1
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Klemenčić M, Bolanča Mirković I, Bolf N, Markić M. Determination of the Mass Fractions of the Heavy Metals in the Recycled Cellulose Pulp. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:934. [PMID: 38611192 PMCID: PMC11013302 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In the process of paper recycling, certain amounts of metals can be found in the cellulose suspension, the source of which is mainly printing inks. The paper industry often uses different technologies to reduce heavy metal emissions. The recycling of laminated packaging contributes to the formation of sticky particles, which affects the concentration of heavy metals. This study aimed to determine the mass fraction of metals in the different phases of the deinking process to optimize the cellulose pulp's quality and design healthy correct packaging products. In this research, the deinking flotation of laminated and non-laminated samples was carried out by the Ingede 11 method. As a result of the study, the mass fractions of metals in cellulose pulp were divided into four groups according to the mass fraction's increasing value and the metals' increasing electronegativity. The quantities of metals were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). The separation of metals from cellulose pulp is influenced by the presence of adhesives and the electronegativity of the metal. The results of the study show that the recycling process removes certain heavy metals very well, which indicates the good recycling potential of pharmaceutical cardboard samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Klemenčić
- Faculty of Graphic Arts, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | | | - Nenad Bolf
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia (M.M.)
| | - Marinko Markić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia (M.M.)
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2
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Li H, Chen L, Wu X, Wu S, Su QZ, Dong B, Li D, Ma T, Zhong H, Wang X, Zheng J, Nerín C. Characterization of volatile organic compounds in food contact paperboards and elucidation of their potential origins from the perspective of the raw materials. Food Packag Shelf Life 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2023.101062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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3
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Séverin I. Editorial for the Special Issue "Risk Assessment of Food Contact Materials/Articles". TOXICS 2023; 11:254. [PMID: 36977019 PMCID: PMC10054904 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Food packaging is made of four main materials, namely plastic, cardboard, glass and metals (aluminium and steel), as well as many other materials (wood, waxes, corks, etc [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Séverin
- Derttech "Packtox", NUTOX Team, UMR INSERM-University of Burgundy-L'Institut Agro Dijon 1231, F-21000 Dijon, France
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4
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Hochegger A, Pantò S, Jones N, Leitner E. One-dimensional and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic approaches for the characterization of post-consumer recycled plastic materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:2447-2457. [PMID: 36820911 PMCID: PMC10149440 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04599-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
In September 2022, the European Commission published its new regulation on recycled plastic materials for food contact. It allows newly developed, non-authorized technologies and approaches, or so-called novel technologies, to be deployed in the field to generate the data needed for establishing regulatory and/or fit for purpose processes. The data shall be generated by using suitable methods, but the regulation does not give a more detailed description on those. In this study, commercially purchased buckets made of post-consumer recycled polypropylene were screened, using a number of different analytical approaches. Sample preparation methods, analysis techniques, and the data and information generated were compared. The results clearly demonstrate the need for a detailed characterization of such materials and the advantages and disadvantages of the analysis using conventional gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and mass spectrometery as well as two-dimensional comprehensive gas chromatography with time of flight mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Hochegger
- University of Technology Graz, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Sebastiano Pantò
- LECO European Application and Technology Center (EATC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Nick Jones
- LECO European Application and Technology Center (EATC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Erich Leitner
- University of Technology Graz, Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010, Graz, Austria
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5
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Severin I, Dahbi L, Domenek S, Nguyen PM, Platel A, Vitrac O, Chagnon MC. Stratégie pour une sécurité chimique intégrée des matériaux d’emballage au contact des denrées alimentaires. CAHIERS DE NUTRITION ET DE DIÉTÉTIQUE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cnd.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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6
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Kourkopoulos A, Sijm DTHM, Vrolijk MF. Current approaches and challenges of sample preparation procedures for the safety assessment of paper and cardboard food contact materials: A comprehensive review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:4108-4129. [PMID: 35880303 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the European Union (EU), Regulation (EC) 1935/2004 provides a harmonized legal EU framework and sets out the general principles for safety and inertness for all Food Contact Materials (FCMs) and Food Contact Articles. From a food safety point of view, however, specific EU legislation for paper and cardboard FCMs is lacking, while at Member State level, national legislation differs among countries. More than 11,000 chemicals have been identified in all types of FCMs, most of them without any information on toxicity or migration potential from FCM to food. The present review shows a wide variability of protocols, approaches, and conditions used in scientific studies, which are difficult to compare. In this regard, procedures and conditions laid down in EU legislation for plastics and European Standards (EN protocols) may serve as a good basis for the future sample preparation procedures in the framework of paper and cardboard FCMs safety assessment. Challenges on sample preparation procedures are presented involving the interlinked steps of sample preparation, conditions used and their impact in chemical analysis and in vitro bioassay testing. Currently, there is no general consensus on the criteria for structuring, evaluating, and tuning sample preparation procedures for paper and cardboard FCMs. For this purpose, a set of modified criteria and a decision tree are proposed based on the literature. Along this, mass transfer processes occurring in paper and cardboard FCMs and parameters affecting chemical migration need to be accounted for prior to reaching general consensus on criteria for sample preparation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Kourkopoulos
