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Prieto-Blanco MC, Planas-Franco A, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, González-Castro MJ. Mixed-mode chromatography of mixed functionalized analytes as the homologues of benzalkonium chloride. Application to pharmaceutical formulations. Talanta 2023; 255:124228. [PMID: 36587429 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a retention behavior based on mixed-mode reversed-phase (RP)/hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) was observed for benzalkonium chloride (BAK) using a core-shell column functionalized with biphenyl groups. Although in the literature, the U-shaped retention was reported for polar compounds in mixed functionalized phases, in the present work, the behavior was dependent upon the chemical structure of the analyte with mixed functionality (ammonium group, a benzyl group and an alkyl chain) and on the high selectivity of the chromatographic column. The bimodal retention was observed for the four BAK homologues using a content of acetonitrile from 65 to 95% in the mobile phase. The data were adjusted to polynomial equations which allow for modeling and predicting the U-shaped retention. The salt concentration (50 and 100 mM), anion (formate and acetate) and cation (ammonium and triethylammonium) of the salt, pH (4 and 5) in the mobile phase were studied in order to understand their influence on the two retention modes. Significant electrostatic interactions were involved in the two retention modes, especially with a content of acetonitrile higher that 90%. Linear relationships between the retention factors of the four homologues were found in a wide range of %acetonitrile when the salt and triethylamine concentration, pH and nature of salt were changed. The differences found on the retention of the homologues, when increasing the alkyl chain length, were more significant in the RP mode due to predominant hydrophobic interactions. A pH decrease and a salt concentration increase caused a retention decrease for both modes. A decrease on of the retention was observed when acetate anion was replaced by formate anion. The different order of the polynomial equations according to the used mobile phase confirmed its relevant role in the interactions with the analytes and stationary phase. A mobile phase was selected (85% acetonitrile, pH 4 and 100 mM ammonium formate) for the BAK determination in cutaneous, otic and ophthalmic formulations with different active pharmaceutical ingredients and excipients. Low sample volume (500 μL) and short analysis time (<5 min) were some of the advantages of the proposed method. In addition, good analytical performance (R2 > 0.999, % RSD <4.5% for intra-day precision and <5.8% for inter-day precision, and recoveries in the 92-105% range) was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Carmen Prieto-Blanco
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo QANAP, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Zapateira, 15071, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Angela Planas-Franco
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo QANAP, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Zapateira, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo QANAP, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Zapateira, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - María José González-Castro
- Universidade da Coruña, Grupo QANAP, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Departamento de Química, Facultade de Ciencias, Zapateira, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
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Souihi A, Mohai MP, Palm E, Malm L, Kruve A. MultiConditionRT: Predicting liquid chromatography retention time for emerging contaminants for a wide range of eluent compositions and stationary phases. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1666:462867. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.462867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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den Uijl MJ, Schoenmakers PJ, Pirok BWJ, van Bommel MR. Recent applications of retention modelling in liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:88-114. [PMID: 33058527 PMCID: PMC7821232 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent applications of retention modelling in liquid chromatography (2015–2020) are comprehensively reviewed. The fundamentals of the field, which date back much longer, are summarized. Retention modeling is used in retention‐mechanism studies, for determining physical parameters, such as lipophilicity, and for various more‐practical purposes, including method development and optimization, method transfer, and stationary‐phase characterization and comparison. The review focusses on the effects of mobile‐phase composition on retention, but other variables and novel models to describe their effects are also considered. The five most‐common models are addressed in detail, i.e. the log‐linear (linear‐solvent‐strength) model, the quadratic model, the log–log (adsorption) model, the mixed‐mode model, and the Neue–Kuss model. Isocratic and gradient‐elution methods are considered for determining model parameters and the evaluation and validation of fitted models is discussed. Strategies in which retention models are applied for developing and optimizing one‐ and two‐dimensional liquid chromatographic separations are discussed. The review culminates in some overall conclusions and several concrete recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi J den Uijl
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten R van Bommel
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Humanities, Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Development of an LC-MS method for determination of nitrogen-containing heterocycles using mixed-mode liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:4921-4930. [PMID: 32458017 PMCID: PMC7334287 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02665-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
N-containing heterocycles (NCHs) are largely used as precursors for pharmaceuticals and can enter the environment. Some NCHs have been shown to be toxic, persistent, and very mobile in the environment. Thus, they have received increasing attention in the past years. However, the analysis of these polar compounds in environmental samples is still a challenge for liquid chromatography. This paper investigates the use of mixed-mode liquid chromatography (MMLC), which has reversed-phase and ion exchange characteristics for measurements of NCHs in water. NCHs with low pKa (i.e., < 2.5) display mainly reversed-phase interactions (neutral species) with the stationary phase and those with higher pKa (i.e., > 5) interact by a mixture of reversed-phase/ion exchange/HILIC mechanism. It was also shown that the presented method performs well in the quantification of the majority of the selected NCHs in surface water with MDLs between 3 and 6 μg/L, a low matrix effect and recoveries in the range of 77–96% except for pyridazine exhibiting 32% were achieved. The method was successfully employed to follow the degradation of NCHs in ozonation.
