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Deidda R, Losacco GL, Schelling C, Regalado EL, Veuthey JL, Guillarme D. Sub/supercritical fluid chromatography versus liquid chromatography for peptide analysis. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1676:463282. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Preparation of mixed-mode stationary phase for separation of peptides and proteins in high performance liquid chromatography. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4061. [PMID: 35260726 PMCID: PMC8904576 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08074-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Porous silica particles were prepared by sol–gel method with some modification to get wide-pore particles. These particles were derivatized with N-phenylmaleimide-methylvinylisocyanate (PMI) and styrene by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization to prepare N-phenylmaleimide embedded polystyrene (PMP) stationary phases. Narrow bore stainless steel column (100 × 1.8 mm i.d) was packed by slurry packing method. The chromatographic performance of PMP column was evaluated for the separation of synthetic peptides mixture composed of five peptides (Gly-Tyr, Gly-Leu-Tyr, Gly-Gly-Tyr-Arg, Tyr-Ile-Gly-Ser-Arg, Leucine enkephalin) and tryptic digest of human serum albumin (HAS) respectively. Number of theoretical plates as high as 280,000 plates/m were obtained for peptides mixture at optimum elution condition. Separation performance of the developed column was compared with commercial Ascentis Express RP-Amide column and it was observed that separation performance of PMP column was better than commercial column in terms of separation efficiency and resolution.
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Static vs. Dynamic Electrostatic Repulsion Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatography: Solutions for Pharmaceutical and Biopharmaceutical Basic Compounds. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8050059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many efforts have been made to separate basic compounds, which are challenging to resolve in reversed phase liquid chromatography. In this process, they are strongly retained and the peak shape undergoes significant distortion. The principal origin of this has been identified with the non-negligible interaction with residual deprotonated silanols. Consequently, all solutions that efficiently shield silanols are being sought. This review is an upgrade on the use of the electrostatic repulsion reversed phase (ERRP) approach: retention of bases, in protonated form, can be achieved by modulating the charge repulsion caused by the presence of positive charges in the chromatographic system. This study successfully (i) introduced fixed positive charges in the structure of stationary phases, (ii) used cationic and hydrophobic additives in the mobile phase, and (iii) used the ERRP-like approach employed at the preparative level for peptide purification.
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Liu J, Li J, Zheng J, Wang C. Quantitative analysis of acid-catalyzed levulinic acid product mixture from cellulose by mixed-mode liquid chromatography. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 173:150-156. [PMID: 28732853 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.05.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A mixed-mode weak anion-exchange/reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) column was successfully applied for the analysis of levulinic acid (4-oxopentanoic acid, LA) product mixture derived from cellulose. Due to the existence of ionic and neutral byproducts, the analysis of the product mixture usually requires ion chromatography, LC and gas chromatography simultaneously. The new method enables accomplishment of the analysis in one LC run within 6min. LC mobile phase of 10mM phosphate buffer containing 5% acetonitrile with pH=5.5 was used. The linear regression coefficients for the UV signal of standard compounds with the corresponding mass concentrations were greater than 0.999. The method recoveries were between 98.57-103.48%. The limits of quantification were 5, 10,1000, 1500 and 3000ng/mL for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, furfural, acetic acid, formic acid and LA respectively. The mixed-mode column exhibits comprehensive separation mechanism of both reversed-phase and ion-exchange interactions. The mobile phase with different pH, organic modifier solvent and buffer concentration provided flexible LC method for the sample with different complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Liu
- Sinopec Shanghai Research Institute of Petrochemical Technology, 1658 Pudong Beilu, Shanghai 201208, China.
