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Demir E, İnam O, Silah H, Karimi-Maleh H. Studies of mechanism, kinetic model and determination of bupivacaine and its application pharmaceutical forms. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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2
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Pysarevska S, Plotycya S, Dubenska L. Voltammetry of local anesthetics: theoretical and practical aspects. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 51:339-352. [PMID: 32096424 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1729691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Local anesthetics (LAs) are widely used in anesthesiology, ophthalmology, and otolaryngology as well as for treatment of chronic and oncological pain. However, anesthetics can cause adverse effects up to lethal ones. In this work, we cited reviews on chromatographic and spectroscopic methods of local anesthetics determination published earlier, and the main purpose was to review the possibilities and advantages of voltammetric methods used for the LAs determination. The electrochemical behavior, mechanism of LAs transformation on the various working electrodes and analytical parameters of voltammetric methods used for their determination were reviewed in the work. Vast majority of these methods were developed for the most widely used anesthetics in medicine like benzocaine, lidocaine and procaine. Special attention was paid to possible mechanisms of electrochemical oxidation and in some cases reduction of LAs or their derivatives. Voltammetry is used for the determination of LAs in pharmaceutical formulations and in biological fluids. The analytical characteristics in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility also were discussed in the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomiya Pysarevska
- Life Safety Department, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Serhiy Plotycya
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine.,State Scientific-Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medicinal Products and Feed Additives, Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Liliya Dubenska
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, Lviv, Ukraine
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Ferreira JCA, Catunda IS, Vasconcelos BCE, da Silva KAA, Nogueira EFC, Vidal EE. Evaluation of the plasmatic level of mepivacaine in different anatomical regions. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2018; 23:e493-e497. [PMID: 29924762 PMCID: PMC6051682 DOI: 10.4317/medoral.22374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To evaluate the serum level of the local anesthetic mepivacaine 3% without vasoconstrictor in patients who underwent procedures performed in the anterior and posterior maxilla, through a method of possible extraction to quantify it in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Material and Methods This was a hybrid study consisting of 18 patients (7 females and 11 males) classified as ASA I, adults and with normal body mass index, submitted to procedures in the anterior region (group I) and posterior region of the maxilla (group II). For 40 minutes, five 6 ml blood samples were collected every 10 minutes after infiltrative injection in each region of the maxilla. Serum levels of the drug were obtained through HPLC. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were measured throughout the procedure. Results When compared to the general average of the concentrations of each group, significant values (p<0.05) with greater absorption were observed for the anterior region of the maxilla (group I). There was no significant difference when comparing blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) values. Conclusions The concentrations found are safe for infiltrative anesthesia in the analyzed patients, there was a higher plasma level of the local anesthetic in the anterior region of the maxilla and there was no change in HR and BP in relation to the anesthetized area. Key words:Local anesthetic. toxicity. mepivacaine. chromatography. chromatography, high pressure liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-C-A Ferreira
- Department of Oral and MaxilloFacial Surgery, University of Pernambuco, Avenue General Newton Cavalcante, 1650 Camaragibe, PE, Brazil,
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Comparison of histopathological effects of perineural administration of bupivacaine and bupivacaine-dexmedetomidine in rat sciatic nerve. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 68:559-564. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Tonooka K, Naruki N, Honma K, Agei K, Okutsu M, Hosono T, Kunisue Y, Terada M, Tomobe K, Shinozuka T. Sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of nine local anesthetic drugs. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 265:182-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ropivacaine 0.375% vs. 0.75% with prilocaine for intermediate cervical plexus block for carotid endarterectomy: A randomised trial. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2016; 32:781-9. [PMID: 25782662 DOI: 10.1097/eja.0000000000000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carotid endarterectomy is widely performed under regional anaesthesia. Ultrasound guidance is increasingly used in many regional anaesthetic procedures to improve safety and efficacy, and because it can reduce the amount of local anaesthetic required. Despite this, an ideal approach and dosing regimen for cervical plexus block remain elusive. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare two different concentrations of ropivacaine in terms of analgesic adequacy, haemodynamic effects and plasma concentration using an ultrasound-guided triple approach for intermediate cervical plexus blockade. DESIGN A randomised, placebo-controlled, blinded study. SETTING University Clinic Salzburg, Department of Anaesthesiology, Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria, from 16 November 2012 to 17 September 2013. PATIENTS Forty-six patients prospectively randomised to receive ultrasound-guided intermediate cervical block with either 20 ml ropivacaine 0.75% or 20 ml ropivacaine 0.375% each with 20 ml prilocaine 1%. INTERVENTION After subcutaneous infiltration, blocks were performed using ultrasound-guided infiltration below the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and ultrasound-guided infiltration of the carotid sheath. Ropivacaine and prilocaine plasma concentrations were measured at intervals. MAIN OUTCOME The primary study endpoint was the volume of supplementary lidocaine 1% required to achieve adequate surgical anaesthesia. Perioperative haemodynamic variables and pain scores were recorded. RESULTS There was no statistical difference in the volume of supplementary lidocaine given: 5.0 (±3.63) ml in the ropivacaine 0.375% group and 5.17 (±2.76) ml in the ropivacaine 0.75% group (P = 0.846). Pain scores were similarly low across both groups. Measured concentrations of ropivacaine and prilocaine did not reach toxic levels in either group. Levels of ropivacaine were approximately two-fold higher in the 0.75% group [mean area under the curve (AUC) 10 531.11 (±2912.84) vs. 5264.34 ng (±1594.69), P < 0.0001]. Perioperative cardiovascular stability was excellent in both groups. There were no serious block-related complications. CONCLUSION An ultrasound-guided intermediate block provides adequate anaesthesia for carotid thrombendarterectomy with a little need for supplementary local anaesthetic. Use of 0.375% ropivacaine provided similarly effective analgesia as 0.75%, but resulted in significantly lower plasma concentrations. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was registered at the European Clinical Trial Database (Eudra CT No.: 2012-002769) as well as at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01759940).
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Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Evaluation of a Nanotechnological Topical Formulation of Lidocaine/Prilocaine (Nanorap) in Healthy Volunteers. Ther Drug Monit 2015; 37:362-8. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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8
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Tutorial review on validation of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry methods: Part II. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 870:8-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Szarka S, Prokai L. Chip-based nanoelectrospray ionization with Fourier transform mass spectrometric detection to screen for local anesthetics intended to mask limb sore in walking horses. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2015; 50:533-537. [PMID: 25800188 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a high-throughput chip-based nanoelectrospray ionization method coupled with Fourier transform mass spectrometry to screen for local anesthetics in samples collected by swabbing. These drugs have been used to mask pain on the limbs of walking horses after forbidden practices of soring or physical abuse. Optimized for lidocaine, the method afforded sub-ppm mass accuracy for nine local anesthetics included in the study. From doped cotton swabs, two third and all of the analytes were detected after adding 10 ng and 100 ng of each drug, respectively. Benzocaine and/or lidocaine were found on positive swab samples collected during walking horse competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Szarka
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76107-2699, USA
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Hübler M, Planitz MC, Vicent O. Early pharmacokinetic of ropivacaine without epinephrine after injection into the psoas compartment. Br J Anaesth 2014; 114:130-5. [PMID: 25303987 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aeu363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Large amounts of local anaesthetics (LA) are used during psoas compartment block (PCB), especially if combined with sciatic nerve block. Data regarding early pharmacokinetics of ropivacaine for PCB are lacking, notably when a vasoconstrictive agent has not been added. METHODS PCB was established in 11 patients using 150 mg ropivacaine without epinephrine. Free and total arterial plasma concentrations of ropivacaine were measured at nine time points during the following 30 min. Also total protein, albumin, and α1-acid glycoprotein concentrations were analysed. RESULTS Ropivacaine plasma concentrations were found in all patients within 30 s after injections. Maximum measured plasma concentrations were measured in all but two patients within the first 10 min. One patient experienced partial intravascular injection. Plasma concentrations showed wide inter-individual variability. Ranges of maximum measured plasma concentrations of total and free ropivacaine were 422-3905 and 5-186 ng ml(-1), respectively. The Pearson correlation between total and free concentrations was 0.96. No obvious relationship between concentrations of different plasma proteins (total protein, albumin, α1-acid glycoprotein) and ropivacaine concentrations was found. Maximal 5% of the measured ropivacaine was unbound. All blocks were successful and no signs of toxicity were observed. CONCLUSIONS Maximum measured plasma concentrations of ropivacaine after PCB must be expected within 10 min. Although plasma concentrations stayed below toxic thresholds, our study demonstrates the risk of this regional anaesthesia technique. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION The clinical study was not registered because enrolment of study patients occurred in 2006.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hübler
