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Rotondo M, Honisch C, Tartaggia S, Ruzza P. Circular Dichroism Study of Orexin B under Oxidative Stress Conditions. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020484. [PMID: 36677542 PMCID: PMC9863598 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptides orexin A and B regulate various vital functions of the body, such as sleep/wake states, metabolism, and energy homeostasis. A loss of their physiological activity, with reduced ability to recognize their receptors, is suspected to be associated with oxidative stress conditions. These are related to excessive presence of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, as well as of reactive lipoxidation byproducts. With the aim of evaluating the effects of oxidative stress on the secondary structure of orexin peptides, orexin B was synthesized and characterized by circular dichroism spectroscopy under different conditions. In aqueous solution it presents an unordered conformation, while in a membrane mimetic environment it assumes a helical structure. The effects of oxidative stress were evaluated exposing it to both oxygen and nitrogen radicals as well as to lipoxidation byproducts. The results showed that ROS, but not NRS, induced appreciable conformational changes, and only in the membrane mimetic environment. Lipoxidation byproducts, instead, led to secondary structure modifications much more evident than those induced by the direct action of ROS and RNS, and in both analyzed media. Additionally, MALDI-TOF analyses detected mass variations in the peptide attributable to oxidation of the C-terminal Met residue and deamination of asparagine in the Asn-His sequence. Taken together, all these data seem to confirm the involvement of oxidative processes in dysfunctions of the orexinergic system.
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Puscasu A, Zanchetta M, Posocco B, Bunka D, Tartaggia S, Toffoli G. Development and validation of a selective SPR aptasensor for the detection of anticancer drug irinotecan in human plasma samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:1225-1236. [PMID: 33404749 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03087-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based assay for the quantification of antineoplastic drug irinotecan in human plasma samples has been developed for the first time. The selective binding of irinotecan with an aptamer receptor, operating in human plasma, allowed to set-up a novel analytical methodology to detect the drug in the analytical range of interest by using SPR as detection technique. After hybridizing the aptamer to the sensing platform and optimizing the sample preparation procedure, a quantitative assay was validated according to FDA regulatory guidelines. The analytical working range was found between 100 and 7500 ng mL-1 with negligible interferences from plasma components and co-medication associated with the administration of irinotecan. The utility of the new SPR assay was confirmed by analyzing plasma samples in parallel with LC-MS as reference technique, providing a new analytical tool for the therapeutic drug monitoring of irinotecan in patients under chemotherapy regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina Puscasu
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, Aviano (PN), 33081, Italy
| | - Martina Zanchetta
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, Aviano (PN), 33081, Italy.,Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 1, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Bianca Posocco
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, Aviano (PN), 33081, Italy
| | - David Bunka
- Aptamer Group, Suite 2.78 - 2.91, Bio Centre, Innovation Way, Heslington, York, YO10 5NY, UK
| | - Stefano Tartaggia
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, Aviano (PN), 33081, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, Via Franco Gallini 2, Aviano (PN), 33081, Italy
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Tartaggia S, Meneghello A, Bellotto O, Poetto AS, Zanchetta M, Posocco B, Bunka D, Polo F, Toffoli G. An SPR investigation into the therapeutic drug monitoring of the anticancer drug imatinib with selective aptamers operating in human plasma. Analyst 2021; 146:1714-1724. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01860k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An ss-DNA aptamer-based biosensor was devised to detect the anticancer drug imatinib by means of surface plasmon resonance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Tartaggia
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS
- 33081, Aviano
- Italy
| | - Anna Meneghello
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS
- 33081, Aviano
- Italy
| | - Ottavia Bellotto
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS
- 33081, Aviano
- Italy
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Ariana Soledad Poetto
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS
- 33081, Aviano
- Italy
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Martina Zanchetta
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS
- 33081, Aviano
- Italy
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Bianca Posocco
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS
- 33081, Aviano
- Italy
| | | | - Federico Polo
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS
- 33081, Aviano
- Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS
- 33081, Aviano
- Italy
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Dinel M, Tartaggia S, Wallace GQ, Boudreau D, Masson J, Polo F. The Fundamentals of Real‐Time Surface Plasmon Resonance/Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:18202-18206. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie‐Pier Dinel
- Department of ChemistryUniversité de Montréal C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville Montreal Qc H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Stefano Tartaggia
- Farmacologia Sperimentale e ClinicaIRCCS Centro di Riferimento Oncologico Via Franco Gallini 2 33081 Aviano Italy
| | - Gregory Q. Wallace
- Department of ChemistryUniversité de Montréal C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville Montreal Qc H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Denis Boudreau
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Optics, Photonics and Lasers (COPL)Université Laval 1045, av. de la Médecine Québec Qc G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Jean‐Francois Masson
- Department of ChemistryUniversité de Montréal C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville Montreal Qc H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Federico Polo
