1
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Bos TS, Pirok BWJ, Karlson L, Schantz S, Dahlseid TA, Stoll DR, Somsen GW. Fingerprinting of hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose by comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of monomers resulting from acid hydrolysis. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1722:464874. [PMID: 38598893 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) is a type of cellulose derivative with properties that render it useful in e.g. food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industry. The substitution degree and composition of the β-glucose subunits of HPMC affect its physical and functional properties, but HPMC characterization is challenging due to its high structural heterogeneity, including many isomers. In this study, comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry was used to examine substituted glucose monomers originating from complete acid hydrolysis of HPMC. Resolution between the different monomers was achieved using a C18 and cyano column in the first and second LC dimension, respectively. The data analysis process was structured to obtain fingerprints of the monomers of interest. The results revealed that isomers of the respective monomers could be selectively separated based on the position of substituents. The examination of two industrial HPMC products revealed differences in overall monomer composition. While both products contained monomers with a similar degree of substitution, they exhibited distinct regioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijmen S Bos
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, HV, Amsterdam 1081, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands.
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, XH, Amsterdam 1098, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
| | - Leif Karlson
- Nouryon Chemicals, Zutphenseweg 10, AJ, Deventer 7418, the Netherlands
| | - Staffan Schantz
- Oral Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, SE-431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Tina A Dahlseid
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, Minnesota, 56082 United States
| | - Dwight R Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, Minnesota, 56082 United States
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, HV, Amsterdam 1081, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
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2
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Verduin J, Tutiš L, Becking AJ, Famili A, Zhang K, Pirok BWJ, Somsen GW. Characterization of Dye-Loaded Poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid) Nanoparticles by Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography Combining Hydrodynamic and Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2023; 95:18767-18775. [PMID: 38092659 PMCID: PMC10753526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Analytical methods for the assessment of drug-delivery systems (DDSs) are commonly suitable for characterizing individual DDS properties, but do not allow determination of several properties simultaneously. A comprehensive online two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC) system was developed that is aimed to be capable of characterizing both nanoparticle size and encapsulated cargo over the particle size distribution of a DDS by using one integrated method. Polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) with encapsulated hydrophobic dyes were used as model DDSs. Hydrodynamic chromatography (HDC) was used in the first dimension to separate the intact NPs and to determine the particle size distribution. Fractions from the first dimension were taken comprehensively and disassembled online by the addition of an organic solvent, thereby releasing the encapsulated cargo. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) was used as a second dimension to separate the released dyes. Conditions were optimized to ensure the complete disassembly of the NPs and the dissolution of the dyes during the solvent modulation step. Subsequently, stationary-phase-assisted modulation (SPAM) was applied for trapping and preconcentration of the analytes, thereby minimizing the risk of analyte precipitation or breakthrough. The developed HDC × RPLC method allows for the characterization of encapsulated cargo as a function of intact nanoparticle size and shows potential for the analysis of API stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshka Verduin
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular
and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre
of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Tutiš
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular
and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre
of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander J. Becking
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular
and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre
of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amin Famili
- Synthetic
Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech,
Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kelly Zhang
- Synthetic
Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech,
Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bob W. J. Pirok
- Centre
of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Analytical-Chemistry
Group, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Govert W. Somsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular
and Life Sciences (AIMMS), Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre
of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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van der Zon AAM, Verduin J, van den Hurk RS, Gargano AFG, Pirok BWJ. Sample transformation in online separations: how chemical conversion advances analytical technology. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 60:36-50. [PMID: 38053451 PMCID: PMC10729587 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03599a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
While the advent of modern analytical technology has allowed scientists to determine the complexity of mixtures, it also spurred the demand to understand these sophisticated mixtures better. Chemical transformation can be used to provide insights into properties of complex samples such as degradation pathways or molecular heterogeneity that are otherwise unaccessible. In this article, we explore how sample transformation is exploited across different application fields to empower analytical methods. Transformation mechanisms include molecular-weight reduction, controlled degradation, and derivatization. Both offline and online transformation methods have been explored. The covered studies show that sample transformation facilitates faster reactions (e.g. several hours to minutes), reduces sample complexity, unlocks new sample dimensions (e.g. functional groups), provides correlations between multiple sample dimensions, and improves detectability. The article highlights the state-of-the-art and future prospects, focusing in particular on the characterization of protein and nucleic-acid therapeutics, nanoparticles, synthetic polymers, and small molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika A M van der Zon
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joshka Verduin
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rick S van den Hurk
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea F G Gargano
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Centre of Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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4
