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Role of Ionic Liquids in Capillary Electrophoresis. ANALYTICA 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/analytica3020017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquids are a very important class of compounds due to their remarkable properties and wide range of applications. On the other hand, capillary electrophoresis is also gaining importance in separation science because of its fast speed and inexpensive nature. The use of ionic liquids in capillary electrophoresis is gaining importance continuously. The present review article describes the applications of ionic liquids in capillary electrophoresis. This article also describes the general aspects of ionic liquids and capillary electrophoresis. The use of ionic liquids in capillary electrophoresis, optimization of separation, mechanism of separation, and toxicity of ionic liquids, as well as their future perspectives, have also been discussed. It was observed that not much work has been performed in capillary electrophoresis using ionic liquids. It was also realized that the use of ionic liquids in capillary electrophoresis could revolutionize analytical science. Briefly, there is a great need for the use of ionic liquids in capillary electrophoresis for better and more effective separation.
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Li D, Jiang M, Xu L, Qiao X, Xu Z. Simultaneous Determination of Acephate and Isocarbophos in Vegetables by Capillary Electrophoresis Using Ionic Liquid and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate as Modifiers. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-0897-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ali I, Suhail M, Sanagi MM, Aboul-Enein HY. Ionic Liquids in HPLC and CE: A Hope for Future. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2017; 47:332-339. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2017.1294047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd. Suhail
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Mohd. Marsin Sanagi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
- Center for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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Evaluation of synergistic enantioseparation systems with chiral spirocyclic ionic liquids as additives by capillary electrophoresis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2543-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Abstract
Recently, a great interest was drawn toward ionic liquids (ILs) in analytical separation techniques. ILs possess many properties making them excellent additives in capillary electrophoresis (CE) background electrolytes (BGE). The most important property is the charge of the dissolved ions in BGE enabling the cations to interact with deprotonated silanol groups on the capillary surface and thereby modifying the electroosmotic flow (EOF). Ionic and/or proton donor-acceptor interactions between analyte and IL are possible interactions facilitating new kinds of separation mechanisms in CE. Further advantages of ILs are the high conductivity, the environmentally friendliness, and the good solubility for organic and inorganic compounds. The most commonly used ILs in capillary electrophoresis are dialkylimidazolium-based ILs, whereas for enantioseparation a lot of innovative chiral cations and anions were investigated.ILs are reported to be additives to a normal CE background electrolyte or the sole electrolyte in CE, nonaqueous CE (NACE), micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), and in enantioseparation. An overview of applications and separation mechanisms reported in the literature is given here, in addition to the enantioseparation of pseudoephedrine using tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC) as IL additive to an ammonium formate buffer containing β-cyclodextrin (β-CD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany.
| | - Joachim Wahl
- Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
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Lin YH, Feng CH, Wang SW, Ko PY, Lee MH, Chen YL. Determination of Nicotine in Tobacco by Chemometric Optimization and Cation-Selective Exhaustive Injection in Combination with Sweeping-Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2015; 2015:869719. [PMID: 26101695 PMCID: PMC4460933 DOI: 10.1155/2015/869719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine is a potent chemical that excites the central nervous system and refreshes people. It is also physically addictive and causes dependence. To reduce the harm of tobacco products for smokers, a law was introduced that requires tobacco product containers to be marked with the amount of nicotine as well as tar. In this paper, an online stacking capillary electrophoresis (CE) method with cation-selective exhaustive injection sweeping-micellar electrokinetic chromatography (CSEI-sweeping-MEKC) is proposed for the optimized analysis of nicotine in tobacco. A higher conductivity buffer (160 mM phosphate buffer (pH 3)) zone was injected into the capillary, allowing for the analytes to be electrokinetically injected at a voltage of 15 kV for 15 min. Using 50 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate and 25% methanol in the sweeping buffer, nicotine was detected with high sensitivity. Thus, optimized conditions adapted from a chemometric approach provided a 6000-fold increase in the nicotine detection sensitivity using the CSEI-sweeping-MEKC method in comparison to normal CZE. The limits of detection were 0.5 nM for nicotine. The stacking method in combination with direct injection which matrix components would not interfere with assay performance was successfully applied to the detection of nicotine in tobacco samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hui Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsien Feng
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, Taipei 252, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yun Ko
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsun Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ling Chen
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, College of Marine Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
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7