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dick T H M Sijm
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Office for Risk Assessment and Research, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Misha F Vrolijk
- Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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7
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Ma X, Sui H, Sun X, Ali MM, Debrah AA, Du Z. A risk classification strategy for migrants of food contact material combined with three (Q)SAR tools in silico. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126422. [PMID: 34182426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The chemical constituents in food contact materials (FCMs) may transfer into food during the contact, which may pose potential risk to humans. So, it is important to evaluate the safety of FCMs. Due to the advantages of cost-effectiveness and high throughput, (Q)SAR tools have been gradually used for risk assessment. In this work, a risk classification strategy for migrants of food contact materials combined with three (Q)SAR tools was developed based on a single endpoint (Mutagenicity) assessment and risk matrix approach, respectively. 419 migrants existing in a self-built toxicology database beneficial from Python crawler technology were evaluated. 5 toxic hazard ranks and 4 risk ranks were obtained for single endpoint assessment and risk matrix respectively, with 21 substances assigned as Toxic hazard Class I and 43 substances assigned as RISK Ⅰ which need the highest safety concern. Besides, for the Toxic hazard Class I substances assessed by the single endpoint, 19 of them were confirmed experimentally, and all of them were overlapped in the RISK Ⅰ substances, which suggests the effectiveness and reliability of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ma
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Haixia Sui
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Xuechun Sun
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Muhammad Mujahid Ali
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Augustine Atta Debrah
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhenxia Du
- College of Chemistry, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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8
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Grob K. How to make the use of recycled paperboard fit for food contact? A contribution to the discussion. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 39:198-213. [PMID: 34525320 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1977853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Recycled paperboard contains hundreds of non-evaluated or even unidentified substances that could endanger human health if they turn out to be highly toxic. It seems as unrealistic to evaluate each of them as it is to phase out the use of the problematic ones or sort out the papers and boards introducing them into the recyclate. Therefore, measures should be taken that generally reduce migration into food, such as functional barriers or functional sorbents. A general approach is used for the recycling of plastics, particularly poly(ethylene terephthalate), PET: as not every potential contaminant can be regulated, a pragmatic approach is applied, for PET mainly on the required decontamination efficiency. Criteria are required on the required efficacy of the measures to be taken. Recycled paperboard is used for various types of food contact: mostly contact is through the gas phase (evaporation and recondensation), often indirect through other layers (e.g. internal bags or for transport boxes), seldom in wetting contact. Numerous factors have to be considered. For typical folding boxes and at least strongly dominating gas phase contact, it was proposed that no more than 1% of each contaminant in the recycled paperboard should enter the food. The efficiency of the measures required to comply with this criterion depends on the application. The three main measures are reviewed with regard to this criterion: (i) internal bags with an incorporated functional barrier (successfully used for some time), (ii) a barrier layer on the internal wall of the box (for which the design of the closures might be most critical) and (iii) functional sorbents added to the paperboard (for which the sorbent capacity is critical). For transport boxes, commonly of corrugated board (quantitatively the most important use of recycled paperboard in food contact), an adjusted or different criterion is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koni Grob
- Retired from Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
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9
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Urbelis JH, Cooper JR. Migration of food contact substances into dry foods: A review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1044-1073. [PMID: 33905306 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1905188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive review of the literature was performed on migration of substances from packaging materials into dry foods, specifically those with surfaces containing no free fats or oils. Historically, migration from food packaging to dry foods has been assumed to be minimal. However, several recent publications have reported concentrations of migrants into dry foods that are substantially higher than anticipated. The goal of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of recent studies that examined migration to dry foods or dry food simulants, observe and assess common migrants, and report the highest migration values. Focusing on the packaging materials and migrants that exhibit the highest migration values, this review divided the studies into two categories: 1) analysis of food products in commercial packaging taken directly from grocery store shelves, and 2) analysis of food products and food simulants in contact with packaging or other material fortified with known quantities of a migrant. Discussions include the examination of migration testing methods, viability of different food simulants, and variables that affect migration behaviour. These include the physicochemical properties of both the migrant and food (i.e. volatility, molecular size, structure, food composition and particle size) and factors pertaining to the packaging material and the environment (i.e. temperature, humidity, and the presence of a secondary barrier). Information gaps and remaining questions are also identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica H Urbelis
