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Huang W. Open tubular ion chromatography: A state-of-the-Art review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1143:210-224. [PMID: 33384120 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the progress in open tubular ion chromatography (OTIC) over the period from 1981 to 2020. Although OTIC columns provide superior column efficiency, require very little sample volumes, and consume a minimum level of eluents compared to regular packed columns, not many reports can be found from the literature mainly due to the difficulties in the preparation of OTIC columns and the harsh system requirements, such as pL-nL injections and extremely small detection volumes. However, technical advances, e.g., capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detectors (C4Ds), hydroxide eluent compatible polymer-based OTIC columns, electrodialytic capillary suppressors, and nanovolume gas-free hydroxide eluent generators (EGs), have removed the obstacles to OTIC. As such, in this review, the author focused on the development of the key components in an OTIC system from the perspective of instrument development. A brief revisit of open tubular (OT) column theory is first presented, followed by a discussion of the system configuration and component development. Attention is given to the advances in the development of the suppressed open tubular ion chromatography (SOTIC) system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiong Huang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, Hubei, China.
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2
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Kaltz A, Bohra L, Tripp JS, Seubert A. Influencing the selectivity of grafted anion exchangers utilizing the solubility of the radical initiator during the graft process. Anal Chim Acta X 2019; 2:100019. [PMID: 33117980 PMCID: PMC7587026 DOI: 10.1016/j.acax.2019.100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A previously published radical graft-functionalization method for the synthesis of high performance anion exchangers was further investigated to control the capacity and selectivity of the exchangers. Using a hydrophobic radical initiator instead of a hydrophilic one diminished the influence of rivaling homopolymerization of monomer during the functionalization step. Instead of only generating monomer radicals in free solution the radicals are ideally generated on top of the PS/DVB surface. However, in both cases the selectivity factors of polarizable anions bromide and nitrate in relation to chloride increased strongly with increasing capacity of the exchanger. Higher exchanger capacities could lead to coelution of bromide and/or nitrate with other analytes such as sulfate or phosphate when using the eluent as proposed in this work. By variation of the organic solvent used for functionalization it was possible to remove both the rivaling homopolymerization and the strong influence of the capacity on the selectivity. With increasing solubility of the hydrophobic radical initiator in the organic solvent the influence of the homopolymerization and the influence on the selectivity factor of bromide and nitrate decreased. Additionally, a change of bromate selectivity factor could be observed. The bromate signal is shifted closer towards the chloride signal. However, with increasing solubility of the radical initiator in the organic solvent the observed capacity of the exchangers decreases linearly, resulting in higher amounts of monomer needed for functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achim Kaltz
- University of Marburg, Faculty of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Lea Bohra
- University of Marburg, Faculty of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Jonathan S Tripp
- University of Marburg, Faculty of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Seubert
- University of Marburg, Faculty of Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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3
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Kaltz A, Bohra L, Tripp JS, Seubert A. Investigations on the selectivity of grafted high performance anion exchangers and the underlying graft mechanism. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 999:176-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Uzhel AS, Zatirakha AV, Smirnov KN, Smolenkov AD, Shpigun OA. Anion exchangers with negatively charged functionalities in hyperbranched ion-exchange layers for ion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1482:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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5
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Ikegami T, Tanaka N. Recent Progress in Monolithic Silica Columns for High-Speed and High-Selectivity Separations. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2016; 9:317-342. [PMID: 27306311 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071114-040102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Monolithic silica columns have greater (through-pore size)/(skeleton size) ratios than particulate columns and fixed support structures in a column for chemical modification, resulting in high-efficiency columns and stationary phases. This review looks at how the size range of monolithic silica columns has been expanded, how high-efficiency monolithic silica columns have been realized, and how various methods of silica surface functionalization, leading to selective stationary phases, have been developed on monolithic silica supports, and provides information on the current status of these columns. Also discussed are the practical aspects of monolithic silica columns, including how their versatility can be improved by the preparation of small-sized structural features (sub-micron) and columns (1 mm ID or smaller) and by optimizing reaction conditions for in situ chemical modification with various restrictions, with an emphasis on recent research results for both topics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Ikegami