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - M C Planitz
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - O Vicent
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, D-01307 Dresden, Germany
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YILMAZ M, CELEBI H, AKCALI D, GUREL N. Pre-treatment of bupivacaine-induced cardiovascular depression using different lipid formulations of propofol. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 2014; 58:298-302. [PMID: 24438483 DOI: 10.1111/aas.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pre-treatment with lipid emulsions has been shown to increase lethal doses of bupivacaine, and the lipid content of propofol may alleviate bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of propofol in intralipid or medialipid emulsions on bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxicity. METHODS Rats were anaesthetised with ketamine and were given 0.5 mg/kg/min propofol in intralipid (Group P), propofol in medialipid (Group L), or saline (Group C) over 20 min. Thereafter, 2 mg/kg/min bupivacaine 0.5% was infused. We recorded time to first dysrhythmia occurrence, respective times to 25% and 50% reduction of the heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure, and time to asystole and total amount of bupivacaine consumption. Blood and tissue samples were collected following asystole. RESULTS The time to first dysrhythmia occurrence, time to 25% and 50% reductions in HR, and time to asystole were longer in Group P than the other groups. The cumulative bupivacaine dose given at those time points was higher in Group P. Plasma bupivacaine levels were significantly lower in Group P than in Group C. Bupivacaine levels in the brain and heart were significantly lower in Group P and Group L than in Group C. CONCLUSION We conclude that pre-treatment with propofol in intralipid, compared with propofol in medialipid or saline, delayed the onset of bupivacaine-induced cardiotoxic effects as well as reduced plasma bupivacaine levels. Further studies are needed to explore tissue bupivacaine levels of propofol in medialipid and adapt these results to clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. YILMAZ
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation; Gazi University Faculty of Medicine; Ankara Turkey
| | - H. CELEBI
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation; Gazi University Faculty of Medicine; Ankara Turkey
| | - D. AKCALI
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation; Gazi University Faculty of Medicine; Ankara Turkey
| | - N. GUREL
- The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (ATAL); Ankara Turkey
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Pek YS, Pitukmanorom P, Ying JY. Sustained release of bupivacaine for post-surgical pain relief using core–shell microspheres. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:8194-8200. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb00948g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Core–shell PLGA/PLLA polymer microspheres sustained 2 weeks in vivo bupivacaine release, providing extended postoperative analgesia without infection or joint damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Shona Pek
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- , Singapore 138669
| | | | - Jackie Y. Ying
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- , Singapore 138669
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A critical review of microextraction by packed sorbent as a sample preparation approach in drug bioanalysis. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:1409-42. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sample preparation is widely accepted as the most labor-intensive and error-prone part of the bioanalytical process. The recent advances in this field have been focused on the miniaturization and integration of sample preparation online with analytical instrumentation, in order to reduce laboratory workload and increase analytical performance. From this perspective, microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) has emerged in the last few years as a powerful sample preparation approach suitable to be easily automated with liquid and gas chromatographic systems applied in a variety of bioanalytical areas (pharmaceutical, clinical, toxicological, environmental and food research). This paper aims to provide an overview and a critical discussion of recent bioanalytical methods reported in literature based on MEPS, with special emphasis on those developed for the quantification of therapeutic drugs and/or metabolites in biological samples. The advantages and some limitations of MEPS, as well as its comparison with other extraction techniques, are also addressed herein.