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Milani NBL, van Gilst E, Pirok BWJ, Schoenmakers PJ. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography- A discussion on recent innovations. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300304. [PMID: 37654057 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Although comprehensive 2-D GC is an established and often applied analytical method, the field is still highly dynamic thanks to a remarkable number of innovations. In this review, we discuss a number of recent developments in comprehensive 2-D GC technology. A variety of modulation methods are still being actively investigated and many exciting improvements are discussed in this review. We also review interesting developments in detection methods, retention modeling, and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino B L Milani
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eric van Gilst
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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5
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Molenaar SRA, Bos TS, Boelrijk J, Dahlseid TA, Stoll DR, Pirok BWJ. Computer-driven optimization of complex gradients in comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1707:464306. [PMID: 37639847 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Method development in comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC) is a complicated endeavor. The dependency between the two dimensions and the possibility of incorporating complex gradient profiles, such as multi-segmented gradients or shifting gradients, renders method development by "trial-and-error" time-consuming and highly dependent on user experience. In this work, an open-source algorithm for the automated and interpretive method development of complex gradients in LC × LC-mass spectrometry (MS) was developed. A workflow was designed to operate within a closed-loop that allowed direct interaction between the LC × LC-MS system and a data-processing computer which ran in an unsupervised and automated fashion. Obtaining accurate retention models in LC × LC is difficult due to the challenges associated with the exact determination of retention times, curve fitting because of the use of gradient elution, and gradient deformation. Thus, retention models were compared in terms of repeatability of determination. Additionally, the design of shifting gradients in the second dimension and the prediction of peak widths were investigated. The algorithm was tested on separations of a tryptic digest of a monoclonal antibody using an objective function that included the sum of resolutions and analysis time as quality descriptors. The algorithm was able to improve the separation relative to a generic starting method using these complex gradient profiles after only four method-development iterations (i.e., sets of chromatographic conditions). Further iterations improved retention time and peak width predictions and thus the accuracy in the separations predicted by the algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stef R A Molenaar
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tijmen S Bos
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jim Boelrijk
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands; AMLab, Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; AI4Science Lab, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tina A Dahlseid
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, MN 56082, United States
| | - Dwight R Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, MN 56082, United States
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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6
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Molenaar SRA, Mommers JHM, Stoll DR, Ngxangxa S, de Villiers AJ, Schoenmakers PJ, Pirok BWJ. Algorithm for tracking peaks amongst numerous datasets in comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography to enhance data analysis and interpretation. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464223. [PMID: 37487299 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Analytical data processing often requires the comparison of data, i.e. finding similarities and differences within separations. In this context, a peak-tracking algorithm was developed to compare multiple datasets in one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) chromatography. Two application strategies were investigated: i) data processing where all chromatograms are produced in one sequence and processed simultaneously, and ii) method optimization where chromatograms are produced and processed cumulatively. The first strategy was tested on data from comprehensive 2D liquid chromatography and comprehensive 2D gas chromatography separations of academic and industrial samples of varying compound classes (monoclonal-antibody digest, wine volatiles, polymer granulate headspace, and mayonnaise). Peaks were tracked in up to 29 chromatograms at once, but this could be upscaled when necessary. However, the peak-tracking algorithm performed less accurate for trace analytes, since, peaks that are difficult to detect are also difficult to track. The second strategy was tested with 1D liquid chromatography separations, that were optimized using automated method-development. The strategy for method optimization was quicker to detect peaks that were still poorly separated in earlier chromatograms compared to assigning a target chromatogram, to which all other chromatograms are compared. Rendering it a useful tool for automated method optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stef R A Molenaar
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), The Netherlands.
| | | | - Dwight R Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, MN 56082, United States
| | - Sithandile Ngxangxa
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - André J de Villiers
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602, South Africa
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), The Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), The Netherlands
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7
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Niezen LE, Bos TS, Schoenmakers PJ, Somsen GW, Pirok BWJ. Capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection to account for system-induced gradient deformation in liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1271:341466. [PMID: 37328247 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The time required for method development in gradient-elution liquid chromatography (LC) may be reduced by using an empirical modelling approach to describe and predict analyte retention and peak width. However, prediction accuracy is impaired by system-induced gradient deformation, which can be especially prominent for steep gradients. As the deformation is unique to each LC instrument, it needs to be corrected for if retention modelling for optimization and method transfer is to become generally applicable. Such a correction requires knowledge of the actual gradient profile. The latter has been measured using capacitively coupled "contactless" conductivity detection (C4D), featuring a low detection volume (approximately 0.05 μL) and compatibility with very high pressures (80 MPa or more). Several different solvent gradients, from water to acetonitrile, water to methanol, and acetonitrile to tetrahydrofuran, could be measured directly without the addition of a tracer component to the mobile phase, exemplifying the universal nature of the approach. Gradient profiles were found to be unique for each solvent combination, flowrate, and gradient duration. The profiles could be described by convoluting the programmed gradient with a weighted sum of two distribution functions. Knowledge of the exact profiles was used to improve the inter-system transferability of retention models for toluene, anthracene, phenol, emodin, sudan-I and several polystyrene standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon E Niezen
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
| | - Tijmen S Bos
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands; Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands; Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands.