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan;
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6
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Dumanli R, Attar A, Erci V, Isildak I. Simultaneous Analysis of Monovalent Anions and Cations with a Sub-Microliter Dead-Volume Flow-Through Potentiometric Detector for Ion Chromatography. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 54:598-603. [PMID: 26786906 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A microliter dead-volume flow-through cell as a potentiometric detector is described in this article for sensitive, selective and simultaneous detection of common monovalent anions and cations in single column ion chromatography for the first time. The detection cell consisted of less selective anion- and cation-selective composite membrane electrodes together with a solid-state composite matrix reference electrode. The simultaneous separation and sensitive detection of sodium (Na(+)), potassium (K(+)), ammonium (NH4 (+)), chloride (Cl(-)) and nitrate (NO3 (-)) in a single run was achieved by using 98% 1.5 mM MgSO4 and 2% acetonitrile eluent with a mixed-bed ion-exchange separation column without suppressor column system. The separation and simultaneous detection of the anions and cations were completed in 6 min at the eluent flow-rate of 0.8 mL/min. Detection limits, at S/N = 3, were ranged from 0.2 to 1.0 µM for the anions and 0.3 to 3.0 µM for the cations, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to the simultaneous determination of monovalent anions and cations in several environmental and biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rukiye Dumanli
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ondokuz Mayis University, Kurupelit-Samsun 55139, Turkey
| | - Azade Attar
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical-Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul 34210, Turkey
| | - Vildan Erci
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, Konya 42250, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Isildak
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Chemical-Metallurgical Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, Esenler, Istanbul 34210, Turkey
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7
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Zatirakha A, Smolenkov A, Shpigun O. Preparation and chromatographic performance of polymer-based anion exchangers for ion chromatography: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 904:33-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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8
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LIM LW. Development of Micro-Flow-Controlled Techniques and Novel Stationary Phases in Capillary Liquid Chromatography. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2015. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2015.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lee Wah LIM
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University
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9
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Alwy A, Clarke SP, Brougham DF, Twamley B, Paull B, White B, Connolly D. Development of a silica monolith modified with Fe3O4 nano-particles in centrifugal spin column format for the extraction of phosphorylated compounds. J Sep Sci 2014; 38:283-90. [PMID: 25376605 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, citrate-stabilised iron oxide nano-particles (∼16 nm) have been immobilised on commercial silica monolithic centrifugal spin columns (MonoSpin) for the extraction of phosphorylated compounds. Two alternative strategies were adopted involving either direct electrostatic attachment to an aminated MonoSpin (single-layer method) in the first instance, or the use of a layer-by-layer method with poly(diallyldimethylammonium) chloride. Field-emission scanning electron spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used for confirming notably higher coverage of nano-particles using the layer-by-layer method (2.49 ± 0.53 wt%) compared with the single-layer method (0.43 ± 0.30 wt%). The modified monolith was used for the selective separation/extraction of adenosine monophosphate, adenosine diphosphate and adenosine triphosphate with elution using a phosphate buffer. A reversed-phase liquid chromatographic assay was used for confirming that adenosine, as a non-phosphorylated control was not retained on the modified MonoSpin devices, whereas recovery of 80% for adenosine monophosphate, 86% for adenosine diphosphate and 82% for adenosine triphosphate was achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Alwy
- Irish Separation Science Cluster, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
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10
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Ma Y, Gao W, Yu H, Li M. RAPID METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF HOMOLOGUE IMIDAZOLIUM IONIC LIQUID CATIONS BY ION-PAIR CHROMATOGRAPHY USING A MONOLITHIC COLUMN. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.734000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Ma
- a College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University , Harbin , People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Gao
- a College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University , Harbin , People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Yu
- a College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University , Harbin , People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Li
- a College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University , Harbin , People's Republic of China
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11
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Jandera P. Advances in the development of organic polymer monolithic columns and their applications in food analysis—A review. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1313:37-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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12