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Hiller N, Mirtschink P, Merkel C, Knels L, Oertel R, Christ T, Deussen A, Koch T, Stehr SN. Myocardial accumulation of bupivacaine and ropivacaine is associated with reversible effects on mitochondria and reduced myocardial function. Anesth Analg 2012; 116:83-92. [PMID: 23223114 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e31826c8095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanisms of local anesthetic cardiac toxicity are still not completely understood. In this study, we analyzed whether concentrations of local anesthetics found in clinical toxicity affect myocardial mitochondrial structure and oxygen consumption. METHODS Guinea pig isolated heart Langendorff preparations were exposed to bupivacaine (3.0 and 7.5 μg/mL) and ropivacaine (3.6 and 9.0 μg/mL) for 10 minutes. Heart rate, systolic blood pressure, the first derivative of left ventricular pressure (+dP/dt), electrocardiogram, and coronary flow were recorded. The local anesthetic tissue concentration was measured either immediately after local anesthetic exposure, or after 20- and 60-minute washout periods. In addition, electron microscopy of myocardial mitochondria was performed using a scoring system for structural damage of mitochondria. Cardiomyocyte cell culture was incubated with bupivacaine, and oxygen consumption ratio, extracellular acidification, and relative amounts of PGC-1α mRNA, a regulator of cellular energy metabolism, were determined. RESULTS Bupivacaine and ropivacaine induced reversible PR interval and QRS prolongation, and left ventricular pressure and +dP/dt reduction. Myocardial tissue concentration of local anesthetics was 3-fold the arterial concentration. Mitochondria showed a significant concentration-dependent morphological swelling after local anesthetic application. These changes were reversed by a 20-minute washout period for ropivacaine and by a 60-minute washout for bupivacaine. Bupivacaine reduced mitochondrial oxygen consumption and increased PGC-1α expression in neonatal cardiomyocyte cell cultures, whereas fatty acid metabolism remained unaffected. CONCLUSIONS Bupivacaine and ropivacaine accumulate in the myocardium. Reversible local anesthetic-induced mitochondrial swelling occurs at concentrations that induce a negative inotropic effect. Bupivacaine reduces cellular metabolism, whereas this reduction is reversible by fatty acids. Interaction with mitochondria may contribute to the negative inotropic effect of local anesthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hiller
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Local Neurotoxicity and Myotoxicity Evaluation of Cyclodextrin Complexes of Bupivacaine and Ropivacaine. Anesth Analg 2012; 115:1234-41. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e318266f3d9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Tofoli GR, Cereda CMS, Araújo DR, Franz-Montan M, Groppo FC, Quaglio D, Pedrazzoli Junior J, Calafatti SA, Barros FAP, de Paula E. Pharmacokinetic study of liposome-encapsulated and plain mepivacaine formulations injected intra-orally in volunteers. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 64:397-403. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
The pharmacokinetics of commercial and liposome-encapsulated mepivacaine (MVC) injected intra-orally in healthy volunteers was studied.
Methods
In this double blind, randomized cross-over study, 15 volunteers received, at four different sessions, 1.8 ml of the following formulations: 2% MVC with 1 : 100 000 epinephrine (MVC2%EPI), 3% MVC (MVC3%), 2% and 3% liposome-encapsulated MVC (MVC2%LUV and MVC3%LUV). Blood samples were collected pre dose (0 min) and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360 min after injections. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to quantify plasma MVC concentrations.
Results
Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and the areas under the curves (AUC0–360 and AUC0–∞) after MVC2%LUV and MVC2%EPI injections were smaller (P < 0.05) than the equivalent figures for MVC3% and MVC3%LUV. The time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) and the half-life of elimination (t½beta) obtained after the treatment with MVC2%LUV, MVC2%EPI, MVC3% and MVC3%LUV presented no statistically significant differences (P > 0.05). Cmax, AUC0–360 and AUC0-∞ after injection of the 2% formulations (MVC2%LUV and MVC2%EPI) did not exhibit statistically significant differences (P > 0.05). The pharmacokinetics of MVC2%LUV were comparable to the pharmacokinetics of MVC2%EPI.