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8
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van Herwerden D, O’Brien JW, Lege S, Pirok BWJ, Thomas KV, Samanipour S. Cumulative Neutral Loss Model for Fragment Deconvolution in Electrospray Ionization High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Data. Anal Chem 2023; 95:12247-12255. [PMID: 37549176 PMCID: PMC10448439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Clean high-resolution mass spectra (HRMS) are essential to a successful structural elucidation of an unknown feature during nontarget analysis (NTA) workflows. This is a crucial step, particularly for the spectra generated during data-independent acquisition or during direct infusion experiments. The most commonly available tools only take advantage of the time domain for spectral cleanup. Here, we present an algorithm that combines the time domain and mass domain information to perform spectral deconvolution. The algorithm employs a probability-based cumulative neutral loss (CNL) model for fragment deconvolution. The optimized model, with a mass tolerance of 0.005 Da and a scoreCNL threshold of 0.00, was able to achieve a true positive rate (TPr) of 95.0%, a false discovery rate (FDr) of 20.6%, and a reduction rate of 35.4%. Additionally, the CNL model was extensively tested on real samples containing predominantly pesticides at different concentration levels and with matrix effects. Overall, the model was able to obtain a TPr above 88.8% with FD rates between 33 and 79% and reduction rates between 9 and 45%. Finally, the CNL model was compared with the retention time difference method and peak shape correlation analysis, showing that a combination of correlation analysis and the CNL model was the most effective for fragment deconvolution, obtaining a TPr of 84.7%, an FDr of 54.4%, and a reduction rate of 51.0%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denice van Herwerden
- Van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1012 WX, The Netherlands
| | - Jake W. O’Brien
- Van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1012 WX, The Netherlands
- Queensland
Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Sascha Lege
- Agilent
Technologies Deutschland GmbH, Waldbronn 76337, Germany
| | - Bob W. J. Pirok
- Van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1012 WX, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin V. Thomas
- Queensland
Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Saer Samanipour
- Van
’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1012 WX, The Netherlands
- Queensland
Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia
- UvA
Data Science Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1012 WP, The Netherlands
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9
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Niezen LE, Kruijswijk JD, van Henten GB, Pirok BWJ, Staal BBP, Radke W, Philipsen HJA, Somsen GW, Schoenmakers PJ. Principles and potential of solvent gradient size-exclusion chromatography for polymer analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1253:341041. [PMID: 36965990 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The properties of a polymeric material are influenced by its underlying molecular distributions, including the molecular-weight (MWD), chemical-composition (CCD), and/or block-length (BLD) distributions. Gradient-elution liquid chromatography (LC) is commonly used to determine the CCD. Due to the limited solubility of polymers, samples are often dissolved in strong solvents. Upon injection of the sample, such solvents may lead to broadened or poorly shaped peaks and, in unfavourable cases, to "breakthrough" phenomena, where a part of the sample travels through the column unretained. To remedy this, a technique called size-exclusion-chromatography gradients or gradient size-exclusion chromatography (gSEC) was developed in 2011. In this work, we aim to further explore the potential of gSEC for the analysis of the CCD, also in comparison with conventional gradient-elution reversed-phase LC, which in this work corresponded to gradient-elution reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). The influence of the mobile-phase composition, the pore size of the stationary-phase particles, and the column temperature were investigated. The separation of five styrene/ethyl acrylate copolymers was studied with one-dimensional RPLC and gSEC. RPLC was shown to lead to a more-accurate CCD in shorter analysis time. The separation of five styrene/methyl methacrylate copolymers was also explored using comprehensive two-dimensional (2D) LC involving gSEC, i.e. SEC × gSEC and SEC × RPLC. In 2D-LC, the use of gSEC was especially advantageous as no breakthrough could occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon E Niezen
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands.