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Zisi C, Pappa-Louisi A, Nikitas P. Separation optimization in HPLC analysis implemented in R programming language. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1617:460823. [PMID: 31932085 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A complete package of functions in the R-language has been written for professional separation optimization of complex mixtures of ionized and/or non-ionized solutes. The package includes functions for (a) base-line correction of experimentally recorded chromatograms, (b) modeling of chromatographic peak shapes and retention data, (c) prediction of the retention time of the test analytes and/or their chromatograms, and (d) separation optimization under either isocratic or single and/or double gradient elution conditions by changing the organic modifier(s) content and/or eluent pH. The optimization functions presented in this study offer two different modes for selection of optimal separation conditions: automatic and manual mode. In the automatic mode, the optimal separation conditions are determined by maximizing the resolution within separation time preset by the analyst. In the manual mode, the optimal separation conditions are selected via scatter or contour plots. The foreknowledge of the precise dependence of resolution and separation time upon one or two retention parameters of interest, provided by the proposed computer-assisted separation optimization method, gives chromatographers a feel of confidence for the selection of the optimal conditions for a desired separation. An illustrative video given in the Supplementary material may encourage a novice practitioner in R (software) programming language to follow the proposed separation optimization procedure in a real HPLC analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ch Zisi
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - A Pappa-Louisi
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - P Nikitas
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Lee S, Kim HW, Han SM, Han SY, Kim B, Moon MH, Kim KH, Lee J. The Performance Investigation of Bimodal Cation Exchange/Hydrophilic Interaction Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry by Modifying Mobile Phase Composition in Amino Acid Separation. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seunghwa Lee
- Analytical Science and Technology Laboratory, Doping Control CenterKorea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 136‐791 South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural SciencesKorea University, 145 Anam‐ro, Seongbuk‐gu Seoul 02841 South Korea
| | - Hee Won Kim
- Analytical Science and Technology Laboratory, Doping Control CenterKorea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 136‐791 South Korea
- Department of ChemistryYonsei University, 50 Yonsei‐ro Seoul 03722 South Korea
| | - Sang Moon Han
- Analytical Science and Technology Laboratory, Doping Control CenterKorea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 136‐791 South Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Natural SciencesKorea University, 145 Anam‐ro, Seongbuk‐gu Seoul 02841 South Korea
| | - Sang Yun Han
- Department of NanochemistryGachon University Gyeonggi 13120 South Korea
| | - Byungjoo Kim
- Analytical Chemistry Center, Division of Metrology for Quality LifeKorea Research Institute of Standards and Science Daejeon 34113 South Korea
| | - Myeong Hee Moon
- Department of ChemistryYonsei University, 50 Yonsei‐ro Seoul 03722 South Korea
| | - Ki Hun Kim
- Analytical Science and Technology Laboratory, Doping Control CenterKorea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 136‐791 South Korea
| | - Jaeick Lee
- Analytical Science and Technology Laboratory, Doping Control CenterKorea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 136‐791 South Korea
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Taheri M, Bagheri M, Moazeni-Pourasil RS, Ghassempour A. Response surface methodology based on central composite design accompanied by multivariate curve resolution to model gradient hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography: Prediction of separation for five major opium alkaloids. J Sep Sci 2017; 40:3602-3611. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Taheri
- Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute; Shahid Beheshti University; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohsen Bagheri
- Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute; Shahid Beheshti University; Tehran Iran
| | | | - Alireza Ghassempour
- Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute; Shahid Beheshti University; Tehran Iran
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Montes R, Aguirre J, Vidal X, Rodil R, Cela R, Quintana JB. Screening for Polar Chemicals in Water by Trifunctional Mixed-Mode Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6250-6259. [PMID: 28457136 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of persistent and mobile organic contaminants (PMOC) in aquatic environments is a matter of high concern due to their capability of crossing through natural and anthropogenic barriers, even reaching drinking water. Most analytical methods rely on reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), which is quite limited for the detection of very polar chemicals. Thus, many of these PMOCs may have not been recognized as water pollutants yet, due to the lack of analytical methods capable to detect them. Mixed-mode LC (MMLC), providing the combination of RP and ion-exchange functionalities is explored in this work with a trifunctional column, combining RPLC, anion and cation exchange, which allows the simultaneous determination of analytes with extremely different properties. A nondiscriminant sample concentration step followed by a MMLC-high resolution mass spectrometry method was developed for a group of 37 very polar model chemicals with different acid/base functionalities. The overall method performance was satisfactory with a mean limit of detection of 50 ng/L, relative standard deviation lower than 20% and overall recoveries (including matrix effects) higher than 60% for 54% of model compounds. Then, the method was applied to 15 real water samples, by a suspect screening approach. For those detected PMOC with standard available, a preliminary estimation of concentrations was also performed. Thus, 22 compounds were unequivocally identified in a range of expected concentrations from 6 ng/L to 540 μg/L. Some of them are well-known PMOC, such as acesulfame, perfluorobutanoic acid or metformin, but other novel pollutants were also identified, as for example di-o-tolylguanidine or trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, which had not or were scarcely studied in water so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute of Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela . Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Josu Aguirre
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute of Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela . Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Xandro Vidal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute of Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela . Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute of Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela . Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute of Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela . Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA - Institute of Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela . Constantino Candeira S/N, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Sykora D, Vozka J, Tesarova E. Chromatographic methods enabling the characterization of stationary phases and retention prediction in high-performance liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2015; 39:115-31. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Sykora
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Chemistry and Technology; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Vozka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Chemistry and Technology; Prague Czech Republic
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
| | - Eva Tesarova
- Department of Physical and Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Charles University in Prague; Prague Czech Republic
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Zimmermann A, Horak J, Sánchez-Muñoz OL, Lämmerhofer M. Surface charge fine tuning of reversed-phase/weak anion-exchange type mixed-mode stationary phases for milder elution conditions. J Chromatogr A 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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