1
|
An analytical "quality by design" approach in RP-HPLC method development and validation for reliable and rapid estimation of irinotecan in an injectable formulation. ACTA PHARMACEUTICA (ZAGREB, CROATIA) 2021; 71:57-79. [PMID: 32697749 DOI: 10.2478/acph-2021-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to develop a robust, simple, economical and sensitive HPLC-UV method using the "quality-by-design" approach for the estimation of irinotecan (IRI) in marketed formulations. RP-HPLC method was developed by applying Box-Behnken design with Hyper-Clone (Phenomenex®) C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm id, particle size 5 µm, ODS 130 Å) as a stationary phase. Acetonitrile and 20 mmol L-1 potassium phosphate buffer (pH 2.5) containing 0.1 % triethylamine in a ratio of 45:55 % (V/V) was used as a mobile phase. The sample was injected in a volume of 20 µL into the HPLC system. UV detector at 254 nm was used to estimate and quantify IRI. Isocratic elution was opted while the flow rate was maintained at 0.75 mL min-1. The retention time of IRI was found to be 4.09 min. The responses were found to be linear for concentration range of 0.5 to 18.0 µg mL-1 and the coefficient of determination value was found to be 0.9993. Percent relative standard deviation for intra- and inter-day precisions was found in the range of 0.1 to 0.4 %. LOD and LOQ values were found to be 4.87 and 14.75 ng mL-1, resp. Robustness studies confirmed that the developed method is robust with RSD of a maximum 0.1 %. The method is simple, precise, sensitive, robust and economical making it applicable to the estimation of IRI in an injectable formulation.
Collapse
|
2
|
Shi JW, Li ZZ, Wu JS, Jin WY, Chang XY, Sun H, Dong L, Jiang ZP, Shi Y. Identification of the bioactive components of Banxia Xiexin Decoction that protect against CPT-11-induced intestinal toxicity via UPLC-based spectrum-effect relationship analyses. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 266:113421. [PMID: 33022337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Irinotecan (CPT-11) is a valuable chemotherapeutic compound, but its use is associated with severe diarrhea in some patients. The CPT-11 prodrug is converted into the active 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38) metabolite, which can then be retained for extended periods in the intestine, leading to the onset of diarrhea and related symptoms. Banxia Xiexin Decoction (BXD) is commonly employed for the treatment of gastroenteritis in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), and in clinical settings, it is used to prevent diarrhea in patients undergoing CPT-11 treatment. To date, however, there have been no studies specifically examining which components of BXD can alleviate the gastrointestinal symptoms associated with CPT-11 administration. AIM This study aimed to identify the main herbal components of BXD associated with protection against CPT-11-induced intestinal toxicity in a murine model system. MATERIALS AND METHODS SN-38 levels were measured by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS in samples collected from mice subjected to CPT-11-induced diarrhea that had been administered BXD or different components thereof. Pearson correlation and Grey relational analyses were then used to explore spectrum-effect relationships between reductions in intestinal SN-38 levels and specific chemical fingerprints in samples from mice administered particular combinations of BXD component herbs. RESULTS We found that different herbal combinations were associated with significant differences in intestinal SN-38 reductions in treated mice. Our spectrum-effect analysis revealed that BXD components including chrysin 6-C-arabinoside-8-C-glucoside, coptisine, hydroxyl oroxylin A 7-O-glucuronide (hydroxyl wogonoside), baicalin, an isomer of 5,6,7-trihydroxyl-flavanone-7-O-glucuronide, berberine, palmatine, and chrysin-7-O-glucuronide were all directly linked with reductions in intestinal SN-38 levels. We therefore speculate that these compounds are the primary bioactive components of BXD, suggesting that they offer protection against CPT-11-induced diarrhea. CONCLUSION By utilizing UPLC to analyze SN-38 levels in mice treated with a variety of herbal combinations, we were able to effectively explore BXD spectrum-effect relationships and to thereby establish the components of this medicinal preparation that were bioactive and capable of preventing CPT-11-induced diarrhea in mice. This and similar spectrum-effect studies represent a robust means of exploring the mechanistic basis for the pharmacological activity of TCM preparations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wen Shi
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, 271000, PR China
| | - Zhuang-Zhuang Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Jia-Shuo Wu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Wei-Yi Jin