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jessica R Cooper
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), College Park, MD, USA
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10
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Baele M, Vermeulen A, Claes M, Ragaert P, De Meulenaer B. Migration of surrogate contaminants from paperboard to foods: Effect of food and surrogate properties. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:2165-2183. [PMID: 32970534 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1778184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The current research describes an alternative test method to evaluate the impact of food properties and compound characteristics on migration from paperboard to food. Tightly sealed bottles containing paperboard spiked with surrogate components as a donor, together with modified polyphenylene oxide (MPPO or Tenax®) or one of the nine considered foods as a receptor, were stored at 22°C. Instead of analysing the receptor, migration from donor to receptor was followed up by evaluating the recovery of surrogates from the donor over time, thus avoiding challenges in the analysis of the foods as such. Free fat content affected the migration more than the specific surface area of the food, reaching a plateau at fat contents >8.1%. The highest migration was observed to fatty foods such as biscuits (8% to 25% fat) and chocolate (40% fat). Intermediate migration occurred to starchy and particulate foods such as egg-based wheat pasta (2.6% fat), wheat flour (1% fat) and rice flour (0.5% fat). Low migration occurred in the case of paperboard in contact with wheat pasta (0.4% fat). Native starch was found to be more sensitive to migration than gelatinised starch. Volatility was identified as the most important characteristic of the migrating compounds. MPPO was considered as a suitable surrogate for dry foods as it did not underestimate migration in any case. However, for low-fat foods such as wheat pasta, clear overestimations could occur, but only for volatile surrogates with vapour pressure over 1.45 mTorr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Baele
- Research Group Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition (nutriFOODchem), Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Maarten Claes
- Research Group Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition (nutriFOODchem), Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Ragaert
- Research Group Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition (nutriFOODchem), Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium.,Pack4Food , Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno De Meulenaer
- Research Group Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition (nutriFOODchem), Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium
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11
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García Ibarra V, Rodríguez Bernaldo de Quirós A, Paseiro Losada P, Sendón R. Non-target analysis of intentionally and non intentionally added substances from plastic packaging materials and their migration into food simulants. Food Packag Shelf Life 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fpsl.2019.100325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Walzl A, Kopacic S, Bauer W, Leitner E. Characterization of natural polymers as functional barriers for cellulose-based packaging materials. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:976-988. [PMID: 30994406 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1600747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose-based packaging materials are currently the most commonly used food packaging materials due to their light weight, stability and affordable price. However, the use of recycled paper and board adds to the risk that undesirable substances migrate into the packed goods, since contaminants are not completely removed during the recycling process and can accumulate in the final product. The only available fast and practical solution that can be used to reduce the migration of these substances is the application of functional barriers in the packaging. The applied barriers are currently mostly synthetic, which either serve only a moderate barrier function and/or have the disadvantage that it is often more complex and expensive to recycle the resulting packaging material. The aim of this project is to evaluate different bio-based or biodegradable polymers with regards to their barrier properties. Due to the fact that the transport phenomena are mainly driven by (gas phase) migration, methods based on gas chromatography (GC), including GC coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and flame ionization detection (GC-FID), GC-FID coupled online with high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC-GC-FID), and comprehensive GCxGC-MS were used to qualify and quantify the migrated substances. This use of a wide range of different methods and instruments yielded excellent results, allowing us to comprehensively characterize the biopolymers and their barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Walzl
- a Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry , Graz University of Technology , Graz , Austria
| | - Samir Kopacic
- b Institute of Paper, Pulp and Fibre Technology , Graz University of Technology , Graz , Austria
| | - Wolfgang Bauer
- b Institute of Paper, Pulp and Fibre Technology , Graz University of Technology , Graz , Austria
| | - Erich Leitner
- a Institute of Analytical Chemistry and Food Chemistry , Graz University of Technology , Graz , Austria
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13