| | - Jordy D Kruijswijk
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands; Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gerben B van Henten
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
| | | | - Wolfgang Radke
- PSS Polymer Standards Service, In der Dalheimer Wiese 5, 55120, Mainz, Germany
| | - Harry J A Philipsen
- DSM Engineering Materials, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD, Geleen, the Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands; Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
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10
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Knol WC, de Vries QL, Brooijmans T, Gruendling T, Pirok BWJ, Peters RAH. Hyphenation of liquid chromatography and pyrolysis-flame ionization detection/mass spectrometry for polymer quantification and characterization. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1257:341157. [PMID: 37062568 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) hyphenated to pyrolysis-gas chromatography (Py-GC) has been demonstrated as a powerful tool in polymer analysis. A main limitation to the wider application of the method are the long second-dimension Py-GC analysis times, resulting in limited first-dimension sampling and/or long overall run times. Therefore, we set out to develop an online hyphenated SEC×Py-MS/FID method, removing the GC separation and allowing for a drastically reduced second-dimension analysis time compared to SEC-Py-GC. The pyrolysis method had a cycle time of 1.31 min, which was facilitated by liquid nitrogen cooling of the programmable temperature vaporizer (PTV) used for pyrolysis. The developed method featured no molar mass discrimination for masses above ±1.3 kDa, rendering it applicable to most commercial polymer systems. The method was demonstrated on multiple samples, including a complex industrial sample, yielding chemical composition heterogeneity and in some cases sequence heterogeneity information over the molar mass distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter C Knol
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Quincy L de Vries
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ton Brooijmans
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Covestro, Group Innovation, Sluisweg 12, Waalwijk, the Netherlands
| | - Till Gruendling
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A H Peters
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Covestro, Group Innovation, Sluisweg 12, Waalwijk, the Netherlands
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11
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Boelrijk J, Ensing B, Forré P, Pirok BWJ. Closed-loop automatic gradient design for liquid chromatography using Bayesian optimization. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1242:340789. [PMID: 36657888 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.340789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Contemporary complex samples require sophisticated methods for full analysis. This work describes the development of a Bayesian optimization algorithm for automated and unsupervised development of gradient programs. The algorithm was tailored to LC using a Gaussian process model with a novel covariance kernel. To facilitate unsupervised learning, the algorithm was designed to interface directly with the chromatographic system. Single-objective and multi-objective Bayesian optimization strategies were investigated for the separation of two complex (n>18, and n>80) dye mixtures. Both approaches found satisfactory optima in under 35 measurements. The multi-objective strategy was found to be powerful and flexible in terms of exploring the Pareto front. The performance difference between the single-objective and multi-objective strategy was further investigated using a retention modeling example. One additional advantage of the multi-objective approach was that it allows for a trade-off to be made between multiple objectives without prior knowledge. In general, the Bayesian optimization strategy was found to be particularly suitable, but not limited to, cases where retention modelling is not possible, although its scalability might be limited in terms of the number of parameters that can be simultaneously optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Boelrijk
- AI4Science Lab, Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, the Netherlands; AMLab, Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, the Netherlands.
| | - Bernd Ensing
- AI4Science Lab, Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, the Netherlands; Computational Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick Forré
- AI4Science Lab, Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, the Netherlands; AMLab, Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, the Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- AI4Science Lab, Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, the Netherlands; Analytical Chemistry Group, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, the Netherlands.
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12
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Bos TS, Desport JS, Buijtenhuijs A, Purmova J, Karlson L, Pirok BWJ, Schoenmakers PJ, Somsen GW. Composition mapping of highly substituted cellulose-ether monomers by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and probability-based data deconvolution. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1689:463758. [PMID: 36592481 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose ethers (CEs) are semi-synthetic polymers produced by derivatization of natural cellulose, yielding highly substituted products such as ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (EHEC) or methyl ethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose (MEHEC). CEs are commonly applied as pharmaceutical excipients and thickening agents in paints and drymix mortars. CE properties, such as high viscosity in solution, solubility, and bio-stability are of high interest to achieve required product qualities, which may be strongly affected by the substitution pattern obtained after derivatization. The average and molar degree of substitution often cannot explain functional differences observed among CE batches, and more in-depth analysis is needed. In this work, a new method was developed for the comprehensive mapping of the substitution degree and composition of β-glucose monomers of CE samples. To this end, CEs were acid-hydrolyzed and then analyzed by gradient reversed-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) using an acid-stable LC column and time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer. LC-MS provided monomer resolution based on ethylene oxide, hydroxyl, and terminating methyl/ethyl content, allowing the assignment of detailed compositional distributions. An essential further distinction of constitutional isomer distributions was achieved using an in-house developed probability-based deconvolution algorithm. Aided by differential heat maps for visualization and straightforward interpretation of the measured LC-MS data, compositional variation between bio-stable and non-bio-stable CEs could be identified using this new approach. Moreover, it disclosed unexpected methylations in EHEC samples. Overall, the obtained molecular information on relevant CE samples demonstrated the method's potential for the study of CE structure-property relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijmen S Bos
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands.