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Huang Z, Wu H, Wang F, Yan W, Guo W, Zhu Y. Polystyrene-divinylbenzene stationary phases agglomerated with quaternized multi-walled carbon nanotubes for anion exchange chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1294:152-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Navarro-Pascual-Ahuir M, Lerma-García MJ, Ramis-Ramos G, Simó-Alfonso EF, Herrero-Martínez JM. Preparation and evaluation of lauryl methacrylate monoliths with embedded silver nanoparticles for capillary electrochromatography. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:925-34. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria J. Lerma-García
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Valencia; Burjassot; Spain
| | - Guillermo Ramis-Ramos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Valencia; Burjassot; Spain
| | - Ernesto F. Simó-Alfonso
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Valencia; Burjassot; Spain
| | - José M. Herrero-Martínez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; Faculty of Chemistry; University of Valencia; Burjassot; Spain
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14
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Nesterenko EP, Nesterenko PN, Connolly D, He X, Floris P, Duffy E, Paull B. Nano-particle modified stationary phases for high-performance liquid chromatography. Analyst 2013; 138:4229-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00508a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Mairizki F, Rahmah A, Hilma , Putri R, Zein R, Lim LW, Takeuchi T, Munaf E. Separation of Inorganic Anions Using Methacrylate-Based Monolithic Column Modified with Trimethylamine in Ion Chromatography Capillary System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2013.49057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Utilization of a diol-stationary phase column in ion chromatographic separation of inorganic anions. J Chromatogr A 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Ibrahim ME, Liu Y, Lucy CA. A simple graphical representation of selectivity in hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1260:126-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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18
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Mixed mode HILIC/anion exchange separations on latex coated silica monoliths. Talanta 2012; 100:313-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Tong S, Liu Q, Li Y, Zhou W, Jia Q, Duan T. Preparation of porous polymer monolithic column incorporated with graphene nanosheets for solid phase microextraction and enrichment of glucocorticoids. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1253:22-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Krenkova J, Foret F, Svec F. Less common applications of monoliths: V. Monolithic scaffolds modified with nanostructures for chromatographic separations and tissue engineering. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:1266-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Krenkova
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR; Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Foret
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the ASCR; Brno; Czech Republic
| | - Frantisek Svec
- The Molecular Foundry; E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; Berkeley; California; USA
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21
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Li S, Yu H, Ma Y. Rapid Determination of Trifluoromethanesulfonate and p-Toluenesulfonate by Ion-Pair Chromatography Using a Reversed-Phase Silica-Based Monolithic Column: Application to the Analysis of Ionic Liquids. Chromatographia 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-011-2141-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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22
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Svec F. Quest for organic polymer-based monolithic columns affording enhanced efficiency in high performance liquid chromatography separations of small molecules in isocratic mode. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1228:250-62. [PMID: 21816401 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2011] [Revised: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The separations of small molecules using columns containing porous polymer monoliths invented two decades ago went a long way from the very modest beginnings to the current capillary columns with efficiencies approaching those featured by their silica-based counterparts. This review article presents a variety of techniques that have been used to form capillary formats of monolithic columns with enhanced separation performance in isocratic elutions. The following text first describes the traditional approaches used for the preparation of efficient monoliths comprising variations in polymerization conditions including temperature as well as composition of monomers and porogenic solvents. Encouraging results of these experiments fueled research of completely new preparation methods such as polymerization to an incomplete conversion, use of single crosslinker, hypercrosslinking, and incorporation of carbon nanotubes that are described in the second part of the text.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Svec
- The Molecular Foundry, E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, MS 67R6110, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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23
