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Sequential Injection Ion Chromatography with Flow Injection Post Column Derivatization Capable of Using the Unstable Reagent Murexide to Determine Calcium and Magnesium in a Mixture. Chromatographia 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-018-3575-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Recent Progress in Monolithic Silica Columns for High-Speed and High-Selectivity Separations. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2016; 9:317-342. [PMID: 27306311 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071114-040102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Monolithic silica columns have greater (through-pore size)/(skeleton size) ratios than particulate columns and fixed support structures in a column for chemical modification, resulting in high-efficiency columns and stationary phases. This review looks at how the size range of monolithic silica columns has been expanded, how high-efficiency monolithic silica columns have been realized, and how various methods of silica surface functionalization, leading to selective stationary phases, have been developed on monolithic silica supports, and provides information on the current status of these columns. Also discussed are the practical aspects of monolithic silica columns, including how their versatility can be improved by the preparation of small-sized structural features (sub-micron) and columns (1 mm ID or smaller) and by optimizing reaction conditions for in situ chemical modification with various restrictions, with an emphasis on recent research results for both topics.
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The Development of Reversed-Phase Capillary Electrochromatography for the Separation of Steroids. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.200500104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Preparation and characterization of alkyl methacrylate capillary monolithic columns. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2011.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Fast chromatographic determination of caffeine in food using a capillary hexyl methacrylate monolithic column. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Monolithic phases for ion chromatography. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2011; 4:197-226. [PMID: 21689046 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061010-113929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Monolithic media are continuing to increase in popularity in chromatographic applications, and the ongoing use of commercially available materials in ion chromatography (IC) has made monoliths a viable alternative to packed-bed columns for routine use. We discuss different strategies for the synthesis of polymeric and silica monoliths with ion-exchange functionality, such as direct incorporation of ion-exchange functionality during monolith preparation and different postpolymerization alterations such as grafting and coating. The formulations and strategies presented are focused on materials intended for use in IC. We also discuss strategies for materials characterization, with emphasis on nondestructive techniques for the characterization of monolith surface functionality, especially those with applicability to in situ analysis. Finally, we describe selected IC applications of polymeric and silica monoliths published from 2008 to 2010.
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Solid-Phase Extractors Based on 8-Aminoquinoline and 2-Aminopyridine Covalently Bonded to Silica Gel for the Selective Separation and Determination of Calcium in Natural Water and Pharmaceutical Samples. ANAL SCI 2010; 26:473-8. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.26.473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Applications of methacrylate-based monolithic supports for speciation analysis. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:2495-503. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Simultaneous Measurement of Monovalent Cation Concentrations and Hydrogen Ion Concentration or Alkalinity in Environmental Waters by Ion Chromatography with Conductimetric Detection Using an ODS-Silica Column Modified with Lithium Dodecylsulfate. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2009. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.58.887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Preparation of monolithic silica columns for high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1191:231-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Particle packed columns and monolithic columns in high-performance liquid chromatography-comparison and critical appraisal. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:393-415. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 11/28/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Surfactant coated graphitic carbon based stationary phases for anion-exchange chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1176:178-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
The focus of this review is on current status and on-going developments in ion chromatography (IC) using monolithic phases. The use and potential of both silica and polymeric monoliths in IC is discussed, with silica monoliths achieving efficiencies upwards of 10(5) plates/m for inorganic ions in a few minutes or less. Ion exchange capacity can be introduced onto the monolithic columns through the addition of ion interaction reagents to the eluent, coating of the monolith with ionic surfactants or polyelectrolyte latexes, and covalent bonding. The majority of the studies to date have used surfactant-coated columns, but the stability of surfactant coatings limits this approach. Applications of monolithic IC columns to the separation of inorganic anions and cations are tabulated. Finally, a discussion on the recent commercialization of monolithic IC columns and the use of monolithic phases for IC peripherals such as preconcentrator columns, microextractors and suppressors is presented.
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Experimental characterization and modelling of analytical monolithic column. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 70:95-105. [PMID: 17123626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2006] [Revised: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Hydrodynamics, equilibrium and kinetics of adsorption in a silica-based monolithic column Chromolith Performance RP-18e (Merck KgaA, Germany) have been studied. The column permeability was calculated according to the Darcy law for laminar flow. The efficiency of the monolithic column was characterized through the height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) for myoglobin, phenol and progesterone. The 2-D single channel mathematical model has been applied to describe the adsorption dynamics. Parabolic velocity profile, axial and radial diffusion in the monolith channel, linear driving force model for the mass transfer in the monolith channel skeleton wall and linear adsorption equilibrium were assumed. The mathematical model gives good prediction of the experimental elution peaks.