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China; Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Xiao-Yan Chang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Hong Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Li Dong
- Taian City Central Hospital, Taian, 271000, PR China
| | | | - Yue Shi
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Puscasu A, Zanchetta M, Posocco B, Bunka D, Tartaggia S, Toffoli G. Development and validation of a selective SPR aptasensor for the detection of anticancer drug irinotecan in human plasma samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:1225-1236. [PMID: 33404749 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based assay for the quantification of antineoplastic drug irinotecan in human plasma samples has been developed for the first time. The selective binding of irinotecan with an aptamer receptor, operating in human plasma, allowed to set-up a novel analytical methodology to detect the drug in the analytical range of interest by using SPR as detection technique. After hybridizing the aptamer to the sensing platform and optimizing the sample preparation procedure, a quantitative assay was validated according to FDA regulatory guidelines. The analytical working range was found between 100 and 7500 ng mL-1 with negligible interferences from plasma components and co-medication associated with the administration of irinotecan. The utility of the new SPR assay was confirmed by analyzing plasma samples in parallel with LC-MS as reference technique, providing a new analytical tool for the therapeutic drug monitoring of irinotecan in patients under chemotherapy regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adelina Puscasu
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, Aviano (PN), 33081, Italy
| | - Martina Zanchetta
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, Aviano (PN), 33081, Italy.,Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Bianca Posocco
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, Aviano (PN), 33081, Italy
| | - David Bunka
- Aptamer Group, Suite 2.78 - 2.91, Bio Centre, Innovation Way, Heslington, York, YO10 5NY, UK
| | - Stefano Tartaggia
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, Aviano (PN), 33081, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, Aviano (PN), 33081, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Martínez-Chávez A, Rosing H, Gan C, Wang Y, Schinkel AH, Beijnen JH. Bioanalytical method for the simultaneous quantification of irinotecan and its active metabolite SN-38 in mouse plasma and tissue homogenates using HPLC-fluorescence. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1149:122177. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
5
|
Ahmad N, Alam MA, Ahmad R, Umar S, Jalees Ahmad F. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Improvement of oral efficacy of Irinotecan through biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles through in vitro and in vivo investigations. J Microencapsul 2018; 35:327-343. [DOI: 10.1080/02652048.2018.1485755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Niyaz Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Aftab Alam
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Rizwan Ahmad
- Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadiq Umar
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Farhan Jalees Ahmad
- Nanomedicine Lab, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tartaggia S, Alvau MD, Meneghello A, Casetta B, Polo F, Toffoli G. Practical fluorimetric assay for the detection of anticancer drug SN-38 in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 159:73-81. [PMID: 29980022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of therapeutic drug monitoring in the routine clinical practice in oncology is mainly limited by the lack of therapeutic indexes for the majority of the anticancer drugs, and by the absence of suitable analytical tools, which can accurately quantify in real time the concentration of the administered drugs and their relevant metabolites in biological fluids. In this work, a simple and efficient fluorimetric determination of SN-38, the active metabolite of the anticancer drug irinotecan, was developed and applied to human plasma samples. The intrinsic fluorescence of SN-38 allowed its quantification in the range 10-500 ng mL-1 with a LOQ of 5.0 ng mL-1 and a LOD of 1.5 ng mL-1. Low interferences due to main metabolites of irinotecan and comedications, commonly associated with administration of irinotecan, were observed. A validation study, according to FDA and EMA guidelines for bioanalytical method validation, was carried out and, finally, blind samples were analyzed in parallel with a HPLC-MS method obtaining an excellent agreement between the two techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Tartaggia
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, National Cancer Institute - Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Via Franco Gallini 2, I-33081, Aviano, Italy.