Conclusion
The liposomal formulation of 2% MVC exhibits similar systemic absorption to the local anesthetic with vasoconstrictor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cíntia M S Cereda
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Campinas, Institute of Biology, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Michelle Franz-Montan
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Campinas, Institute of Biology, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco Carlos Groppo
- Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daiane Quaglio
- CORE, Laboratory of Clinical Analysis, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Eneida de Paula
- Department of Biochemistry, State University of Campinas, Institute of Biology, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Niessen WMA. Fragmentation of toxicologically relevant drugs in positive-ion liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2011; 30:626-663. [PMID: 21294151 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The identification of drugs and related compounds by LC-MS-MS is an important analytical challenge in several application areas, including clinical and forensic toxicology, doping control analysis, and environmental analysis. Although target-compound based analytical strategies are most frequently applied, at some point the information content of the MS-MS spectra becomes relevant. In this article, the positive-ion MS-MS spectra of a wide variety of drugs and related substances are discussed. Starting point was an MS-MS mass spectral library of toxicologically relevant compounds, available on the internet. The positive-ion MS-MS spectra of ∼570 compounds were interpreted by chemical and therapeutic class, thus involving a wide variety of drug compound classes, such benzodiazepines, beta-blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, phenothiazines, dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers, diuretics, local anesthetics, vasodilators, as well as various subclasses of anti-diabetic, antidepressant, analgesic, and antihistaminic drugs. In addition, the scientific literature was searched for available MS-MS data of these compound classes and the interpretation thereof. The results of this elaborate study are presented in this article. For each individual compound class, the emphasis is on class-specific fragmentation, as discussing fragmentation of all individual compounds would take far too much space. The recognition of class-specific fragmentation may be quite informative in determining the compound class of a specific unknown, which may further help in the identification. In addition, knowledge on (class-specific) fragmentation may further help in the optimization of the selectivity in targeted analytical approaches of compounds of one particular class.
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Baniceru M, Manda CV, Popescu SM. Chromatographic analysis of local anesthetics in biological samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 54:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2010] [Revised: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Norouzi P, Ganjali MR, Dinarvand R, Eshraghi MH, Zamani HA. New adsorptive square wave method for trace determination of prilocain in the flow injection system by a fast fourier analysis. RUSS J ELECTROCHEM+ 2010. [DOI: 10.1134/s1023193510090053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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ZHOU Z, YE J, CHEN L, MA A, ZOU F. Simultaneous Determination of Ropivacaine, Bupivacaine and Dexamethasone in Biodegradable PLGA Microspheres by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2010; 130:1061-8. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.130.1061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng ZHOU
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University
| | - Jufeng YE
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University
| | - Lingyun CHEN
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University
| | - Ande MA
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University
| | - Fei ZOU
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University
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Hübler M, Gäbler R, Ehm B, Oertel R, Gama de Abreu M, Koch T. Successful resuscitation following ropivacaine-induced systemic toxicity in a neonate. Anaesthesia 2010; 65:1137-40. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2044.2010.06449.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Qin WW, Jiao Z, Zhong MK, Shi XJ, Zhang J, Li ZD, Cui XY. Simultaneous determination of procaine, lidocaine, ropivacaine, tetracaine and bupivacaine in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:1185-9. [PMID: 20356808 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) method has been developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of five local anesthetics in human plasma: procaine, lidocaine, ropivacaine, tetracaine and bupivacaine. In an ice-water bath, 500 microL plasma sample, containing 100 microg/mL neostigmine methylsulfate as anticholinesterase, was spiked with carbamazepine as internal standard and alkalized by sodium hydroxide. Liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl ether was used for plasma sample preparation. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a Kromosil ODS C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of 30 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (0.16% triethylamine, pH adjusted to 4.9 with phosphoric acid) and acetonitrile (63/37, v/v). The detection was performed simultaneously at wavelengths of 210 and 290 nm. The chromatographic analysis time was 13 min per sample. The calibration curves of all five analytes were linear between 0.05 and 5.0 microg/mL (r(2) > or = 0.998). Precision ranged from 1.4% to 7.9% and accuracy was between 91.7% and 106.5%. The validated method is applicable for simultaneous determination of procaine, lidocaine, ropivacaine, tetracaine and bupivacaine for therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Qin