| | - Jessica S Desport
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
| | - Ab Buijtenhuijs
- Nouryon Chemicals, Zutphenseweg 10, Deventer 7418 AJ, the Netherlands
| | - Jindra Purmova
- Nouryon Chemicals, Zutphenseweg 10, Deventer 7418 AJ, the Netherlands
| | - Leif Karlson
- Nouryon Chemicals, Zutphenseweg 10, Deventer 7418 AJ, the Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
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13
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den Uijl MJ, Bagdonaite I, Schoenmakers PJ, Pirok BWJ, van Bommel MR. Incorporating a liquid-core-waveguide cell in recycling liquid chromatography for detailed studies of photodegradation reactions. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1688:463723. [PMID: 36549144 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a microfluidic photoreactor was embedded in a recycling liquid-chromatography system. Mixtures were separated on an analytical column and compounds of interest were subsequently introduced into the light-reactor cell. After degradation, the content of the light-reactor cell was reinjected onto the same column to separate the parent compound from its degradation products. A separated degradation product could be re-introduced into the photoreactor and irradiated again. The next generation of degradation products could again be separated on the same analytical column. This recycling procedure proved an excellent tool to elucidate degradation pathways. This was demonstrated using riboflavin, better known as vitamin B2. By degrading it in the first cycle, degradation products were isolated and subjected to a second degradation in the light-reactor cell. This allows pinpointing secondary products and connect these with primary degradation products. Compared to previous work, this configuration is simpler, cheaper, and more user-friendly, while offering the unique possibility to easily connect degradation products to the initial compounds in a mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi J den Uijl
- University of Amsterdam, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), The Netherlands.
| | - Ingrida Bagdonaite
- University of Amsterdam, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- University of Amsterdam, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), The Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- University of Amsterdam, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), The Netherlands
| | - Maarten R van Bommel
- University of Amsterdam, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), The Netherlands; University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam School for Heritage, Memory and Material Culture, Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage, P.O. Box 94552, 1090 GN, Amsterdam
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14
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Bos TS, Boelrijk J, Molenaar SRA, van ’t Veer B, Niezen LE, van Herwerden D, Samanipour S, Stoll DR, Forré P, Ensing B, Somsen GW, Pirok BWJ. Chemometric Strategies for Fully Automated Interpretive Method Development in Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2022; 94:16060-16068. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tijmen S. Bos
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HVAmsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Science Park 904, 1098XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jim Boelrijk
- AMLab, Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Science Park 904, 1098XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands
- AI4Science Lab, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stef R. A. Molenaar
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Science Park 904, 1098XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brian van ’t Veer
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Science Park 904, 1098XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leon E. Niezen
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Science Park 904, 1098XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Denice van Herwerden
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Science Park 904, 1098XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saer Samanipour
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Science Park 904, 1098XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dwight R. Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, 56082Minnesota, United States
| | - Patrick Forré
- AMLab, Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands
- AI4Science Lab, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernd Ensing
- AI4Science Lab, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands
- Computational Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Govert W. Somsen
- Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HVAmsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Science Park 904, 1098XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob W. J. Pirok
- Analytical Chemistry Group, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Science Park 904, 1098XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands
- AI4Science Lab, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098XHAmsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, 56082Minnesota, United States
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15
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den Uijl MJ, van der Wijst YJHL, Groeneveld I, Schoenmakers PJ, Pirok BWJ, van Bommel MR. Combining Photodegradation in a Liquid-Core-Waveguide Cell with Multiple-Heart-Cut Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2022; 94:11055-11061. [PMID: 35905498 PMCID: PMC9366730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Photodegradation greatly affects everyday life. It poses
challenges
when food deteriorates or when objects of cultural heritage fade,
but it can also create opportunities applied in advanced oxidation
processes in water purification. Studying photodegradation, however,
can be difficult because of the time needed for degradation, the inaccessibility
of pure compounds, and the need to handle samples manually. A novel
light-exposure cell, based on liquid-core-waveguide (LCW) technology,
was embedded in a multiple-heart-cut two-dimensional liquid chromatography
system by coupling the LCW cell to the multiple-heart-cut valve. The
sample was flushed from the heart-cut loops into the cell by an isocratic
pump. Samples were then irradiated using different time intervals
and subsequently transferred by the same isocratic pump to a second-dimension
sample loop. The mixture containing the transformation products was
then subjected to the second-dimension separation. In the current
setup, about 30–40% of the selected fraction was transferred.
Multiple degradation products could be monitored. Degradation was
found to be faster when a smaller sample amount was introduced (0.3
μg as compared to 1.5 μg). The system was tested with
three applications, that is, fuchsin, a 19th-century synthetic organic
colorant, annatto, a lipophilic food dye, and vitamin B complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi J den Uijl
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yorn J H L van der Wijst
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Groeneveld
- Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam Institute for Molecular and Life Sciences, Division of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081HZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten R van Bommel
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Amsterdam School for Heritage, Memory and Material Culture, Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94552, 1090 GN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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16
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Stoll DR, Kainz G, Dahlseid TA, Kempen TJ, Brau T, Pirok BWJ. An approach to high throughput measurement of accurate retention data in liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1678:463350. [PMID: 35896047 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to model and simulate various aspects of liquid chromatography (LC) separations (e.g., retention, selectivity, peak capacity, injection breakthrough) depend on experimental retention measurements to use as the basis for the models and simulations. Often these modeling and simulation efforts are limited by datasets that are too small because of the cost (time and money) associated with making the measurements. Other groups have demonstrated improvements in throughput of LC separations by focusing on "overhead" associated with the instrument itself - for example, between-analysis software processing time, and autosampler motions. In this paper we explore the possibility of using columns with small volumes (i.e., 5 mm x 2.1 mm i.d.) compared to conventional columns (e.g., 100 mm x 2.1 mm i.d.) that are typically used for retention measurements. We find that isocratic retention factors calculated for columns with these dimensions are different by about 20%; we attribute this difference - which we interpret as an error in measurements based on data from the 5 mm column - to extra-column volume associated with inlet and outlet frits. Since retention factor is a thermodynamic property of the mobile/stationary phase system under study, it should be independent of the dimensions of the column that is used for the measurement. We propose using ratios of retention factors (i.e., selectivities) to translate retention measurements between columns of different dimensions, so that measurements made using small columns can be used to make predictions for separations that involve conventional columns. We find that this approach reduces the difference in retention factors (5 mm compared to 100 mm columns) from an average of 18% to an average absolute difference of 1.7% (all errors less than 8%). This approach will significantly increase the rate at which high quality retention data can be collected to thousands of measurements per instrument per day, which in turn will likely have a profound impact on the quality of models and simulations that can be developed for many aspects of LC separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight R Stoll
- Gustavus Adolphus College, 800W College Ave, St. Peter, MN 56082, USA.