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Peters RJ, Groeneveld I, Sanchez PL, Gebbink W, Gersen A, de Nijs M, van Leeuwen SP. Review of analytical approaches for the identification of non-intentionally added substances in paper and board food contact materials. Trends Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Biedermann M, Grob K. Advantages of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for comprehensive analysis of potential migrants from food contact materials. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1057:11-17. [PMID: 30832909 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
All substances migrating from food contact materials (FCMs), such as packagings, into food must be safe. This presupposes comprehensive analysis of all constituents potentially reaching a concentration in food that may be of toxicological concern. There is no single technique meeting this task and usually several need to be combined. In many cases, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) is the best technique available to start with. It provides high resolution and an overview in well-structured plots, grouping similar substances in a manner facilitating identifications. Further, flame ionization detection (FID) enables approximate quantitation without standards, and electron impact (EI) fragmentation in mass spectrometry (MS) provides access to large libraries for identification. GC is limited in amenable molecular mass, but the characterization of the lower mass constituents is usually helpful also for the identification of higher mass ones by techniques like HPLC-MS. The scope of this paper is to advocate the use of GCxGC for comprehensive migrate analysis, based on advantages illustrated by examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurus Biedermann
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich (Kantonales Labor), P.O. Box, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Koni Grob
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich (Kantonales Labor), P.O. Box, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
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15
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Biedermann M, Schum R, Grob K. Activated carbon added to recycled paperboard to prevent migration into food: approach for determining efficacy, and first results. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1832-1844. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1506162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maurus Biedermann
- Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Schum
- Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Koni Grob
- Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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Grob K. Mineral oil hydrocarbons in food: a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1845-1860. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1488185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koni Grob
- Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland
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17
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Pieke EN, Granby K, Teste B, Smedsgaard J, Rivière G. Prioritization before risk assessment: The viability of uncertain data on food contact materials. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 97:134-143. [PMID: 29932981 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The shortage of data on non-intentionally added substances (NIAS) present in food contact material (FCM) limits the ability to ensure food safety. Recent strategies in analytical method development permit NIAS investigation by using chemical exploration, but this has not been sufficiently investigated in risk assessment context. Here, exploration is utilized and followed by risk prioritization on chemical compounds that can potentially migrate to food from two paperboard FCM samples. Concentration estimates from exploration are converted to tentative exposure assessment, while predicted chemical structures are assessed using quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR) models for carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and reproductive toxicity. A selection of 60 chemical compounds from two FCMs is assessed by four risk assessors to classify compounds based on probable risk. For almost 60% of cases, the assessors classified compounds as either high priority or low priority. Unclassified compounds are due to disagreements between experts (18%) or due to a perceived lack of data (23%). Among the high priority substances are high-concentration compounds, benzophenone derivatives, and dyes. The low priority compounds contained e.g. oligomers from plasticizers and linear alkane amides. The classification scheme provides valuable information based on tentative data and is able to prioritize discovered chemical compounds for pending risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eelco N Pieke
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, Kemitorvet Building 202, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Kit Granby
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, Kemitorvet Building 202, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Bruno Teste
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
| | - Jørn Smedsgaard
- Technical University of Denmark, National Food Institute, Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, Kemitorvet Building 202, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Gilles Rivière
- French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94701, Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
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18