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Huang Y, Yao S, Song H. Application of ionic liquids in liquid chromatography and electrodriven separation. J Chromatogr Sci 2014; 51:739-52. [PMID: 23833208 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are salts in the liquid state at ambient temperature, which are nonvolatile, nonflammable with high thermal stability and dissolve easily for a wide range of inorganic and organic materials. As a kind of potential green solvent, they show high efficiency and selectivity in the field of separation research, especially in instrumental analysis. Thus far, ILs have been successfully applied by many related researchers in high-performance liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis as chromatographic stationary phases, mobile phase additives or electroosmotic flow modifiers. This paper provides a detailed review of these applications in the study of natural products, foods, drugs and other fine chemicals. Furthermore, the prospects of ILs in liquid chromatographic and electrodriven techniques are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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8
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GAO W, YU H, ZHOU S. Applications of ionic liquids in chromatographic analysis and determination of ionic liquids by chromatography. Se Pu 2013. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2010.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Qi S, Zhang H, Zhu J, Chen X, Qi L. Ionic Liquids as Modifiers to Improve the Separation Efficiency of Nonaqueous Capillary Electrophoresis with High Electric Field Strengths. J Chromatogr Sci 2013; 52:460-5. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmt061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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10
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Zhang H, Qi L, Shen Y, Qiao J, Mao L. l-Lysine-derived ionic liquids as chiral ligands of Zn(II) complexes used in ligand-exchange CE. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:846-53. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Li Qi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing; P. R. China
| | | | - Juan Qiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing; P. R. China
| | - Lanqun Mao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences; Key Lab of Analytical Chemistry for Living Biosystems; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing; P. R. China
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Mendes A, Branco LC, Morais C, Simplício AL. Electroosmotic flow modulation in capillary electrophoresis by organic cations from ionic liquids. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:1182-90. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Luís C. Branco
- REQUIMTE, ; Departamento de Química, ; Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia; Universidade Nova de Lisboa; Caparica; Portugal
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Development and validation of a nonaqueous capillary electrophoretic method for the enantiomeric purity determination of a synthetic intermediate of new 3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-2H-1-benzopyrans using a single-isomer anionic cyclodextrin derivative and an ionic liquid. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:7949-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2010] [Revised: 06/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Ma Z, Zhang L, Lin L, Ji P, Guo X. Enantioseparation of rabeprazole and omeprazole by nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis with an ephedrine-based ionic liquid as the chiral selector. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 24:1332-7. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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TENG H, YUAN BQ, YOU TY. Recent Advances in Application of Nonaqueous Capillary Electrophoresis. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(09)60078-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Su HL, Kao WC, Lin KW, Lee CY, Hsieh YZ. 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium-based ionic liquids and an anionic surfactant: Excellent background electrolyte modifiers for the analysis of benzodiazepines through capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2973-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Revised: 02/16/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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Ionic liquids in analytical chemistry. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 661:1-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Revised: 12/04/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Flieger J. Effect of Ionic Liquids as Mobile-Phase Additives on Chromatographic Parameters of Neuroleptic Drugs in Reversed-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/00032710902994157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Ionic liquids used in and analyzed by capillary and microchip electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:4817-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Tian Y, Feng R, Liao L, Liu H, Chen H, Zeng Z. Dynamically coated silica monolith with ionic liquids for capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3153-9. [PMID: 18654980 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF4]) was introduced as dynamic coating of a silica monolithic column for capillary electrochromatography of phenols and nucleoside monophosphates. The run-to-run and column-to-column repeatability of migration time for six phenols were satisfactory on this column with relative standard deviation values less than 0.90 and 4.31%, respectively. Anodic electroosmotic flow (EOF) was observed, which increased with the increase of [BMIM][BF4] concentration within 120 mM and when [BMIM][BF4] concentration was above 120 mM, EOF leveled off due to the saturation of [BMIM][BF4] on the monolith. Efficient separation of phenols and nucleoside monophosphates on this dynamically coated monolithic column was obtained, compared with a dynamically coated fused-silica column and unmodified silica monolithic column. The retention behavior of uncharged phenols is mainly manipulated by hydrophobic interactions due to the presence of butyl groups, and that of nucleoside monophosphates is governed by the electrostatic attraction mechanism based on the interaction between positively charged [BMIM][BF4] moieties and negatively charged phosphate groups. In addition, silica matrix also contributes to the separation resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan, PR China
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21