| | - Maria Domenica Alvau
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, National Cancer Institute - Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Via Franco Gallini 2, I-33081, Aviano, Italy
| | - Anna Meneghello
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, National Cancer Institute - Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Via Franco Gallini 2, I-33081, Aviano, Italy
| | - Bruno Casetta
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, National Cancer Institute - Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Via Franco Gallini 2, I-33081, Aviano, Italy
| | - Federico Polo
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, National Cancer Institute - Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Via Franco Gallini 2, I-33081, Aviano, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, National Cancer Institute - Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Via Franco Gallini 2, I-33081, Aviano, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yao Y, Zhang P, Wang J, Chen J, Wang Y, Huang Y, Zhang Z, Xu F. Dissecting Target Toxic Tissue and Tissue Specific Responses of Irinotecan in Rats Using Metabolomics Approach. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:122. [PMID: 28344557 PMCID: PMC5344918 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
As an anticancer agent, irinotecan (CPT-11) has been widely applied in clinical, especially in the treatment of colorectal cancer. However, its clinical use has long been limited by the side effects and potential tissue toxicity. To discriminate the target toxic tissues and dissect the specific response of target tissues after CPT-11 administration in rats, untargeted metabolomic study was conducted. First, differential metabolites between CPT-11 treated group and control group in each tissue were screened out. Then, based on fold changes of these differential metabolites, principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis were performed to visualize the degree and specificity of the influences of CPT-11 on the metabolic profiles of nine tissues. Using this step-wise method, ileum, jejunum, and liver were finally recognized as target toxic tissues. Furthermore, tissue specific responses of liver, ileum, and jejunum to CPT-11 were dissected and specific differential metabolites were screened out. Perturbations in Krebs cycle, amino acid, purine and bile acid metabolism were observed in target toxic tissues. In conclusion, our study put forward a new approach to dissect target toxic tissues and tissue specific responses of CPT-11 using metabolomics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Yao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine Xianyang, China
| | - Jiaqing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Jiangsu Institute for Food and Drug Control Nanjing, China
| | - Yin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Zunjian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Fengguo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China; State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang N, Zhu C, Zhai X, Zhang X, Qin Y, Lu Y. Development of LC–MS/MS Method for Simultaneous Determination of Irinotecan and Its Main Metabolites in Rat Plasma, and Its Application in Pharmacokinetic Studies. Chromatographia 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-016-3207-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
9
|
Li K, Wang S. Preparation, Pharmacokinetic Profile, and Tissue Distribution Studies of a Liposome-Based Formulation of SN-38 Using an UPLC-MS/MS Method. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:1450-1456. [PMID: 26831446 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0484-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38) in cancer treatment is limited by its low solubility. This study is to develop a liposome-entrapped formulation of SN-38 (LE-SN38) to solve the obstacle and to evaluate its pharmacokinetic profile in dogs and tissue distribution in mice. LE-SN38 which is more likely to be suitable for large-scale production was prepared by the carrier-deposition method. An UPLC-MS/MS method was used to determinate the concentration of SN-38 in this study. LE-SN38 was cleared rapidly from dog plasma within 1 h, and the AUC0-∞ values of three dosages of LE-SN38 indicated an apparent dose-dependent manner. As for the distribution study, the peak of SN-38 levels in most tissues were detected within 10 min after LE-SN38 administration. In addition, concentration of SN-38 in most tissues except kidney and heart in LE-SN38 group was higher than that in irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT-11) group generally, whereas the administrated CPT-11 had 20 times dosage compared to LE-SN38. LE-SN38 was rapidly eliminated from dog plasma and manifested linear dynamics in dose range of 0.411-1.644 mg/kg. The distribution behavior of SN-38 is altered in a liposome-based delivery system. At the same time, LE-SN38 has lower toxicity compared to CPT-11 in some degree.