- Department of Molecular Sciences and NanosystemsCa' Foscari University of Venice Via Torino 155B 30172 Venezia Italy
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Dinel M, Tartaggia S, Wallace GQ, Boudreau D, Masson J, Polo F. The Fundamentals of Real‐Time Surface Plasmon Resonance/Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie‐Pier Dinel
- Department of ChemistryUniversité de Montréal C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville Montreal Qc H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Stefano Tartaggia
- Farmacologia Sperimentale e ClinicaIRCCS Centro di Riferimento Oncologico Via Franco Gallini 2 33081 Aviano Italy
| | - Gregory Q. Wallace
- Department of ChemistryUniversité de Montréal C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville Montreal Qc H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Denis Boudreau
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Optics, Photonics and Lasers (COPL)Université Laval 1045, av. de la Médecine Québec Qc G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Jean‐Francois Masson
- Department of ChemistryUniversité de Montréal C.P. 6128 Succ. Centre-Ville Montreal Qc H3C 3J7 Canada
| | - Federico Polo
- Department of Molecular Sciences and NanosystemsCa' Foscari University of Venice Via Torino 155B 30172 Venezia Italy
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Meneghello A, Tartaggia S, Alvau MD, Polo F, Toffoli G. Biosensing Technologies for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Curr Med Chem 2018; 25:4354-4377. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170720101736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Meneghello
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Division, CRO Aviano - National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Stefano Tartaggia
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Division, CRO Aviano - National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Maria Domenica Alvau
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Division, CRO Aviano - National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Federico Polo
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Division, CRO Aviano - National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Division, CRO Aviano - National Cancer Institute, Via Franco Gallini 2, 33081 Aviano (PN), Italy
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Bonazza G, Tartaggia S, Toffoli G, Polo F, Daniele S. Voltammetric behaviour of the anticancer drug irinotecan and its metabolites in acetonitrile. Implications for electrochemical therapeutic drug monitoring. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.09.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Tartaggia S, Alvau MD, Meneghello A, Casetta B, Polo F, Toffoli G. Practical fluorimetric assay for the detection of anticancer drug SN-38 in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 159:73-81. [PMID: 29980022 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The implementation of therapeutic drug monitoring in the routine clinical practice in oncology is mainly limited by the lack of therapeutic indexes for the majority of the anticancer drugs, and by the absence of suitable analytical tools, which can accurately quantify in real time the concentration of the administered drugs and their relevant metabolites in biological fluids. In this work, a simple and efficient fluorimetric determination of SN-38, the active metabolite of the anticancer drug irinotecan, was developed and applied to human plasma samples. The intrinsic fluorescence of SN-38 allowed its quantification in the range 10-500 ng mL-1 with a LOQ of 5.0 ng mL-1 and a LOD of 1.5 ng mL-1. Low interferences due to main metabolites of irinotecan and comedications, commonly associated with administration of irinotecan, were observed. A validation study, according to FDA and EMA guidelines for bioanalytical method validation, was carried out and, finally, blind samples were analyzed in parallel with a HPLC-MS method obtaining an excellent agreement between the two techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Tartaggia
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, National Cancer Institute - Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Via Franco Gallini 2, I-33081, Aviano, Italy.
| | - Maria Domenica Alvau
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, National Cancer Institute - Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Via Franco Gallini 2, I-33081, Aviano, Italy
| | - Anna Meneghello
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, National Cancer Institute - Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Via Franco Gallini 2, I-33081, Aviano, Italy
| | - Bruno Casetta
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, National Cancer Institute - Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Via Franco Gallini 2, I-33081, Aviano, Italy
| | - Federico Polo
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, National Cancer Institute - Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Via Franco Gallini 2, I-33081, Aviano, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Unit, National Cancer Institute - Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Via Franco Gallini 2, I-33081, Aviano, Italy
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Alvau MD, Tartaggia S, Meneghello A, Casetta B, Calia G, Serra PA, Polo F, Toffoli G. Enzyme-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Anticancer Drug Irinotecan. Anal Chem 2018; 90:6012-6019. [PMID: 29658266 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is the clinical practice of measuring pharmaceutical drug concentrations in patients' biofluids at designated intervals, thus allowing a close and timely control of their dosage. To date, TDM in oncology can only be performed by trained personnel in centralized laboratories and core facilities employing conventional analytical techniques (e.g., MS). CPT-11 is an antineoplastic drug that inhibits topoisomerase type I, causing cell death, and is widely used in the treatment of colorectal cancer. CPT-11 was also found to directly inhibit acetylcholine esterase (AChE), an enzyme involved in neuromuscular junction. In this work, we describe an enzymatic biosensor, based on AChE and choline oxidase (ChOx), which can quantify CPT-11. ACh (acetylcholine) substrate is converted to choline, which is subsequently metabolized by ChOx to give betaine aldehyde and hydrogen peroxide. The latter one is then oxidized at a suitably polarized platinum electrode, providing a current transient proportional to the amount of ACh. Such an enzymatic process is hampered by CPT-11. The biosensor showed a ∼60% maximal inhibition toward AChE activity in the clinically relevant concentration range 10-10 000 ng/mL of CPT-11 in both simple (phosphate buffer) and complex (fetal bovine serum) matrixes, while its metabolites showed negligible effects. These findings could open new routes toward a real-time TDM in oncology, thus improving the therapeutic treatments and lowering the related costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Domenica Alvau