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Pieke EN, Smedsgaard J, Granby K. Exploring the chemistry of complex samples by tentative identification and semiquantification: A food contact material case. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2018; 53:323-335. [PMID: 29218811 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In fields such as food safety and environmental chemistry, ensuring safety is greatly challenged by large numbers of unknown substances occurring. Even with current state-of-the-art mass spectrometers, dealing with nonidentified substances is a very laborious process as it includes structure elucidation of a vast number of unknowns, of which only a fraction may be relevant. Here, we present an exploration and prioritization approach based on high-resolution mass spectrometry. The method uses algorithm-based precursor/product-ion correlations on quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry data to retrieve the most likely chemical match from a structure database. In addition, time-of-flight-only data are used to estimate analyte concentration via semiquantification. The method is demonstrated in recycled paper food contact material. Here, 585 chromatographic peaks were discovered, of which 117 were unique to the sample and could be tentatively elucidated via accurate mass, isotopic pattern, and precursor/product-ion correlations. Nearly 85% of these 117 peaks were matched with database entries, which provided varying certainty of information about the analyte structure. Semiquantitative concentration ranges of investigated compounds were between 0.7 and 1600 μg dm-2 . With these data, a subgroup of chemicals was risk-categorized and prioritized by using the most likely candidate structure(s) obtained. Prioritization based on expected health impact was possible by using the tentatively assigned data. Overall, the described method not only is a valuable chemical exploration tool for nonidentified substances but may also be used as a preliminary prioritization tool for substances expected to have the highest health impact, for example, in food contact materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eelco N Pieke
- National Food Institute, Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Jørn Smedsgaard
- National Food Institute, Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
| | - Kit Granby
- National Food Institute, Research Group for Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 202, Kgs. Lyngby, DK-2800, Denmark
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19
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Munoz C, Eicher A, Biedermann M, Grob K. Recycled paperboard with a barrier layer for food contact: set-off during stacking or reeling. Analytical method and preliminary results. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 35:577-582. [PMID: 29210614 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1411618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The use of recycled paperboard for packaging dry foods is in the interest of sustainability of resources, but in most applications, the food must be protected against contamination, such as by a functional barrier on the internal surface of the paperboard box. After application, the paperboard is usually stacked or reeled before making boxes. During this period, the food-contact surface of the barrier layer is in contact with the outer side of the paperboard, which may result in set-off and subsequent contamination of food. A method is described for the determination of this path of migration, based on the taped format also used for the measurement of the barrier efficiency. Recycled paperboard containing the three surrogate substances n-heptadecane, 4-methyl benzophenone and dipropyl phthalate was taped to the food-contact side of the barrier layer. Pressure onto the test packs did not seem to be a relevant parameter. After periods of interest, a piece of the paperboard with the barrier layer was extracted and analysed for the surrogate substances. Another piece may be brought into contact with silicone paper to simulate the transfer to food. After 2 weeks at 60°C (simulating about 1 year at 25°C), set-off and the transfer to the silicone paper exceeded 1% for all barrier materials tested, but after 6 weeks at 40°C (around half a year at 25°C), set-off remained below 1% for all barrier layers except a multilayer with polyethylene on the food-contact surface. The preliminary conclusion is that set-off should be taken seriously, but may be kept low enough to provide sufficient protection of the packed food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine Munoz
- a Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich) , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Angela Eicher
- a Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich) , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Maurus Biedermann
- a Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich) , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Koni Grob
- a Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich) , Zurich , Switzerland
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Ernstoff AS, Fantke P, Huang L, Jolliet O. High-throughput migration modelling for estimating exposure to chemicals in food packaging in screening and prioritization tools. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:428-438. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Biedermann M, Biedermann-Brem S, Grob K. May polypropylene films be a sufficiently effective functional barrier for foods packed in recycled paperboard and stored at room temperature? J Verbrauch Lebensm 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-017-1101-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Sanchis Y, Yusà V, Coscollà C. Analytical strategies for organic food packaging contaminants. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1490:22-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.01.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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23
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Bengtström L, Rosenmai AK, Trier X, Jensen LK, Granby K, Vinggaard AM, Driffield M, Højslev Petersen J. Non-targeted screening for contaminants in paper and board food-contact materials using effect-directed analysis and accurate mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1080-93. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1184941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linda Bengtström
- Division of Food Chemistry, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Anna Kjerstine Rosenmai
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention, and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Xenia Trier
- Division of Food Chemistry, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Krüger Jensen
- Division of Food Chemistry, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Kit Granby
- Division of Food Chemistry, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Anne Marie Vinggaard
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention, and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
| | | | - Jens Højslev Petersen
- Division of Food Chemistry, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark
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24