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Chambers SD, Svec F, Fréchet JM. Incorporation of carbon nanotubes in porous polymer monolithic capillary columns to enhance the chromatographic separation of small molecules. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2546-52. [PMID: 21420096 PMCID: PMC3086594 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes have been entrapped in monolithic poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) capillary columns to afford stationary phases with enhanced liquid chromatographic performance for small molecules in the reversed phase. While the column with no nanotubes exhibited an efficiency of only 1800 plates/m, addition of a small amount of nanotubes to the polymerization mixture increased the efficiency to over 15,000 and 35,000 plates/m at flow rates of 1 and 0.15 μL/min, respectively. Alternatively, the native glycidyl methacrylate-based monolith was functionalized with ammonia and, then, shortened carbon nanotubes, bearing carboxyl functionalities, were attached to the pore surface through the aid of electrostatic interactions with the amine functionalities. Reducing the pore size of the monolith enhanced the column efficiency for the retained analyte, benzene, to 30,000 plates/m at a flow rate of 0.25 μL/min. Addition of tetrahydrofuran to the typical aqueous acetonitrile eluents improved the peak shape and increased the column efficiency to 44,000 plates/m calculated for the retained benzene peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart D. Chambers
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Frantisek Svec
- The Molecular Foundry, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jean M.J. Fréchet
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- The Molecular Foundry, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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24
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André C, Aljhani R, Gharbi T, Guillaume YC. Incorporation of carbon nanotubes in a silica HPLC column to enhance the chromatographic separation of peptides: Theoretical and practical aspects. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:1221-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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25
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Jiang Z, Smith NW, Liu Z. Preparation and application of hydrophilic monolithic columns. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:2350-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2010] [Revised: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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26
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Wang H, Knobel G, Wilson WB, Calimag-Williams K, Campiglia AD. Gold nanoparticles deposited capillaries for in-capillary microextraction capillary zone electrophoresis of monohydroxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:720-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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27
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Wahab MF, Pohl CA, Lucy CA. Ion chromatography on carbon clad zirconia modified by diazonium chemistry and functionalized latex particles. Analyst 2011; 136:3113-20. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15284j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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28
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Chambers SD, Pohl CA, Lucy CA. Agglomerated carbon based phases for anion exchange chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:263-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Nordborg A, Hilder EF, Haddad PR. Monolithic phases for ion chromatography. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2011; 4:197-226. [PMID: 21689046 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061010-113929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Monolithic media are continuing to increase in popularity in chromatographic applications, and the ongoing use of commercially available materials in ion chromatography (IC) has made monoliths a viable alternative to packed-bed columns for routine use. We discuss different strategies for the synthesis of polymeric and silica monoliths with ion-exchange functionality, such as direct incorporation of ion-exchange functionality during monolith preparation and different postpolymerization alterations such as grafting and coating. The formulations and strategies presented are focused on materials intended for use in IC. We also discuss strategies for materials characterization, with emphasis on nondestructive techniques for the characterization of monolith surface functionality, especially those with applicability to in situ analysis. Finally, we describe selected IC applications of polymeric and silica monoliths published from 2008 to 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nordborg
- Australian Center for Research on Separation Science, School of Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7001, Australia.
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30
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Ibrahim MEA, Zhou T, Lucy CA. Agglomerated silica monolithic column for hydrophilic interaction LC. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:773-8. [PMID: 20222075 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrophilic interaction LC (HILIC) has gained wide acceptance in recent years due to its ability to retain and separate polar compounds such as pharmaceuticals. Most commercial HILIC phases are particle based, which limit the speed with which HILIC separations can be performed. Herein, agglomerated silica monolithic columns are prepared by electrostatically attaching polyionic latex particles onto a silica monolith by simply flushing a suspension of the ionic latex through a silica monolith. Such phases retain the high efficiency and permeability of the native silica monolith, while the agglomerated phase is easy to introduce and provides excellent mass transfer. High %ACN in the mobile phase dramatically increases the efficiency and retention, consistent with HILIC behavior. Test analytes such as benzoates, nucleotides and amino acids are separated with plate heights of 25-110 microm. The high permeability of monoliths allows HILIC separations to be performed with baseline resolution in less than 15 s. Electrostatic repulsion-hydrophilic liquid interaction chromatographic retention behavior of the latex-coated monoliths is verified using amino acids as test analytes.