| | - Gudrun Kainz
- Gustavus Adolphus College, 800W College Ave, St. Peter, MN 56082, USA
| | - Tina A Dahlseid
- Gustavus Adolphus College, 800W College Ave, St. Peter, MN 56082, USA
| | - Trevor J Kempen
- Gustavus Adolphus College, 800W College Ave, St. Peter, MN 56082, USA
| | - Tyler Brau
- Gustavus Adolphus College, 800W College Ave, St. Peter, MN 56082, USA
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Gustavus Adolphus College, 800W College Ave, St. Peter, MN 56082, USA; University of Amsterdam, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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17
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Molenaar SRA, van de Put B, Desport JS, Samanipour S, Peters RAH, Pirok BWJ. Automated Feature Mining for Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography Applied to Polymers Enabled by Mass Remainder Analysis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:5599-5607. [PMID: 35343683 PMCID: PMC9008690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A fast algorithm
for automated feature mining of synthetic (industrial)
homopolymers or perfectly alternating copolymers was developed. Comprehensive
two-dimensional liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry data
(LC × LC–MS) was utilized, undergoing four distinct parts
within the algorithm. Initially, the data is reduced by selecting
regions of interest within the data. Then, all regions of interest
are clustered on the time and mass-to-charge domain to obtain isotopic
distributions. Afterward, single-value clusters and background signals
are removed from the data structure. In the second part of the algorithm,
the isotopic distributions are employed to define the charge state
of the polymeric units and the charge-state reduced masses of the
units are calculated. In the third part, the mass of the repeating
unit (i.e., the monomer) is automatically selected
by comparing all mass differences within the data structure. Using
the mass of the repeating unit, mass remainder analysis can be performed
on the data. This results in groups sharing the same end-group compositions.
Lastly, combining information from the clustering step in the first
part and the mass remainder analysis results in the creation of compositional
series, which are mapped on the chromatogram. Series with similar
chromatographic behavior are separated in the mass-remainder domain,
whereas series with an overlapping mass remainder are separated in
the chromatographic domain. These series were extracted within a calculation
time of 3 min. The false positives were then assessed within a reasonable
time. The algorithm is verified with LC × LC–MS data of
an industrial hexahydrophthalic anhydride-derivatized propylene glycol-terephthalic
acid copolyester. Afterward, a chemical structure proposal has been
made for each compositional series found within the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stef R A Molenaar
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bram van de Put
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,TI-COAST, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica S Desport
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saer Samanipour
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A H Peters
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Covestro, Group Innovation, Physics and Material Science, Waalwijk 5145 PE, The Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Samanipour S, Choi P, O'Brien JW, Pirok BWJ, Reid MJ, Thomas KV. From Centroided to Profile Mode: Machine Learning for Prediction of Peak Width in HRMS Data. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16562-16570. [PMID: 34843646 PMCID: PMC8674881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Centroiding is one of the major approaches used for size reduction of the data generated by high-resolution mass spectrometry. During centroiding, performed either during acquisition or as a pre-processing step, the mass profiles are represented by a single value (i.e., the centroid). While being effective in reducing the data size, centroiding also reduces the level of information density present in the mass peak profile. Moreover, each step of the centroiding process and their consequences on the final results may not be completely clear. Here, we present Cent2Prof, a package containing two algorithms that enables the conversion of the centroided data to mass peak profile data and vice versa. The centroiding algorithm uses the resolution-based mass peak width parameter as the first guess and self-adjusts to fit the data. In addition to the m/z values, the centroiding algorithm also generates the measured mass peak widths at half-height, which can be used during the feature detection and identification. The mass peak profile prediction algorithm employs a random-forest model for the prediction of mass peak widths, which is consequently used for mass profile reconstruction. The centroiding results were compared to the outputs of the MZmine-implemented centroiding algorithm. Our algorithm resulted in rates of false detection ≤5% while the MZmine algorithm resulted in 30% rate of false positive and 3% rate of false negative. The error in profile prediction was ≤56% independent of the mass, ionization mode, and intensity, which was 6 times more accurate than the resolution-based estimated values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saer Samanipour
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands.,Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.,Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, Oslo 0579, Norway
| | - Phil Choi
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia.,Water Unit, Health Protection Branch, Prevention Division, Queensland Department of Health, Brisbane, Queensland 4000, Australia
| | - Jake W O'Brien
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Malcolm J Reid
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, Oslo 0579, Norway
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
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19