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Varenne A, Descroix S. Recent strategies to improve resolution in capillary electrophoresis—A review. Anal Chim Acta 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Montes RE, Hanrahan G, Gomez FA. Use of chemometric methodology in optimizing conditions for competitive binding partial filling affinity capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3325-32. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Berthod A, Ruiz-Angel MJ, Carda-Broch S. Ionic liquids in separation techniques. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1184:6-18. [PMID: 18155711 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.11.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 439] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2007] [Revised: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 11/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The growing interest in ionic liquids (ILs) has resulted in an exponentially increasing production of analytical applications. The potential of ILs in chemistry is related to their unique properties as non-molecular solvents: a negligible vapor pressure associated to a high thermal stability. ILs found uses in different sub-disciplines of analytical chemistry. After drawing a rapid picture of the physicochemical properties of selected ILs, this review focuses on their use in separation techniques: gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC) and electrophoretic methods (CE). In LC and CE, ILs are not used as pure solvents, but rather diluted in aqueous solutions. In this situation ILs are just salts. They are dual in nature. Too often the properties of the cations are taken as the properties of the IL itself. The lyotropic theory is recalled and the effects of a chaotropic anion are pointed out. Many results can be explained considering all ions present in the solution. Ion-pairing and ion-exchange mechanisms are always present, associated with hydrophobic interactions, when dealing with IL in diluted solutions. Chromatographic and electrophoretic methods are also mainly employed for the control and monitoring of ILs. These methods are also considered. ILs will soon be produced on an industrial scale and it will be necessary to develop reliable analytical procedures for their analysis and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Berthod
- Laboratoire des Sciences Analytiques, Université de Lyon, CNRS, Bat. CPE, 69622 Villeurbanne, France.
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Hanrahan G, Montes R, Gomez FA. Chemometric experimental design based optimization techniques in capillary electrophoresis: a critical review of modern applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:169-79. [PMID: 17909758 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1619-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A critical review of recent developments in the use of chemometric experimental design based optimization techniques in capillary electrophoresis applications is presented. Current advances have led to enhanced separation capabilities of a wide range of analytes in such areas as biological, environmental, food technology, pharmaceutical, and medical analysis. Significant developments in design, detection methodology and applications from the last 5 years (2002-2007) are reported. Furthermore, future perspectives in the use of chemometric methodology in capillary electrophoresis are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grady Hanrahan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA.
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Abstract
A comprehensive overview of the analysis of low-molecular-mass organic acids employing electromigration methods in the capillary format is given. This review includes papers published since 2003 and can be seen as an update of the review paper published by Galli et al. in 2003. Tables included in this review contain application papers describing the determination of organic acids from a variety of fields like the analysis of food and beverages, environmental samples, samples from clinical origin, and from natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian W Klampfl
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Altenbergerstrasse 69, A-4040 Linz, Austria.
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François Y, Varenne A, Juillerat E, Villemin D, Gareil P. Evaluation of chiral ionic liquids as additives to cyclodextrins for enantiomeric separations by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1155:134-41. [PMID: 17222416 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Revised: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 12/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A great interest has been drawn these last years towards ionic liquids in analytical chemistry, especially for separation methods. Recent synthesis of chiral ILs opened the way of the evaluation of new potential selectors for enantiomeric separations. This work focused on the evaluation of two chiral ILs (ethyl- and phenylcholine of bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide) by CE. Particular selectivities are awaited by exploiting unique ion-ion or ion-dipole interactions and by tailoring the nature of the cation and the anion. To evaluate such phenomena, a study was carried out with anti-inflammatory drugs 2-arylpropionic acids as model compounds. The results show that these chiral ILs did not present direct enantioselectivity with regard to these model analytes. The influence of chiral ILs in the electrolytes was then studied in the presence of classical chiral selectors (di- or trimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin). Although no general trend could be established, an increase in separation selectivity and resolution was observed in some cases, suggesting synergistic effects. The complementary determination of apparent inclusion constant values of these IL cations in the used cyclodextrins by affinity CE provided support to the understanding of the phenomena involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannis François
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, UMR CNRS 7575, ENSCP, Paris Cedex 05, France
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Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs), as separation media, have made significant contributions in the past decades in advancing research in gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), and capillary electrophoresis (CE). This review, covering reports published from the mid 1980s to early 2007, shows how ILs have been used so far in separation science, originally primarily as GC stationary phases and later as mobile phase additives (both millimolar and major percent levels) for LC and CE. Representative GC and LC chromatograms as well as CE electropherograms are shown. In addition, the very recent findings on the development of ionic liquids with surfactant properties and its applications for chiral and achiral analysis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab A Shamsi
- Department of Chemistry, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
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