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Krenkova J, Lacher NA, Svec F. Control of Selectivity via Nanochemistry: Monolithic Capillary Column Containing Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles for Separation of Proteins and Enrichment of Phosphopeptides. Anal Chem 2010; 82:8335-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1018815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Krenkova
- The Molecular Foundry, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, and Analytical R&D, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences R&D, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - Nathan A. Lacher
- The Molecular Foundry, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, and Analytical R&D, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences R&D, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
| | - Frantisek Svec
- The Molecular Foundry, E. O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, and Analytical R&D, Pfizer BioTherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences R&D, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017
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Cao Q, Xu Y, Liu F, Svec F, Fréchet JMJ. Polymer Monoliths with Exchangeable Chemistries: Use of Gold Nanoparticles As Intermediate Ligands for Capillary Columns with Varying Surface Functionalities. Anal Chem 2010; 82:7416-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ac1015613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Cao
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, The Molecular Foundry, E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8139, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yan Xu
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, The Molecular Foundry, E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8139, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Feng Liu
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, The Molecular Foundry, E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8139, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Frantisek Svec
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, The Molecular Foundry, E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8139, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jean M. J. Fréchet
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, The Molecular Foundry, E.O. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8139, and Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Xu Y, Cao Q, Svec F, Fréchet JMJ. Porous polymer monolithic column with surface-bound gold nanoparticles for the capture and separation of cysteine-containing peptides. Anal Chem 2010; 82:3352-8. [PMID: 20302345 PMCID: PMC2875083 DOI: 10.1021/ac1002646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new porous polymer monolithic capillary column modified with gold nanoparticles that enables the selective capture of cysteine-containing peptides has been developed to reduce the complexity of peptide mixtures generated in bottom-up proteomic analysis. The column is prepared from a poly(glycidyl methacrylate-co-ethylene dimethacrylate) monolith through reaction of some of its epoxide moieties with cysteamine to afford a monolith rich in surface thiol groups. In situ reduction of chloroauric acid within the column is then used to form gold nanoparticles attached to the surface of the pores of the monolith. This process preserves the excellent hydrodynamic properties of the monolithic column while providing a means to selectively retain cysteine-containing peptides from an analyte due to their high affinity for gold. Release of the retained peptides is subsequently achieved with an excess of 2-mercaptoethanol. The loading capacity determined for l-cysteine using frontal elution is 2.58 mumol/m. Since the gold-thiol link is less stable at elevated temperatures, the adsorption capacity is recovered by washing the column at 80 degrees C for 2 h. While regeneration is easy, the multiplicity of bonds between the monolithic support and the gold nanoparticles prevents their elution even under harsh conditions such as treatment with pure 2-mercaptoethanol or treatment with boiling water for 5 h. Application of the gold modified monolith in tandem with a packed C18 capillary column is demonstrated with baseline separation of a peptide mixture achieved in a two step process. The first involves retention of cysteine-containing peptides in monolith with reversed phase separation of all other peptides, while the retained peptides are released from monolith and separated in the second step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, USA
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Eltmimi AH, Barron L, Rafferty A, Hanrahan JP, Fedyanina O, Nesterenko E, Nesterenko PN, Paull B. Preparation, characterisation and modification of carbon-based monolithic rods for chromatographic applications. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:1231-43. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Gao W, Yu H, Zhou S. Determination of Imidazolium Ionic Liquid Cations by Ion-Pair Chromatography Using a Monolithic Column and Direct Conductivity Detection. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1478-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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YANG L, YU H, WANG Y. Rapid and Simultaneous Determination of Tetrafluoroborate, Thiocyanate and Hexafluorophosphate by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Using a Monolithic Column and Direct Conductivity Detection. ANAL SCI 2010; 26:861-6. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.26.861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling YANG
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University
| | - Hong YU
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University
| | - Yaqin WANG
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Normal University
