification was performed at 240 nm with mefenamic acid (6 ng/microL) as the internal standard. DSC-18 Supelco cartridges provided high absolute recoveries (81-115%). The developed method was fully validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, stability, and sensitivity. Repeatability (n = 8) and between-day precision (n = 8) revealed RSD <12%. Recoveries from biological samples ranged from 81.2 to 115%. The detection limit of the method was calculated as 3.3-10.2 ng in blood plasma and 2.6-12.6 ng in urine for 20 microL injection volume. The method was applied to spiked biological matrices. Moreover, the method was applied to real samples of urine after an oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria F Samanidou
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Cantú MD, Toso DR, Lacerda CA, Lanças FM, Carrilho E, Queiroz MEC. Optimization of solid-phase microextraction procedures for the determination of tricyclic antidepressants and anticonvulsants in plasma samples by liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:256-63. [PMID: 16896629 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0629-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2006] [Revised: 05/30/2006] [Accepted: 06/16/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Simple, sensitive, and reproducible off-line solid-phase microextraction and liquid chromatography (SPME/LC) methods are described for the determination of seven anticonvulsants and tricyclic antidepressants in human plasma. Factorial design and simplex methodology were applied in the optimization of the SPME procedure for tricyclic antidepressants analyses. Important factors in the SPME efficiency are discussed, such as the fiber coatings (both lab-made and commercial), extraction time, pH, ionic strength, influence of plasma proteins, and desorption conditions. The development of the lab-made fiber coatings, namely, octadecylsilane, aminosilane, and polyurethane, are further described and applied to anticonvulsants analyses. The investigated plasmatic range for the evaluated anticonvulsants, using CW-TPR fiber, were the following: phenylethylmalonamide (3.00-40.0 microg mL(-1)), phenobarbital (5.00-40.0 microg mL(-1)), primidone (3.00-40.0 microg mL(-1)), carbamazepine and carbamazepine-epoxide (2.00-24.0 microg mL(-1)), phenytoin (2.00-40.0 microg mL(-1)), and lamotrigine (0.50-12.0 microg mL(-1)). The antidepressants' linear plasmatic concentration ranged from 75.0 to 500 ng mL(-1) for imipramine, amitriptyline, and desipramine, and from 50.0 to 500 ng mL(-1) for nortriptyline, being in all cases, the limit of quantification represented by the lowest value. The precision (interassays) for all investigated drugs in plasma sample spiked with different concentrations of each analyte and submitted to the described procedures were lower than 15%. The off-line SPME/LC methodologies developed allow anticonvulsants and antidepressants analyses from therapeutic to toxic levels for therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Delmar Cantú
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Trabalhador São Carlense Avenue, 400-CEP: 13566-590 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Breton D, Buret D, Mendes-Oustric AC, Chaimbault P, Lafosse M, Clair P. LC–UV and LC–MS evaluation of stress degradation behaviour of avizafone. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:1274-9. [PMID: 16644174 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2006] [Revised: 03/18/2006] [Accepted: 03/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
It has been known for many years that benzodiazepine compounds effectively antagonize seizures induced by organophosphorous nerve agents. In the event of poisoning, a combination of three drugs is commonly used: an anticholinergic drug (e.g. atropine), an oxime used as cholinesterase reactivator (e.g. pralidoxime or HI-6) and an anticonvulsant (i.e. benzodiazepine). Most of anticholinergics and oximes are freely soluble in water, whereas many benzodiazepines are not. However, a water-soluble prodrug form of diazepam, avizafone, has been adopted by French armed forces for the immediate treatment of nerve agent seizure. The degradation behaviour of this new drug was investigated under different stress degradation conditions (hydrolytic, oxidative, photolytic and thermal) as recommended by International Conference on Harmonization. Successful separation of the active pharmaceutical ingredient from decomposition products formed under stress conditions was achieved using liquid chromatography. The method was validated with respect to specificity, linearity, precision and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Breton
- Pharmacie Centrale des Armées, Département Laboratoire, BP 04, 45998 Orléans Armées, France.
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