Collapse
|
10
|
Combination treatment with Rhizoma Paridis and Rhizoma Curcuma longa extracts and 10-hydroxycamptothecin enhances the antitumor effect in H22 tumor model by increasing the plasma concentration. Biomed Pharmacother 2016; 83:627-634. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
|
11
|
Basu S, Zeng M, Yin T, Gao S, Hu M. Development and validation of an UPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of irinotecan, SN-38 and SN-38 glucuronide in plasma, urine, feces, liver and kidney: Application to a pharmacokinetic study of irinotecan in rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1015-1016:34-41. [PMID: 26894853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this research is to develop and validate a sensitive and reproducible UPLC-MS/MS method to quantify irinotecan, its active metabolite SN-38 and SN-38 glucuronide (phase II metabolite of SN-38) simultaneously in different bio-matrices (plasma, urine, feces), tissues (liver and kidney) and to use the method to investigate its pharmacokinetic behavior in rats. Irinotecan, SN-38 and SN-38 glucuronide has been resolved and separated by C18 column using acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water used as the mobile phases. Triple quadruple mass spectrometer using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) with positive scan mode were employed to perform mass analysis. The results showed that the linear response range of irinotecan and SN-38 in plasma, feces, liver and kidney is 4.88-10000 nM, 39-5000 nM, 48.8-6250 nM and 48.8-6250 nM, respectively (R(2)>0.99). In case of SN-38 glucuronide, the standard curves were linear in the concentration range of 6.25-2000 nM, 4.88-1250 nM, 9.8-1250 nM and 9.8-1250 nM in plasma, feces, liver and kidney homogenates, respectively. The lower limit of detection (LLOD) of irinotecan, SN-38 and SN-38 glucuronide was determined to be less than 25 nM in all bio-matrices as well as tissue homogenates. Recoveries of irinotecan, SN-38 and SN-38 glucuronide at three different concentrations (low, medium and high) were not less than 85% at three different concentrations in plasma and feces. The percentage matrix factors in different bio-matrices and tissues were within 20%. The UPLC-MS/MS method was validated with intra-day and inter-day precision of less than 15% in plasma, feces, liver and kidney. Owing to the high sensitivity of this method, only 20 μl of plasma, urine and homogenates of liver, kidney and feces is needed. The validated method has been successfully employed for pharmacokinetic evaluation of irinotecan in male wistar rats to quantify irinotecan, SN-38 and SN-38 glucuronide in plasma, feces, and urine samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Basu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Center for Pharmacometrics and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 6550 Sanger Road, Orlando, FL 32827, USA
| | - Min Zeng
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Thoracic and Cardiomacrovascular surgery, Shiyan Taihe Hospital Affiliated to Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, China
| | - Taijun Yin
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Song Gao
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ming Hu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Herviou P, Richard D, Roche L, Pinguet J, Libert F, Eschalier A, Durando X, Authier N. Determination of irinotecan and SN38 in human plasma by TurboFlow™ liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 118:284-291. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
13
|
Liu X, Hummon AB. Quantitative determination of irinotecan and the metabolite SN-38 by nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in different regions of multicellular tumor spheroids. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2015; 26:577-86. [PMID: 25604392 PMCID: PMC4361235 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-014-1071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A new and simple method was developed to evaluate the distribution of therapeutics in three-dimensional multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS) by combining serial trypsinization and nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (nLC-MS/MS). This methodology was validated with quantitative measurements of irinotecan and its bioactive metabolite, SN-38, in distinct spatial regions of HCT 116 MCTS. Irinotecan showed a time-dependent permeability into MCTS with most of the drug accumulating in the core after 24 h of treatment. The amount of SN-38 detected was 30 times lower than that of the parent drug, and was more abundant in the outer rim and intermediate regions of MCTS where proliferating cells were present. This method can be used to investigate novel and established drugs. It enables investigation of drug penetration properties and identification of metabolites with spatial specificity in MCTS. The new approach has great value in facilitating the drug evaluation process.
Collapse
|
14
|
Tariq M, Negi LM, Talegaonkar S, Ahmad FJ, Iqbal Z, Khan AM. Liquid Chromatographic Method for Irinotecan Estimation: Screening of P-gp Modulators. Indian J Pharm Sci 2015; 77:14-23. [PMID: 25767314 PMCID: PMC4355877 DOI: 10.4103/0250-474x.151577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work is aimed to develop a simple, sensitive, robust and reliable HPLC method for the estimation of irinotecan in the physiological media in order to assess the permeability profile of irinotecan, using the everted gut sac, in the presence of various P-gp modulators. Separation was achieved using, C18 column with mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and 0.045 µM sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate buffer containing ion pair agent heptane sulphonic acid sodium salt (0.0054 µM), pH 3. The flow rate was maintained at 1 ml/min and analysis was performed at 254.9 nm using PDA detector. Calibration data showed an excellent linear relationship between peak-area verses drug concentration (r2, 0.9999). Linearity was found to be in the range of 0.060-10.0 µg/ml. Limits of detection and quantification were found to ~0.020 µg/ml and ~0.060 µg/ml, respectively. The developed method was found to be precise (RSD < 1.5%, for repeatability and <2.55% for intermediate precision, acceptable ranges of precision), accurate (The recovered content of irinotecan in the presence of various P-gp modulators varied from 96.11-101.51%, within acceptable range, 80-120%), specific and robust (% RSD < 2). Developed method has been applied successfully for the evaluation of eleven P-gp modulators from diverse chemical class.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Tariq