| | - Jiwen Li
- Sinopec Shanghai Research Institute of Petrochemical Technology, 1658 Pudong Beilu, Shanghai 201208, China
| | - Junlin Zheng
- Sinopec Shanghai Research Institute of Petrochemical Technology, 1658 Pudong Beilu, Shanghai 201208, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Sinopec Shanghai Research Institute of Petrochemical Technology, 1658 Pudong Beilu, Shanghai 201208, China
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Mikšík I. Capillary electrochromatography of proteins and peptides (2006-2015). J Sep Sci 2016; 40:251-271. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mikšík
- Institute of Physiology; Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Prague Czech Republic
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Li D, Dück R, Schmitz OJ. The advantage of mixed-mode separation in the first dimension of comprehensive two-dimensional liquid-chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1358:128-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Gargano AF, Leek T, Lindner W, Lämmerhofer M. Mixed-mode chromatography with zwitterionic phosphopeptidomimetic selectors from Ugi multicomponent reaction. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1317:12-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Two-dimensional high-performance thin-layer chromatography of tryptic bovine albumin digest using normal- and reverse-phase systems with silanized silica stationary phase. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1312:152-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Liu Q, Liang T, Li K, Ke Y, Jin Y, Liang X. Preparation of a stationary phase with quaternary ammonium embedded group for selective separation of alkaloids based on ion-exclusion interaction. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2685-92. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoxia Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry; Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
| | - Tu Liang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry; Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
| | - Kuiyong Li
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry; Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
| | - Yanxiong Ke
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry; Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
| | - Yu Jin
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry; Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry; Ministry of Education; School of Pharmacy; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai China
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Yang Y, Geng X. Mixed-mode chromatography and its applications to biopolymers. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:8813-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Multi-modal applicability of a reversed-phase/weak-anion exchange material in reversed-phase, anion-exchange, ion-exclusion, hydrophilic interaction and hydrophobic interaction chromatography modes. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:2517-30. [PMID: 21336792 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4755-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We recently introduced a mixed-mode reversed-phase/weak anion-exchange type separation material based on silica particles which consisted of a hydrophobic alkyl strand with polar embedded groups (thioether and amide functionalities) and a terminal weak anion-exchange-type quinuclidine moiety. This stationary phase was designed to separate molecules by lipophilicity and charge differences and was mainly devised for peptide separations with hydroorganic reversed-phase type elution conditions. Herein, we demonstrate the extraordinary flexibility of this RP/WAX phase, in particular for peptide separations, by illustrating its applicability in various chromatographic modes. The column packed with this material can, depending on the solute character and employed elution conditions, exploit attractive or repulsive electrostatic interactions, and/or hydrophobic or hydrophilic interactions as retention and selectivity increments. As a consequence, the column can be operated in a reversed-phase mode (neutral compounds), anion-exchange mode (acidic compounds), ion-exclusion chromatography mode (cationic solutes), hydrophilic interaction chromatography mode (polar compounds), and hydrophobic interaction chromatography mode (e.g., hydrophobic peptides). Mixed-modes of these chromatographic retention principles may be materialized as well. This allows an exceptionally flexible adjustment of retention and selectivity by tuning experimental conditions. The distinct separation mechanisms will be outlined by selected examples of peptide separations in the different modes.
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Zhang Y, Carr PW. Novel ultra stable silica-based stationary phases for reversed phase liquid chromatography--study of a hydrophobically assisted weak acid cation exchange phase. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:763-77. [PMID: 21227426 PMCID: PMC3027354 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A mixed-mode reversed-phase/weak cation exchange (RP/WCX) phase has been developed by introducing a small amount of carboxylate functionality into a hydrophobic hyper-crosslinked (HC) platform. This silica-based HC platform was designed to form an extensive polystyrene network completely confined to the particle's surface. The fully connected polymer network prevents the loss of bonded phase, which leads to superior hydrolytic stability of the new phase when compared to conventional silica-based phases. Compared to previously introduced HC phases the added carboxylic groups impart a new weak cation exchange selectivity to the base hydrophobic HC platform. The phase thus prepared shows a mixed-mode retention mechanism, allowing for both neutral organic compounds and bases of a wide polarity range to be simultaneously separated on the same phase under the same conditions. In addition, the new phase offers the flexibility that gradients in organic modifier, pH or ionic competitors can be used to affect the separation of a wide range of solutes. Moreover, the inherent weak acid cation exchange groups allow formic and acetic acid buffers to be used as eluents thereby avoiding the mass spectrometric ionization suppression problems concomitant to the use of non-volatile additives such as strong amine modifiers (e.g. triethylamine) or salts (e.g. NaCl) to elute basic solutes from the strong cation exchange phase which was previously developed in this lab. The use of the new phase for achieving strong retention of rather hydrophilic neurotransmitters and drugs of abuse without the need for ion pairing agents is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Peter W. Carr
