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Gwarda RŁ, Dzido TH. Reverse-Polarization High-Performance Layer Electrochromatography-A New Approach to Anion Separation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119389. [PMID: 37298340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
High-performance layer electrochromatography (HPLEC) combines the advantages of overpressured-layer chromatography (OPLC) and pressurized planar electrochromatography (PPEC) while overcoming some of their limitations. HPLEC equipment can work in various HPLEC, OPLC, and PPEC modes. The equipment enables HPLEC analysis also with an electroosmotic effect directed against the hydrodynamic flow of the mobile phase. The change in the electric field direction in the separation system does not result in a change in either the direction of the mobile phase flow or the direction of solute migration. The hydrodynamic flow generated by the pump dominates the electroosmotic effect and enables separation against the direction of the latter. Reversed-polarization HPLEC may be advantageous for the analysis of anionic compounds, as it facilitates faster and more selective separation than OPLC performed in similar conditions. This separation mode provides a new possibility to develop and optimize separation methods by performing separation against the electroosmotic effect and without need of any modification of the adsorbent surface. A drawback of this separation mode is the increase in the backpressure at the mobile phase inlet and the limitation of the mobile phase flow rate. Currently, contrary to the single-channel mode, multi-channel reverse-polarity HPLEC still requires some technical and methodological improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Łukasz Gwarda
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Henryk Dzido
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Gwarda RŁ, Dzido TH. High Performance (High Pressure) Layer Electrochromatography Separation Technique: Equipment and Preliminary Results. Anal Chem 2022; 94:9091-9096. [PMID: 35700336 PMCID: PMC9244868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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We present a new
prototype device and propose a new analytical
technique: high performance (high pressure) layer electrochromatography
(HPLEC). The equipment provides a combination of overpressured layer
chromatography (OPLC) and pressurized planar electrochromatography
(PPEC), yet it still enables researchers to perform each of these
analyses separately. In comparison to PPEC, HPLEC provides hydrodynamic
flow of the mobile phase, irrespective of the voltage used and the
mobile phase composition. The advantages of HPLEC over OPLC include
the possibility of the use of the electrophoretic effect to influence
the selectivity of separation and the use of the electroosmotic effect
to facilitate the mobile phase flow in order to decrease backpressure
and increase the flow velocity. Many operational parameters can be
freely adjusted and optimized independently. The equipment is fully
automated and can work in various separation/operational modes, including
combinations of online/offline sample application and detection. We
present preliminary results of simultaneous, fully online, multichannel
HPLEC separation of analgesic drugs (including acetaminophen, ibuprofen,
and tramadol) as an example of increasing analysis throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radosław Łukasz Gwarda
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chair of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tadeusz Henryk Dzido
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chair of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodźki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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Gwarda RŁ, Dzido TH. Comparison of Overpressured-Layer Chromatography and High-Performance/High-Pressure Layer Electrochromatography Using the New Prototype Equipment in Various Operational Modes. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134032. [PMID: 35807278 PMCID: PMC9268599 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In our previous paper we have presented the new prototype equipment and introduced a new analytical technique—high-performance/high-pressure layer electrochromatography (HPLEC), a combination of overpressured-layer chromatography (OPLC) and pressurized planar electrochromatography (PPEC). In this paper, the work of the equipment in various operational modes is investigated. Some difficulties and challenges related to various aspects of separation are discussed. The OPLC and HPLEC techniques are compared in terms of selectivity and performance. The results show that our equipment can be successfully used for singe- and multichannel OPLC and HPLEC separations in various sample application and detection modes. It includes the high-throughput, multichannel, and fully automated online separation of multiple samples simultaneously. The equipment allows for the independent optimization of various operational parameters. HPLEC combines the advantages of column/capillary and planar separation techniques while overcoming their limitations. It also combines the advantages and overcomes the drawbacks of OPLC and PPEC. It provides hydrodynamic flow of the mobile phase, irrespective of the voltage used and/or the mobile phase composition. Thus, any optimization of the composition and the voltage can be used independently. Both can be used to obtain the required selectivity of separation. The voltage can be used to facilitate the mobile phase flow and accelerate the analysis.
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Santosh S. Bhujbal, Chawale BG, Kale MA. Application based Studies of HPTLC-bioautography in Evaluation of Botanicals: a Review. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934822040116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Šegan S, Živković-Radovanović V, Tosti T, Ristivojević P, Milojković-Opsenica D. Thin-layer chromatography in bioassays of antimicrobial compounds from plants. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2021.1968429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Šegan
- Institute of Chemistry, Technology, and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Tomislav Tosti
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Experimental verification of some theoretical considerations on preparative separation with orthogonal pressurised planar electrochromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1620:460972. [PMID: 32106967 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports for the first time the coupling of a two-dimensional separation technique known as orthogonal pressurised planar electrochromatography (OPPEC) with on-line UV/VIS detection. It establishes the efficiency characteristic of a planar column used in OPPEC. The studies show that in OPPEC, all separation steps (mixture introduction, separation, and detection) can run successfully as non-separate operation, much like in HPLC, and the planar column has itself good efficiency, ensuring a relatively low plate height value. In its use, some findings of the previously proposed theoretical model concerning optimisation of preparative separation of components with the same electrophoretic mobility are verified - showing that there is a good agreement between theory and experiment. The paper also demonstrates by means of a specific example of separation of a post-reaction mixture obtained after synthesis of valine diastereomers that OPPEC can be a powerful tool used in preparative separation in that it can achieve much higher separation productivity and significantly lower eluent consumption than when using column chromatography techniques.