- Clinical Pharmacy Laboratory, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, 12 Wu Lu Mu Qi M Rd, Shanghai 200040, PR China
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Breindahl T, Simonsen O, Andreasen K. Column-switching HPLC–MS/MS analysis of ropivacaine in serum, ultrafiltrate and drainage blood for validating the safety of blood reinfusion. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:76-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Using UV Detection for the Simultaneous Quantification of Ropivacaine and Bupivacaine in Human Plasma. Ther Drug Monit 2009; 31:753-7. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e3181bc8014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Salama NN, Wang S. Quantitative mass spectrometric analysis of ropivacaine and bupivacaine in authentic, pharmaceutical and spiked human plasma without chromatographic separation. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2008; 4:11-9. [PMID: 19652756 PMCID: PMC2716674 DOI: 10.4137/aci.s2564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study employs time of flight mass and bupivacaine in authentic, pharmaceutical and spiked human plasma as well as in the presence of their impurities 2,6-dimethylaniline and alkaline degradation product. The method is based on time of flight electron spray ionization mass spectrometry technique without preliminary chromatographic separation and makes use of bupivacaine as internal standard for ropivacaine, which is used as internal standard for bupivacaine. A linear relationship between drug concentrations and the peak intensity ratio of ions of the analyzed substances is established. The method is linear from 23.8 to 2380.0 ng mL(-1) for both drugs. The correlation coefficient was >or=0.996 in authentic and spiked human plasma. The average percentage recoveries in the ranges of 95.39%-102.75% was obtained. The method is accurate (% RE < 5%) and reproducible with intra- and inter-assay precision (RSD% < 8.0%). The quantification limit is 23.8 ng mL(-1) for both drugs. The method is not only highly sensitive and selective, but also simple and effective for determination or identification of both drugs in authentic and biological fluids. The method can be applied in purity testing, quality control and stability monitoring for the studied drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahla N Salama
- National Organization for Drug Control and Research (NODCAR), 6-Abu Hazem Street, Pyramids Ave, PO Box 29, 35521 Giza, Egypt.
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Kadioglu Y, Atila A. GC Determination of Prilocaine HCl in Human Plasma: Analytical Application to Real Samples. Chromatographia 2008. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0596-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Dincel A, Basci NE. An Experimental Design Approach to Selecting the Optimum LC Conditions for the Determination of Local Anaesthetics. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0275-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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28
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Dincel A, Basci NE, Atilla H, Bozkurt A. Development and Validation of an HPLC–UV–Vis Method for the Determination of Proparacaine in Human Aqueous Humour. Chromatographia 2007. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-007-0266-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Kadioglu Y, Atila A. Development and validation of gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy method for determination of prilocaine HCl in human plasma using internal standard methodology. Biomed Chromatogr 2007; 21:1077-82. [PMID: 17583875 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The accurate determination of prilocaine HCl levels in plasma is important in both clinical and pharmacological/toxicological studies. Prilocaine HCl is quickly hydrolyzed to o-toluidine, causing methemoglobinemia. For this, the present work describes the methodology and validation of a GC-MS assay for determination of prilocaine HCl with lidocaine HCl as internal standard in plasma. The validation parameters of linearity, precision, accuracy, recovery, specificity, limit of detection and limit of quantification were studied. The range of quantification for the GC-MS was 20-250 ng/mL in plasma. Within-day and between-day precision, expressed as the relative standard deviation (RSD) were less than 6.0%, and accuracy (relative error) was better than 9.0% (n = 6). The analytical recovery of prilocaine HCl and IS from plasma has averaged 94.79 and 96.8%, respectively. LOQ and LOD values for plasma were found to be 20 and 10 ng/mL, respectively. The GC-MS method can be used for determination from plasma of prilocaine HCl in routine measurement as well as in pharmacokinetic studies for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucel Kadioglu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ataturk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkey.