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Nesterenko EP, Nesterenko PN, Paull B. Zwitterionic ion-exchangers in ion chromatography: A review of recent developments. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 652:3-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Watanabe Y, Ikegami T, Horie K, Hara T, Jaafar J, Tanaka N. Improvement of separation efficiencies of anion-exchange chromatography using monolithic silica capillary columns modified with polyacrylates and polymethacrylates containing tertiary amino or quaternary ammonium groups. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:7394-401. [PMID: 19683243 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 07/04/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Anion-exchange (AEX) columns were prepared by on-column polymerization of acrylates and methacrylates containing tertiary amino or quaternary ammonium groups on monolithic silica in a fused silica capillary modified with anchor groups. The columns provided a plate height (H) of less than 10 microm at optimum linear velocity (u) with keeping their high permeability (K=9-12 x 10(-14) m2). Among seven kinds of AEX columns, a monolithic silica column modified with poly(2-hydroxy-3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl methacrylates) (HMPMA) showed larger retentions and better selectivities for nucleotides and inorganic anions than the others. The HMPMA column of 410 mm length produced 42,000-55,000 theoretical plates (N) at a linear velocity of 0.97 mm/s with a backpressure of 3.8 MPa. The same column could be employed for a fast separation of inorganic anions in 1.8 min at a linear velocity of 5.3 mm/s with a backpressure of 20 MPa. In terms of van Deemter plot and separation impedance, the HMPMA column showed higher performance than a conventional particle-packed AEX column. The HMPMA column showed good recovery of a protein, trypsin inhibitor, and it was applied to the separation of proteins and tryptic digest of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in a gradient elution, to provide better separation compared to a conventional particle-packed AEX column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Watanabe
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
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Qu QS, Wang S, Mangelings D, Wang CY, Yang GJ, Hu XY, Yan C. Monolithic silica xerogel capillary column for separations in capillary LC and pressurized CEC. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1071-6. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Walcarius A, Collinson MM. Analytical chemistry with silica sol-gels: traditional routes to new materials for chemical analysis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2009; 2:121-143. [PMID: 20636056 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-060908-155139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The versatility of sol-gel chemistry enables us to generate a wide range of silica and organosilica materials with controlled structure, composition, morphology and porosity. These materials' hosting and recognition properties, as well as their wide-open structures containing many easily accessible active sites, make them particularly attractive for analytical purposes. In this review, we summarize the importance of silica sol-gels in analytical chemistry by providing examples from the separation sciences, optical and electrochemical sensors, molecular imprinting, and biosensors. Recent work suggests that manipulating the structure and composition of these materials at different scales (from molecular to macromolecular states and/or from micro- to meso- and/or macroporous levels) promises to generate chemical and biochemical sensing devices with improved selectivity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Walcarius
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour l'Environnement, CNRS-Nancy Université, F-54600 Villers-les-Nancy, France.
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Dong X, Wu R, Dong J, Wu M, Zhu Y, Zou H. A mesoporous silica nanoparticles immobilized open‐tubular capillary column with a coating of cellulose tris(3,5‐dimethylphenyl‐carbamate) for enantioseparation in CEC. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:3933-40. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Dong
- National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Xixi Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ren'an Wu
- National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Jing Dong
- National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Minghuo Wu
- National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Xixi Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Hanfa Zou
- National Chromatographic R&A Center, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China
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Jaafar J, Watanabe Y, Ikegami T, Miyamoto K, Tanaka N. Anion exchange silica monolith for capillary liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:2551-6. [PMID: 18458888 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-2063-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2008] [Revised: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An anion exchange monolithic silica capillary column was prepared by surface modification of a hybrid monolithic silica capillary column prepared from a mixture of tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) and methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS). The surface modification was carried out by on-column copolymerization of N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]acrylamide methyl chloride-quaternary salt (DMAPAA-Q) with 3-methacryloxypropyl moieties bonded as an anchor to the silica surface to form a strong anion exchange stationary phase. The columns were examined for their performance in liquid chromatography (LC) and capillary electrochromatography (CEC) separations of common anions. The ions were separated using 50 mM phosphate buffer at pH 6.6. Evaluation by LC produced an average of 30,000 theoretical plates (33 cm column length) for the inorganic anions and nucleotides. Evaluation by CEC, using the same buffer, produced enhanced chromatographic performance of up to ca. 90,000 theoretical plates and a theoretical plate height of ca. 4 mum. Although reduced efficiency was observed for inorganic anions that were retained a long time, the results of this study highlight the potential utility of the DMAPAA-Q stationary phase for anion separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafariah Jaafar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Skudai, Malaysia.
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Núñez O, Nakanishi K, Tanaka N. Preparation of monolithic silica columns for high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1191:231-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 02/07/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Haddad PR, Nesterenko PN, Buchberger W. Recent developments and emerging directions in ion chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1184:456-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Glenn KM, Lucy CA. Stability of surfactant coated columns for ion chromatography. Analyst 2008; 133:1581-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b719919h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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46
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Chambers SD, Lucy CA. Surfactant coated graphitic carbon based stationary phases for anion-exchange chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1176:178-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.10.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2007] [Revised: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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