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Comparison of high-performance thin-layer with overpressured layer chromatography combined with direct bioautography and direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry for tansy root. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:355-360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Bernardi T, Bortolini O, Massi A, Sacchetti G, Tacchini M, De Risi C. Exploring the Synergy Between HPTLC and HPLC-DAD for the Investigation of Wine-Making By-Products. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24193416. [PMID: 31546987 PMCID: PMC6803953 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Both environmental and economic issues are increasingly pushing for the revalorization of agri-food by-products, including those arising from wine industry. Wastes produced from wine-making processes are important sources of biologically active compounds, mainly phenolic acids and flavonoids, which could be re-used for several applications, for example as additive surrogates or new ingredients in foodstuffs and/or pharmaceuticals. Therefore, the development of methods aimed at isolating, characterizing and quantifying molecules present in winery by-products acquires considerable importance in view of their re-utilization on a large scale. In this connection, this study demonstrated that high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) can operate in synergy for the investigation of pomace and seed materials arising from both white and red cultivars of Vitis Vinifera. By virtue of fingerprint profiling, mass spectrometry (MS) interfacing and band comparison method, HPTLC enabled detection and identification of phenolic acids, non-anthocyanic flavonoids and anthocyanins. On the contrary, only anthocyanins could be identified by HPLC-DAD, and their subsequent quantification showed that malvidin-3-O-glucoside (oenin) was the most abundant one. In parallel, HPTLC has allowed to detect and quantify proanthocyanidins (PAC), showing that only catechin was present in the test samples. Both quantitative analytical methods were validated in terms of linearity, detection and quantification limits and precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Bernardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Olga Bortolini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Massi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Gianni Sacchetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Sezione di Botanica Applicata, Piazzale Luciano Chiappini 2, Malborghetto di Boara, I-44123 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Massimo Tacchini
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Sezione di Botanica Applicata, Piazzale Luciano Chiappini 2, Malborghetto di Boara, I-44123 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Carmela De Risi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, I-44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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Móricz ÁM, Krüzselyi D, Alberti Á, Darcsi A, Horváth G, Csontos P, Béni S, Ott PG. Layer chromatography-bioassays directed screening and identification of antibacterial compounds from Scotch thistle. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1524:266-272. [PMID: 28989030 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The antibacterial profiling of Onopordum acanthium L. leaf extract and subsequent targeted identification of active compounds is demonstrated. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and off-line overpressured layer chromatography (OPLC) coupled with direct bioautography were utilized for investigation of the extract against eight bacterial strains including two plant and three human pathogens and a soil, a marine and a probiotic human gut bacteria. Antibacterial fractions obtaining infusion-transfusion OPLC were transferred to HPLC-MS/MS analysis that resulted in the characterization of three active compounds and two of them were identified as, linoleic and linolenic acid. OPLC method was adopted to preparative-scale flash chromatography for the isolation of the third active compound, which was identified after a further semi-preparative HPLC purification as the germacranolide sesquiterpene lactone onopordopicrin. Pure onopordopicrin exhibited antibacterial activity that was specified as minimal inhibitory concentration in the liquid phase as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágnes M Móricz
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman O. Str. 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Dániel Krüzselyi
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman O. Str. 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Alberti
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Üllői Str. 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Darcsi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Üllői Str. 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Györgyi Horváth
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Pécs, Rókus Str. 2, 7624 Pécs, Hungary
| | - Péter Csontos
- Institute for Soil Sciences and Agricultural Chemistry, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman O. Str. 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Béni
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, Üllői Str. 26, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter G Ott
- Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Herman O. Str. 15, 1022 Budapest, Hungary
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Weiss SC, Egetenmeyer N, Schulz W. Coupling of In Vitro Bioassays with Planar Chromatography in Effect-Directed Analysis. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 157:187-224. [PMID: 27757476 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Modern analytical test methods increasingly detect anthropogenic organic substances and their transformation products in water samples and in the environment. The presence of these compounds might pose a risk to the aquatic environment. To determine a possible (eco)toxicological risk, aquatic samples are tested using various bioassays, including sub-organismic assays such as the luminescent bacteria inhibition test, the acetylcholinesterase inhibition test, and the umu-test. The effect-directed analysis (EDA) combines physicochemical separation methods with biological (in vitro) tests. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) has proved to be particularly well suited for the separation of organic compounds and the subsequent analysis of effects by the application of the biotests directly on the surface of the HPTLC plate. The advantage of using HPTLC in comparison to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for EDA is that the solvent which is used as a mobile phase during chromatography is completely evaporated after the separation and therefore can no longer influence the applied bioassays.A prioritization during the complex identification process can be achieved when observed effects are associated with the separated zones in HPTLC. This increases the probability of identifying the substance responsible for an adverse effect from the multitude of organic trace substances in environmental samples. Furthermore, by comparing the pattern of biological effects of a separated sample, it is possible to track and assess changes in biological activity over time, over space, or in the course of a process, even without identifying the substance. HPTLC has already been coupled with various bioassays.Because HPTLC is a very flexible system, various detection techniques can be used and combined. In addition to the UV/Vis absorption and fluorescence measurements, TLC can also be coupled with a mass spectrometer (MS) for compound identification. In addition, detection of functional groups by means of derivatization reagents can support this identification. It is also possible to combine derivatization and HPLC-MS.Two case studies are used to illustrate the significance of HPTLC-EDA in investigating water quality: Study on a wastewater treatment plant Possible influence of an artificial turf surface on ground water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan C Weiss
- Betriebs und Forschungslaboratorium, Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung (LW), Am Spitzigen Berg 1, 89129, Langenau, Germany.