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdrd, Handard Nagar, New Delhi-110 062, India
| | - L M Negi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdrd, Handard Nagar, New Delhi-110 062, India
| | - Sushama Talegaonkar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdrd, Handard Nagar, New Delhi-110 062, India
| | - F J Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdrd, Handard Nagar, New Delhi-110 062, India
| | - Zeenat Iqbal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdrd, Handard Nagar, New Delhi-110 062, India
| | - A M Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdrd, Handard Nagar, New Delhi-110 062, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nittayacharn P, Manaspon C, Hongeng S, Nasongkla N. HPLC analysis and extraction method of SN-38 in brain tumor model after injected by polymeric drug delivery system. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1619-29. [PMID: 24990485 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214539227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SN-38 is a highly potent anticancer drug but its poor solubility in aqueous solvent and adverse side effects limit clinical applications. To overcome these limitations, SN-38-loaded-injectable drug delivery depots have been intratumorally administered in xenograft tumor model in nude mice. The extraction and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were performed in order to determine the amount of SN-38 inside tumors. SN-38 was extracted from tumors using DMSO. HPLC analysis was validated and resulted in linearity over the concentration range from 0.03 to 150 µg/mL (r(2) ≥ 0.998). Lower limit of detection (LLOD) and lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) were 0.308 µg/mL and 1.02 µg/mL, respectively. The extraction efficiency (% recovery) of SN-38 in porcine tissues was similar to that of tumors which provided more than 90% recovery in all concentrations. Moreover, the variability of precision and accuracy within and between-day were less than 15%. Therefore, this extraction and HPLC protocol was applied to determine the amount of SN-38 in tumors. Results show higher remaining amount of SN-38 in tumor from SN-38-loaded polymeric depots than that of SN-38 solution. These results reveal that SN-38-loaded polymeric depots can prevent the leakage of free-drug out of tumors and can sustain higher level of SN-38 inside tumor. Thus, the therapeutic efficacy can be elevated by SN-38-loaded polymeric depots.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pinunta Nittayacharn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Chawan Manaspon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand
| | - Suradej Hongeng
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Norased Nasongkla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Mahidol University, Nakorn Pathom 73170, Thailand Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Park DJ, Won JH, Cho A, Yun HJ, Heo JH, Hwhang TH, Lee DH, Kim WM. Determination of irinotecan and its metabolite SN-38 in rabbit plasma and tumors using a validated method of tandem mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 962:147-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
17
|
Prijovich ZM, Burnouf PA, Roffler SR. Versatile online SPE-HPLC method for the analysis of Irinotecan and its clinically relevant metabolites in biomaterials. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:360-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201301191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeljko M. Prijovich
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine; University of Patras; Rio Greece
| | | | - Steve R. Roffler
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences; Academia Sinica; Taipei Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Shaikh IM, Tan KB, Chiu GNC. SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF DOXORUBICIN AND IRINOTECAN IN CONJUNCTION WITH THEIR MAJOR METABOLITES BY ULTRA HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.678456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ishaque M. Shaikh
- a Department of Pharmacy , Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Kuan-Boone Tan
- a Department of Pharmacy , Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Gigi N. C. Chiu
- a Department of Pharmacy , Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore , Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
Distribution of drugs into tissues is an important determinant of the overall PK and PD profile. Thus, bioanalysis of drugs and their metabolites in tissues can play an important role in understanding the pharmacological and toxicological properties of new drug candidates. Unlike liquid matrices, bioanalysis in tissues offers unique challenges such as proper tissue sampling, appropriate tissue sample preparation, efficient extraction of the analytes from the tissue homogenates, and demonstration of stability and recovery of analytes in intact tissues. This article provides a systematic review of tissue sample analysis for small molecules using LC–MS/MS. The authors provide rationale for tissue sample analysis, and discuss strategies for method development, method qualification or validation, and sample analysis. Unique aspects of method development and qualification/validation are highlighted based on authors’ direct experiences and literature summary. Analysis using intact tissue samples such as MALDI imaging is also briefly discussed.