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Division , CRO Aviano - National Cancer Institute , Aviano , Italy
| | - Stefano Tartaggia
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Division , CRO Aviano - National Cancer Institute , Aviano , Italy
| | - Anna Meneghello
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Division , CRO Aviano - National Cancer Institute , Aviano , Italy
| | - Bruno Casetta
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Division , CRO Aviano - National Cancer Institute , Aviano , Italy
| | - Giammario Calia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Section of Pharmacology , University of Sassari , Viale San Pietro 43/b , Sassari , Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Serra
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine Section of Pharmacology , University of Sassari , Viale San Pietro 43/b , Sassari , Italy
| | - Federico Polo
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Division , CRO Aviano - National Cancer Institute , Aviano , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Toffoli
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology Division , CRO Aviano - National Cancer Institute , Aviano , Italy
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Tartaggia S, Fogal S, Motterle R, Ferrari C, Pontini M, Aureli R, De Lucchi O. Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of δ-Keto β-Hydroxy Esters as Useful Intermediates for Preparing Statins. European J Org Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201600268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Tartaggia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi; Università Ca' Foscari Venezia; Via Torino 155 30170 Venezia Mestre Italy
| | - Stefano Fogal
- F.I.S. - Fabbrica Italiana Sintetici S.p.A.; Viale Milano 26 36075 Montecchio Maggiore (Vicenza) Italy
| | - Riccardo Motterle
- F.I.S. - Fabbrica Italiana Sintetici S.p.A.; Viale Milano 26 36075 Montecchio Maggiore (Vicenza) Italy
| | - Clark Ferrari
- F.I.S. - Fabbrica Italiana Sintetici S.p.A.; Viale Milano 26 36075 Montecchio Maggiore (Vicenza) Italy
| | - Marta Pontini
- F.I.S. - Fabbrica Italiana Sintetici S.p.A.; Viale Milano 26 36075 Montecchio Maggiore (Vicenza) Italy
| | | | - Ottorino De Lucchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi; Università Ca' Foscari Venezia; Via Torino 155 30170 Venezia Mestre Italy
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Caporale A, Tartaggia S, Castellin A, De Lucchi O. Practical synthesis of aryl-2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ols from aryl bromides via conventional and decarboxylative copper-free Sonogashira coupling reactions. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:384-93. [PMID: 24605159 PMCID: PMC3943628 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Two efficient protocols for the palladium-catalyzed synthesis of aryl-2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ols from aryl bromides in the absence of copper were developed. A simple catalytic system consisting of Pd(OAc)2 and P(p-tol)3 using DBU as the base and THF as the solvent was found to be highly effective for the coupling reaction of 2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol (4) with a wide range of aryl bromides in good to excellent yields. Analogously, the synthesis of aryl-2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ols was performed also through the decarboxylative coupling reaction of 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentynoic acid with aryl bromides, using a catalyst containing Pd(OAc)2 in combination with SPhos or XPhos in the presence of tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride (TBAF) as the base and THF as the solvent. Therefore, new efficient approaches to the synthesis of terminal acetylenes from widely available aryl bromides rather than expensive iodides and using 4 or propiolic acid rather than TMS-acetylene as inexpensive alkyne sources are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Caporale
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi - Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Dorsoduro 2137, I-30123 Venice, Italy
| | - Stefano Tartaggia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi - Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Dorsoduro 2137, I-30123 Venice, Italy
| | - Andrea Castellin
- F.I.S. - Fabbrica Italiana Sintetici S.p.A., Alte di Montecchio Maggiore (Vicenza), Viale Milano 26, I-36075 Vicenza, Italy
| | - Ottorino De Lucchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi - Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Dorsoduro 2137, I-30123 Venice, Italy
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Tartaggia S, De Lucchi O, Gambaro A, Zangrando R, Fabris F, Scarso A. Chiral M3L2Self-Assembled Capsules through Metal Coordination of Enantiopure Ligating Benzocyclotrimers: NMR Spectroscopic and ESI Mass Spectrometric Investigation. Chemistry 2013; 19:5701-14. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201203598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Tartaggia S, Caporale A, Fontana F, Stabile P, Castellin A, De Lucchi O. A convenient synthesis of the key intermediate of selective COX-2 inhibitor Etoricoxib. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42619j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Tartaggia S, De Lucchi O, Gooßen LJ. Practical Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Diarylacetylenes from Propiolic Acid and Two Different Aryl Bromides. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
An imine-linked (+)-syn-benzotricamphor derivative gives access to chiral unimolecular cages exhibiting internal cavities of new shapes and volumes. One of these hosts hydrocarbon gases at low temperatures in solution through CH-pi attractive interactions. No encapsulation is observed when the cage structure is too narrow or too large for the guest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Tartaggia
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Ca' Foscari di Venezia, Dorsoduro 2137, I-30123 Venezia, Italy
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