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Monolithic stationary phases for fast ion chromatography and capillary electrochromatography of inorganic ions. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:1705-19. [PMID: 16970181 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The focus of this review is on current developments in monolithic stationary phases for the fast analysis of inorganic ions and other small molecules in ion chromatography (IC) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC), concentrating in particular on the properties of organic (polymer) monolithic materials in comparison to inorganic (silica-based) monoliths. The applicability of these materials for fast IC is discussed in the context of recent publications, including the range of synthesis and modification procedures described. While commercial monolithic silica columns already show promising results on current IC instrumentation, polymer-based monolithic stationary phases are currently predominantly used in the capillary format on modified micro-IC systems. However, they are beginning to find application in IC particularly under high pH conditions, with the potential to replace their particle-packed counterparts.
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Preparation and Characterization of Monolithic Poly(methacrylic acid - ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) Columns for High Performance Liquid Chromatography. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2006. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2006.27.1.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Titania-coated monolithic silica as separation medium for high performance liquid chromatography of phosphorus-containing compounds. J Sep Sci 2005; 28:39-44. [PMID: 15688629 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200401932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A method of preparing titania-coated monolithic silica stationary phase has been developed to achieve liquid chromatographic separation of phosphorus-containing compounds, which have recently been attracting increasing attention in biochemical research. The titania-coated silica columns exhibited efficient separation with low pressure drop, which is a typical feature of monolithic structures, and also possessed phospho-selectivity, which is a unique property of the titania surface. The material characteristics of titania-coated monolithic silica were examined, and then resin-clad columns were applied to the HPLC analysis of phosphorylated compounds. Highly efficient separation of phosphorylated substances indicated that the novel titania-coated monolithic silica column will find applications as a useful tool in the field of biochemistry, especially in post-genomic analyses.
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Abstract
Ion chromatography (IC) has a proven track record in the determination of inorganic and organic anions and cations in complex matrices. Recently, application of IC to the separation and determination of bio-molecules such as amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleotides, proteins and peptides has also received much attention. The key to the determination of all of the above species in the most analytically challenging complex matrices is the ability to manipulate selectivity through control of stationary phase chemistry, mobile phase chemistry and the choice of detection method. This Tutorial Review summarises some of the most significant recent advances made in IC stationary phase technology. In particular, the review details stationary phases specifically designed for ion analysis in complex sample matrices, and considers in which direction future stationary phase development might proceed.
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Rapid, low pressure, and simultaneous ion chromatography of common inorganic anions and cations on short permanently coated monolithic columns. J Sep Sci 2004; 27:912-20. [PMID: 15354568 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200401787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Short permanently coated reversed-phase silica based monolithic columns have been investigated for the rapid separation of inorganic anions and cations. One 2.5 x 0.46 cm column was permanently coated with didodecyldimethylammonium (DDAB), for anion analysis; and a second 5.0 x 0.46 cm column was coated with dioctylsulphosuccinnate (DOSS), for cation analysis. The use of a single combined eluent of 2.5 mM phthalate/1.5 mM ethylenediamine, at flow rates of between 4.0 and 8.0 mL/min, resulted in the rapid separation of 8 anions (in under 100 s) and 5 cations (in under 100 s) on the above columns when used individually, with detection limits for common anions ranging from approximately 0.25 to 5 mg/L, and between 2.5 and 50 mg/L for alkaline earth metals, by direct and indirect conductivity detection, respectively. However, with both columns subsequently connected in parallel, with the eluent delivered using a flow splitter from a single isocratic pump, the simultaneous analysis of anions and cations was also possible, based on a single conductivity detector. The potential of this system for the rapid, complete screening of water samples for multiple common anions and cations is shown.
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Abstract
The recent invention and successive commercial introduction of monolithic silica columns has motivated many scientists from both academia and industry to study their use in HPLC. The first paper on monolithic silica columns appeared in 1996. Currently about 200 papers have been published relating to applications and characterization of monolithic silica columns, including monolithic capillaries. This review attempts to give an overview covering various aspects of this new column type in the field of high throughput analysis of drugs and metabolites, chiral separations, analysis of pollutants and food-relevant compounds, as well as in bioanalytical separations such as in proteomics. Some of the applications are described in greater detail. The numerous publications dealing with the physicochemical and chromatographic characterization of monolithic silica columns are briefly summarized.
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Abstract
A 10 cm silica monolith has been modified with iminodiacetic acid (IDA) groups and characterised for its selectivity toward alkali, alkaline earth, and selected transition metal cations. Physical characterisation of the modified monolith found non-homogeneous modification along the length of the monolith, although sufficient capacity was achieved to facilitate significant retention of alkaline earth and transition/heavy metal ions over a range of eluent pH and ionic strength conditions. For alkaline earth and transition/heavy metal ions, selectivity of the 10 cm IDA monolith closely matched that seen with a 25 cm IDA modified silica gel particle packed column, although the separation of alkali metal ions was noticeably poorer on the monolithic column. Peak efficiencies for most metal ions were of a similar order for both column types, except for Zn(II), which showed significant peak broadening on the IDA monolithic column.
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