Collapse
|
20
|
Zheng J, Zhang R, Shao C, Hu Z, Wang D, Yu T, Yan X, Wang Y. Development and validation of a RP-HPLC method with fluorescence detection for simultaneous determination of 10-methoxycamptothecin and its metabolite 10-hydroxycamptothecin in rat plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 903:81-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
21
|
A new UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of irinotecan and 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38) in mice: Application to plasma and brain pharmacokinetics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 66:325-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
22
|
Chen X, Peer CJ, Alfaro R, Tian T, Spencer SD, Figg WD. Quantification of irinotecan, SN38, and SN38G in human and porcine plasma by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to hepatic chemoembolization. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 62:140-8. [PMID: 22305081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An analytical method was developed and validated for the quantitative determination of irinotecan, its active metabolite SN38, and glucuronidated SN38 (SN38-G) in both porcine and human plasma. Calibration curves were linear within the concentration range of 0.5-100 ng/mL for SN38 and SN38-G, and 5-1000 ng/mL for irinotecan. Sample pretreatment involved solid-phase extraction of 0.1 mL aliquots of plasma. Irinotecan, SN38, SN38-G, and the internal standards, irinotecan-d10, tolbutamide, and camptothecin, respectively, were separated on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH RP18 column (2. 1mm × 50 mm, 1.7 μm), using a mobile phase composed of methanol and 0.1% formic acid. Accuracy of quality control samples in human plasma ranged from 98.5 to 110.3%, 99.5 to 101.7% and 96.2 to 98.9% for irinotecan, SN38, and SN38-G, respectively. Precision of the three analytes in the same order ranged from 0.8 to 2.8%, 2.4 to 5.7%, and 2.4 to 2.8%. All three analytes proved stable in plasma through four freeze/thaw cycles, as well as through 6h in whole blood at room temperature. The method was likewise validated in porcine plasma with comparable accuracies and precisions also within the generally acceptable range. The validated method was applied to both preclinical and clinical trials involving hepatic chemoembolization of irinotecan drug-eluting beads to study the pharmacokinetics of the three analytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Chen
- Clinical Pharmacology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hu Z, Sun Y, Du F, Niu W, Xu F, Huang Y, Li C. Accurate determination of the anticancer prodrug simmitecan and its active metabolite chimmitecan in various plasma samples based on immediate deactivation of blood carboxylesterases. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6646-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
24
|
Rodríguez-Cáceres MI, Bohoyo Gil D, Durán-Merá I, Hurtado Sánchez MC. Spectrofluorimetric determination of SN-38, a promising new anti-tumor agent, in the presence and absence of organized media. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 65:298-306. [PMID: 21352650 DOI: 10.1366/10-06019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This study focuses on the spectrofluorimetric behavior of the camptothecin derivative 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38) alone and in the presence of organized media and also on its potential analytical applications. SN-38 displays native fluorescence in both lactone and carboxylate form, which has been the base for development of two spectrofluorimetric methods, one for the lactone form (acidic media) and another for the carboxylate form (basic media). In an attempt to improve the understanding of SN-38, its interaction with several cyclodextrins and surfactants has been studied using spectrofluorimetry. Consequently, the optimal working conditions for the determination of SN-38 have been established in both the presence and the absence of organized media. The proposed methods were applied to human urine, using liquid-liquid extraction for clean-up of the samples, with satisfactory recoveries. No interference of the urine matrix was observed.
Collapse
|
25
|
González-Ruiz V, Mussardo P, Corda E, Girotti S, Olives AI, Martín MA. Liquid chromatographic analysis of the anticancer alkaloid luotonin A and some new derivatives in human serum samples. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:2086-93. [PMID: 20568252 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The quantitation of the natural cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory alkaloid luotonin A and five recently synthesized derivatives is described, constituting the first report of a HPLC method for the analysis of these compounds in human serum samples. The conditions for the chromatographic separation were optimized and the method was validated for the analysis of these compounds in biological samples according to international guidelines. An RP-HPLC method with fluorimetric detection and a C(18) stationary phase was applied. Different ACN/water mobile phases were assayed, including 0-4% of a mobile phase modifier such as tetrahydrofuran, dioxane or tert-butyl methyl ether. Isocratic and gradient elution conditions are compared. The influence of pH on the efficiency and resolution of the separation was also considered. The developed method was applied to the determination of luotonins in pooled human serum samples by gradient elution RP-HPLC using a simple cleanup procedure. The proposed chromatographic method exhibits satisfactory analytical figures of merit, with LOD from 1.0 x 10(-10) to 2.0 x 10(-10) M, intraday and interday precision below 6% except for the concentration level closest to LOD, and good agreement between experimental and theoretical concentrations. Therefore, the developed method is suitable, reliable, rapid, and simple.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Víctor González-Ruiz