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Stehr SN, Ziegeler JC, Pexa A, Oertel R, Deussen A, Koch T, Hübler M. The effects of lipid infusion on myocardial function and bioenergetics in l-bupivacaine toxicity in the isolated rat heart. Anesth Analg 2006; 104:186-92. [PMID: 17179268 DOI: 10.1213/01.ane.0000248220.01320.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear whether improved metabolism or a "lipid sink" effect of lipid infusion is responsible for the positive effects in local anesthetic-induced myocardial depression. METHODS We used an isolated rat heart, constant-pressure perfused, nonrecirculating Langendorff preparation and exposed hearts to 5 mug/mL l-bupivacaine and 9 microL/mL lipid emulsion. Hearts were freeze-clamped and energy was charge measured by HPLC. In a second experiment the effects of pacing hearts was evaluated. The effects of lipid addition on local anesthetic concentrations in Krebs-Henseleit buffer and human plasma were examined by using a mass spectrometer. RESULTS With spontaneously beating hearts l-bupivacaine led to a significant decrease in heart rate (to 74% +/- 7% of baseline), +dP/dt (69% +/- 7%), systolic pressure (78% +/- 6%), coronary flow (61% +/- 8%), and to an increase in PR (177% +/- 52%) and QRS intervals (166% +/- 36%). Lipid infusion exerted a positive inotropic effect, significantly augmenting +dP/dt and systolic pressure back to 94% +/- 11% and 102% +/- 16% of baseline in l-bupivacaine-treated hearts. Heart rate, coronary flow, PR, and QRS intervals remained unchanged after lipid intervention. Lipid infusion in paced hearts had a significant effect on +dP/dt, systolic pressure, and Mvo2. Neither l-bupivacaine nor lipids had an effect on energy charge. A lipid concentration of 500 muL/mL plasma was necessary to effect changes in the plasma concentration of local anesthetics. CONCLUSION Lipid application in l-bupivacaine-induced cardiac depression had a significant positive inotropic effect, which we would attribute to a direct inotropic effect. However, in an isolated heart model, indirect, local anesthetic plasma-binding effect of lipids cannot be excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian N Stehr
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Mathieu O, Hillaire-Buys D, Dadure C, Barnay F, Mathieu-Daudé JC, Bressolle F. Liquid chromatography–electrospray mass spectrometry determination of free and total concentrations of ropivacaine in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 831:91-8. [PMID: 16360344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Revised: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A specific and sensitive liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) method was developed for the determination of free and total ropivacaine in human plasma. The work-up procedure involved a simple precipitation of plasma proteins with methanol. Etidocaine served as the internal standard. After microscale equilibrium-dialysis, measurement of free ropivacaine levels was performed after direct injection of the dialysate into the chromatograph. The system used a Zorbax eclipse XD8 C8 analytical column packed with 5 microm diameter particles as the stationary phase. The mobile phase consisted of a 15-min gradient (mobile phase A: 0.05% (v/v) trimethylamine in acetonitrile, mobile phase B: 2mM ammonium formate buffer (pH 3)). Mass spectrometric data were acquired in single ion monitoring mode at m/z 275 for ropivacaine and m/z 277 for etidocaine. The drug/internal standard peak area ratios (plasma) or peak areas (dialysate) were linked via a quadratic relationship to concentrations. Precision ranged from 1 to 7.6% accuracy was between 92.6 and 109%. The lower limits of quantitation were 1 microg/l in plasma and 2 microg/l in the dialysate. This method was found suitable for the analysis of plasma samples collected during a clinical trial performed in 30 infants undergoing epidural anaesthesia or continuous psoas compartment block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Mathieu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Lapeyronie Hospital, Montpellier, France
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