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Niezen LE, Staal BBP, Lang C, Pirok BWJ, Schoenmakers PJ. Thermal modulation to enhance two-dimensional liquid chromatography separations of polymers. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1653:462429. [PMID: 34371364 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Many materials used in a wide range of fields consist of polymers that feature great structural complexity. One particularly suitable technique for characterising these complex polymers, that often feature correlated distributions in e.g. microstructure, chemical composition, or molecular weight, is comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC). For example, using a combination of reversed-phase LC and size-exclusion chromatography (RPLC × SEC). Efficient and sensitive LC × LC often requires focusing of the analytes between the two stages. For the analysis of large-molecule analytes, such as synthetic polymers, thermal modulation (or cold trapping) may be feasible. This approach is studied for the analysis of a styrene/butadiene "star" block copolymer. Trapping efficiency is evaluated qualitatively by monitoring the effluent of the trap with an evaporative light-scattering detector and quantitatively by determining the recovery of polystyrene standards from RPLC × SEC experiments. The recovery was dependant on the molecular weight and the temperatures of the first-dimension column and of the trap, and ranged from 46% for a molecular weight of 2.78 kDa to 86% (or up to 94.5% using an optimized set-up) for a molecular weight of 29.15 kDa, all at a first-dimension-column temperature of 80 °C and a trap temperature of 5 °C. Additionally a strategy to reduce the pressure pulse from the modulation has been developed, bringing it down from several tens of bars to only a few bar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon E Niezen
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, the Netherland; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherland.
| | | | - Christiane Lang
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Strasse 38, Ludwigshafen am Rhein 67056, Germany
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, the Netherland; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherland
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam 1098 XH, the Netherland; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherland
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20
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Molenaar SRA, Dahlseid TA, Leme GM, Stoll DR, Schoenmakers PJ, Pirok BWJ. Peak-tracking algorithm for use in comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography - Application to monoclonal-antibody peptides. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1639:461922. [PMID: 33540183 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.461922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A peak-tracking algorithm was developed for use in comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Chromatographic peaks were tracked across two different chromatograms, utilizing the available spectral information, the statistical moments of the peaks and the relative retention times in both dimensions. The algorithm consists of three branches. In the pre-processing branch, system peaks are removed based on mass spectra compared to low intensity regions and search windows are applied, relative to the retention times in each dimension, to reduce the required computational power by elimination unlikely pairs. In the comparison branch, similarity between the spectral information and statistical moments of peaks within the search windows is calculated. Lastly, in the evaluation branch extracted-ion-current chromatograms are utilized to assess the validity of the pairing results. The algorithm was applied to peptide retention data recorded under varying chromatographic conditions for use in retention modelling as part of method optimization tools. Moreover, the algorithm was applied to complex peptide mixtures obtained from enzymatic digestion of monoclonal antibodies. The algorithm yielded no false positives. However, due to limitations in the peak-detection algorithm, cross-pairing within the same peaks occurred and six trace compounds remained falsely unpaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stef R A Molenaar
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands.
| | - Tina A Dahlseid
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, MN 56082, United States
| | - Gabriel M Leme
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, MN 56082, United States
| | - Dwight R Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, MN 56082, United States
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), the Netherlands
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21
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den Uijl MJ, Schoenmakers PJ, Schulte GK, Stoll DR, van Bommel MR, Pirok BWJ. Measuring and using scanning-gradient data for use in method optimization for liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1636:461780. [PMID: 33360860 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of scanning gradients can significantly reduce method-development time in reversed-phase liquid chromatography. However, there is no consensus on how they can best be used. In the present work we set out to systematically investigate various factors and to formulate guidelines. Scanning gradients are used to establish retention models for individual analytes. Different retention models were compared by computing the Akaike information criterion and the prediction accuracy. The measurement uncertainty was found to influence the optimum choice of model. The use of a third parameter to account for non-linear relationships was consistently found not to be statistically significant. The duration (slope) of the scanning gradients was not found to influence the accuracy of prediction. The prediction error may be reduced by repeating scanning experiments or - preferably - by reducing the measurement uncertainty. It is commonly assumed that the gradient-slope factor, i.e. the ratio between slopes of the fastest and the slowest scanning gradients, should be at least three. However, in the present work we found this factor less important than the proximity of the slope of the predicted gradient to that of the scanning gradients. Also, interpolation to a slope between that of the fastest and the slowest scanning gradient is preferable to extrapolation. For comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LC × LC) our results suggest that data obtained from fast second-dimension gradients cannot be used to predict retention in much slower first-dimension gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi J den Uijl
- University of Amsterdam, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), The Netherlands.