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Functional barriers or adsorbent to reduce the migration of mineral oil hydrocarbons from recycled cardboard into dry food. Eur Food Res Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-016-2672-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Biedermann-Brem S, Biedermann M, Grob K. Required barrier efficiency of internal bags against the migration from recycled paperboard packaging into food: a benchmark. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:725-40. [PMID: 26936619 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1160744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of recycled paperboard and corrugated board for food packaging is in the interest of the sustainability of resources, but in most applications the food must be protected against contamination from these materials, such as by an internal bag with a functional barrier. Producers of packaging need a specification to find the most suitable and economical barrier for a given application, and the customer needs the confidence that a solution offered to him is adequate. An accurate determination of the barrier efficiency is not possible due to the large number of migrants, most of which have not been evaluated or not even identified. Hence the specification must be based on assumptions and verifiable by a simple test. The proposed benchmark presumes that the migration of all non-evaluated or even unknown substances in recycled paperboard will remain below 0.01 mg kg(-1) food, the conventional detection limit, if their transfer does not exceed 1% of the content in the paperboard. Some substances, such as mineral oil or fatty acids, will exceed the 0.01 mg kg(-1) limit, but they are known, evaluated and of no concern at the reduced migration. Since the critical substances must be assumed to be unknown, the criterion of the 1% migration is tested with three surrogate substances of similar volatility and covering a broad range of polarity. The cornerstones of the method are specified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Biedermann-Brem
- a Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich) , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Maurus Biedermann
- a Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich) , Zurich , Switzerland
| | - Koni Grob
- a Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich) , Zurich , Switzerland
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26
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Method for analysis of 68 organic contaminants in food contact paper using gas and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Dsikowitzky L, Botalova O, Illgut S, Bosowski S, Schwarzbauer J. Identification of characteristic organic contaminants in wastewaters from modern paper production sites and subsequent tracing in a river. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 300:254-262. [PMID: 26188868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The paper industry is one of the most significant industrial branches that contributes to water pollution. Recent studies regarding the chemical composition of wastewaters from modern paper production sites are sparse, and organic contaminants originating from this source may remain undetected and uncontrolled. Therefore, for this study, non-target screening analyses of wastewaters from five different paper production sites were performed, including an extended analysis of one facility, for the identification of volatile non-polar to semi-polar organic contaminants. The identified contaminants were also traced in the adjacent river. Several specific agents related to paper production, including photoinitiators, ink and thermal paper constituents, were present in most wastewaters and were therefore considered to be characteristic paper industry contaminants. A couple of contaminants identified in this study are being reported for the first time and might be toxic, but have been neglected in previous studies. Bisphenol A and 2,4,7,9-tetramethyl-5-decyne-4,7-diol were found in untreated wastewaters, treated wastewater and in river water. Bisphenol A was present in river water downstream from where the paper industry discharges at a concentration that was reported to affect the reproduction of gastropods. Thus, our findings imply that paper industry discharges pose a risk to the populations of sensitive macroinvertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Dsikowitzky
- Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal, RWTH Aachen University, Lochnerstrasse 4-20, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Oxana Botalova
- Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal, RWTH Aachen University, Lochnerstrasse 4-20, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sarah Illgut
- Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal, RWTH Aachen University, Lochnerstrasse 4-20, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Sylwana Bosowski
- Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal, RWTH Aachen University, Lochnerstrasse 4-20, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Schwarzbauer
- Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal, RWTH Aachen University, Lochnerstrasse 4-20, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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Work plans to get out of the deadlock for the safety assurance of migration from food contact materials? A proposal. Food Control 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Tillner J, Grob K. Compliance work for food contact materials: feasibility of the legally required safety assessment of an epoxy/amine-based coating for domestic water pipe restoration. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1310-23. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.916421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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31
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Bengtström L, Trier X, Granby K, Rosenmai AK, Petersen JH. Fractionation of extracts from paper and board food contact materials forin vitroscreening of toxicity. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:1291-300. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.912357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography for determining the effect of electron beam treatment of polypropylene used for food packaging. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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33
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Castillo R, Biedermann M, Riquet AM, Grob K. Comprehensive on-line HPLC-GC for screening potential migrants from polypropylene into food: The effect of pulsed light decontamination as an example. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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