| | - Nicole Egetenmeyer
- Betriebs und Forschungslaboratorium, Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung (LW), Am Spitzigen Berg 1, 89129, Langenau, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schulz
- Betriebs und Forschungslaboratorium, Zweckverband Landeswasserversorgung (LW), Am Spitzigen Berg 1, 89129, Langenau, Germany
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Bernard-Savary P, Poole CF. Instrument platforms for thin-layer chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1421:184-202. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Dewanjee S, Gangopadhyay M, Bhattacharya N, Khanra R, Dua TK. Bioautography and its scope in the field of natural product chemistry. J Pharm Anal 2015; 5:75-84. [PMID: 29403918 PMCID: PMC5761477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 06/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants, vegetables and fruits are the sources of huge number of bioactive lead/scaffolds with therapeutic and nutraceutical importance. Bioautography is a means of target-directed isolation of active molecules on chromatogram. Organic solvents employed in chromatographic separation process can be completely removed before biological detection because these solvents cause inactivation of enzymes and/or death of living organisms. They offer a rapid and easy identification of bioactive lead/scaffolds in complex matrices of plant extracts. Bioautography is a technique to isolate hit(s)/lead(s) by employing a suitable chromatographic process followed by a biological detection system. This review critically describes the methodologies to identify antimicrobial, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitor lead/scaffolds by employing bioautography. A significant number of examples have been incorporated to authenticate the methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Dewanjee
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188 Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | | | - Niloy Bhattacharya
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188 Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Ritu Khanra
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188 Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Tarun K. Dua
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, 188 Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata 700032, India
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Tyihák E, Móricz ÁM, Ott PG, Mincsovics E. STUDY OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN BIOARENA SYSTEM AND IN IN VIVO CONDITIONS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2014.907121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ernő Tyihák
- a Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Ágnes M. Móricz
- a Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Péter G. Ott
- a Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute , Budapest , Hungary
| | - Emil Mincsovics
- b Faculty of Horticultural Sciences, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding , Corvinus University , Budapest , Hungary
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Buchinger S, Spira D, Bröder K, Schlüsener M, Ternes T, Reifferscheid G. Direct coupling of thin-layer chromatography with a bioassay for the detection of estrogenic compounds: applications for effect-directed analysis. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7248-56. [PMID: 23799293 DOI: 10.1021/ac4010925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the hypothesis that the coupling of high-performance thin-layer chromatography with the yeast estrogen screen (planar-YES, p-YES) can be used as a screening tool for effect-directed analysis. Therefore, the proposed method was challenged for the first time with several real samples from various origins such as sediment pore water, wastewater, and sunscreens. It was possible to detect and quantify estrogenic effects in all investigated sample types, even in the presence of demanding matrixes. Furthermore, the specific agonistic effect of the estrogen receptor activation could be detected in samples exhibiting cytotoxic effects and at cytotoxic levels of analyzed estrogenic compounds, which is not possible with the classic YES. The analysis of samples by the p-YES results in profiles of estrogenic activity. By means of this profiles samples can be compared qualitatively and quantitatively with respect to different compositions of bioactive compounds in mixtures. In conclusion, the p-YES approach seems to have a high potential to be used as a valuable screening tool for various applications in effect-directed analysis.
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Biological Characterization of Ingredients in OPLC-BioArena-Greenhouse-System: Unique Reactions of Endogenous HCHO and O3 in In Vitro and In Vivo Conditions. Chromatographia 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-012-2254-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Tyihák E, Móricz Á, Mátyási J, Ott P, Balla J. Indirect and direct methods for the detection and measurement of endogenous ozone in biological samples. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.25.2012.3.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Móricz Á, Szarka S, Ott P, Kertesy D, Héthelyi É, Szőke É, Tyihák E. Application of direct bioautography and SPME-GC-MS for the study of antibacterial chamomile ingredients. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2012. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.25.2012.3.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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