- Sección Departamental Química Analítica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Quantification of topotecan by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). Application to intestinal transport using rat everted gut sacs. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:645-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
27
|
Ramesh M, Ahlawat P, Srinivas NR. Irinotecan and its active metabolite, SN-38: review of bioanalytical methods and recent update from clinical pharmacology perspectives. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 24:104-23. [PMID: 19852077 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of irinotecan has revolutionized the applicability of camptothecins as predominant topoisomerase I inhibitor for anti-cancer therapy. The potent anti-tumor activity of irinotecan is due to rapid formation of an in vivo active metabolite, SN-38. Therefore, irinotecan is considered as a pro-drug to generate SN-38. Over the past decade, side-by-side with the clinical advancement of the use of irinotecan in the oncology field, a plethora of bioanalytical methods have been published to quantify irinotecan, SN-38 and other metabolites. Because of the availability of HPLC, LC-MS and LC-MS/MS methods, the pharmacokinetic profiling of irinotecan and its metabolites has been accomplished in multiple species, including cancer patients. The developed assays continue to find use in the optimization of newly designed delivery systems with regard to pharmacokinetics to promote safe and effective use of either irinotecan or SN-38. This review intends to: firstly, provide an exhaustive compilation of the published assays for irinotecan, SN-38 and other metabolite(s) of irinotecan, as applicable; secondly, to enumerate the validation parameters and applicable conclusions; and thirdly, provide some recent perspectives in the clinical pharmacology arena pertaining to efflux transporters, pediatric profiling, role of kidney function in defining toxicity, drug-drug interaction potential of irinotecan, etc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mullangi Ramesh
- Jubilant Innovation, 96, Industrial Suburb, 2nd Stage, Yeshwanthpur, Bangalore 560 022, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Baylatry MT, Joly AC, Pelage JP, Bengrine-Lefevre L, Prugnaud JL, Laurent A, Fernandez C. Simple liquid chromatography method for the quantification of irinotecan and SN38 in sheep plasma: application to in vivo pharmacokinetics after pulmonary artery chemoembolization using drug eluting beads. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:738-42. [PMID: 20171941 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2009] [Revised: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and simple liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (LC-FD) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of irinotecan (CPT11) and SN38 in sheep plasma. Camptothecin (CPT) was used as the internal standard. A single step protein precipitation with acetonitrile was used for sample preparation. The separation was achieved using a 5 microm C18 column (250 mm x 4.5 mm, 5 microm) with a mobile phase composed of 36 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate dehydrate and 4 mM sodium 1 heptane sulfonate-acetonitrile (72:28), the pH of the mobile phase was adjusted to 3. The flow rate was 1.45 mL/min and the fluorescence detection was operated at 355/515 nm (excitation/emission wavelengths). The run time was 13 min. The method was validated with respect to selectivity, extraction recovery, linearity, intra- and inter-day precision and accuracy, limit of quantification and stability. The method has a limit of quantification of 5 ng/mL for both CPT11 and SN38. The assay was linear over concentrations ranging from 5 to 5000 ng/mL and to 240 ng/mL for CPT11 and SN38, respectively. This method was used successfully to perform plasma pharmacokinetic studies of CPT11 after pulmonary artery embolization (PACE) in a sheep model. It was also validated for CPT11 and SN38 analysis in sheep lymph and human plasma.
Collapse
|
29
|
Montoro P, Maldini M, Piacente S, Macchia M, Pizza C. Metabolite fingerprinting of Camptotheca acuminata and the HPLC–ESI-MS/MS analysis of camptothecin and related alkaloids. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:405-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Revised: 05/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
30
|
Srinivas NR. Lack of stability of topotecan in heart tissue homogenates: is it an analytical dilemma or a real phenomenon? Biomed Chromatogr 2009; 23:447-9. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
31
|
Determination of anticarcinogenic and rescue therapy drugs in urine by photoinduced spectrofluorimetry using multivariate calibration: comparison of several second-order methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:1119-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2069-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
32
|
Asuero AG, González G. Fitting Straight Lines with Replicated Observations by Linear Regression. III. Weighting Data. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10408340701244615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Agustin G. Asuero
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , The University of Seville , 41012 , Seville , Spain
| | - Gustavo González
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , The University of Seville , 41012 , Seville , Spain
| |
Collapse
|