- University of Minnesota, 207 Pleasant St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Mant CT, Cepeniene D, Hodges RS. Reversed-phase HPLC of peptides: Assessing column and solvent selectivity on standard, polar-embedded and polar endcapped columns. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3005-21. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Phillips HL, Williamson JC, van Elburg KA, Snijders APL, Wright PC, Dickman MJ. Shotgun proteome analysis utilising mixed mode (reversed phase-anion exchange chromatography) in conjunction with reversed phase liquid chromatography mass spectrometry analysis. Proteomics 2010; 10:2950-60. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abbood A, Smadja C, Taverna M, Herrenknecht C. High performance liquid chromatography separation of structurally related enkephalins on quaternary ammonium-embedded stationary phase in isocratic mode. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:450-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.11.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abbood A, Smadja C, Herrenknecht C, Alahmad Y, Tchapla A, Taverna M. Retention mechanism of peptides on a stationary phase embedded with a quaternary ammonium group: A liquid chromatography study. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:3244-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2008] [Revised: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Issaq HJ, Chan KC, Blonder J, Ye X, Veenstra TD. Separation, detection and quantitation of peptides by liquid chromatography and capillary electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:1825-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 12/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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Cruz JA, Emery C, Wüst M, Kramer DM, Lange BM. Metabolite profiling of Calvin cycle intermediates by HPLC-MS using mixed-mode stationary phases. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 55:1047-60. [PMID: 18494852 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03563.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARY A sensitive and robust mixed-mode high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the qualitative and quantitative determination of sugar phosphates, which are notoriously difficult to separate using reversed-phase materials. Sugar phosphates were separated on a Primesep SB column by gradient elution using aqueous ammonium formate and acetonitrile as mobile phases. Target analytes were identified by their precursor/product ions and retention times. Quantitative analysis was performed in negative ionization/multiple reaction monitoring mode with five different time segments. The method was validated by spiking authentic sugar phosphate standards into complex plant tissue extracts. Standard curves of neat authentic standards and spiked extracts were generated for concentrations in the low picomole to nanomole range, with correlation coefficients of R(2) > 0.991, and the degree of ion suppression in the presence of a plant matrix was calculated for each analyte. Analyte recoveries, which were determined by including known quantities of authentic standards in the sugar phosphate extraction protocol, ranged from 40.0% to 57.4%. The analytical reproducibility was assessed by determining the coefficient of variance based on repeated extractions/measurements (<20%). The utility of our method is demonstrated with two types of applications: profiling of Calvin cycle intermediates in (i) dark-adapted and light-treated tobacco leaves, and in (ii) antisense plants expressing reduced levels of the Calvin cycle enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase or ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (comparison with wild-type controls). The broader applicability of our method is illustrated by profiling sugar phosphates extracted from the leaves of five taxonomically diverse plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Cruz
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, P.O. 646340, Washington 99164-6340, USA
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Chen TH, Misra TK, Liu CY. Capillary electrochromatographic separation of peptides using a macrocyclic polyamine for molecular recognition. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:1651-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Progress in planar electrochromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:2111-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2009-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2007] [Revised: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
The article brings a comprehensive survey of recent developments and applications of high-performance capillary electromigration methods, zone electrophoresis, ITP, IEF, affinity electrophoresis, EKC, and electrochromatography, to analysis, preparation, and physicochemical characterization of peptides. New approaches to the theoretical description and experimental verification of electromigration behavior of peptides and to methodology of their separations, such as sample preparation, adsorption suppression, and detection, are presented. Novel developments in individual CE and CEC modes are shown and several types of their applications to peptide analysis are presented: conventional qualitative and quantitative analysis, purity control, determination in biomatrices, monitoring of chemical and enzymatical reactions and physical changes, amino acid and sequence analysis, and peptide mapping of proteins. Some examples of micropreparative peptide separations are given and capabilities of CE and CEC techniques to provide important physicochemical characteristics of peptides are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kasicka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Mixed-mode stationary phases as a complementary selectivity concept in liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry-based bioanalytical assays. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:263-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1637-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
This review summarizes applications of CEC for the analysis of proteins and peptides. This "hybrid" technique is useful for the analysis of a broad spectrum of proteins and peptides and is a complementary approach to liquid chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic analysis. All modes of CEC are described--granular packed columns, monolithic stationary phases as well as open-tubular CEC. Attention is also paid to pressurized CEC and the chip-based platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Miksík
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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