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- University of Amsterdam, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), The Netherlands
| | - Grace K Schulte
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, Minnesota 56082, USA
| | - Dwight R Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, Minnesota 56082, USA
| | - Maarten R van Bommel
- University of Amsterdam, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), The Netherlands; University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam School for Heritage, Memory and Material Culture, Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage, Johannes Vermeerplein 1, 1071 DV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- University of Amsterdam, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), The Netherlands; Department of Chemistry, Gustavus Adolphus College, Saint Peter, Minnesota 56082, USA
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22
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den Uijl MJ, Schoenmakers PJ, Pirok BWJ, van Bommel MR. Recent applications of retention modelling in liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:88-114. [PMID: 33058527 PMCID: PMC7821232 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent applications of retention modelling in liquid chromatography (2015–2020) are comprehensively reviewed. The fundamentals of the field, which date back much longer, are summarized. Retention modeling is used in retention‐mechanism studies, for determining physical parameters, such as lipophilicity, and for various more‐practical purposes, including method development and optimization, method transfer, and stationary‐phase characterization and comparison. The review focusses on the effects of mobile‐phase composition on retention, but other variables and novel models to describe their effects are also considered. The five most‐common models are addressed in detail, i.e. the log‐linear (linear‐solvent‐strength) model, the quadratic model, the log–log (adsorption) model, the mixed‐mode model, and the Neue–Kuss model. Isocratic and gradient‐elution methods are considered for determining model parameters and the evaluation and validation of fitted models is discussed. Strategies in which retention models are applied for developing and optimizing one‐ and two‐dimensional liquid chromatographic separations are discussed. The review culminates in some overall conclusions and several concrete recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mimi J den Uijl
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten R van Bommel
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam (CASA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,University of Amsterdam, Faculty of Humanities, Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Knol WC, Pirok BWJ, Peters RAH. Detection challenges in quantitative polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:63-87. [PMID: 32935906 PMCID: PMC7821191 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Accurate quantification of polymer distributions is one of the main challenges in polymer analysis by liquid chromatography. The response of contemporary detectors is typically influenced by compositional features such as molecular weight, chain composition, end groups, and branching. This renders the accurate quantification of complex polymers of which there are no standards available, extremely challenging. Moreover, any (programmed) change in mobile-phase composition may further limit the applicability of detection techniques. Current methods often rely on refractive index detection, which is not accurate when dealing with complex samples as the refractive-index increment is often unknown. We review current and emerging detection methods in liquid chromatography with the aim of identifying detectors, which can be applied to the quantitative analysis of complex polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter C Knol
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A H Peters
- Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Analytical Sciences Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,DSM Resins & Functional Materials, Analytical Technology Centre, Waalwijk, The Netherlands
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24
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Abstract
Two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) formats have emerged to help address separation problems that are too complex for conventional one-dimensional LC. There are a number of obstacles to the proliferation of 2D-LC that are gradually being removed. Reliable commercial instrumentation has become available and data analysis software is being improved. Detector-sensitivity and phase-system compatibility issues can largely be solved by using active-modulation strategies. The remaining challenge, developing good and fast 2D-LC methods within a reasonable time, may be solved with smart algorithms. The technology platform that has been developed for 2D-LC also creates a number of other possibilities. Between the two separation stages, all kinds of physical (e.g. dissolution) or chemical (e.g. enzymatic or light-induced degradation) processes can be made to take place, allowing a wide variety of experiments to be performed within a single, efficient and automated analysis. All these developments are discussed in this paper and a number of critical issues are identified. A practical example, the characterization of polysorbates by high-resolution comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography in combination with high-resolution mass spectrometry, is described as a culmination of recent developments in 2D-LC and as an illustration of the current state of the art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino Groeneveld
- University of Amsterdam, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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25
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Brooijmans T, Okhuijsen RA, Oerlemans GMM, Pirok BWJ, Schoenmakers PJ, Peters RAH. Heterogeneity analysis of polymeric carboxylic acid functionality by selective derivatization followed by size exclusion chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1072:87-94. [PMID: 31146869 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Waterborne polymers are increasingly applied in our society, replacing traditional solvent-borne coatings and thus reducing environmental impact of coatings. The majority of waterborne dispersions are stabilized by the incorporation of neutralizable carboxylic acid functionality. The characterization of synthetic waterborne polymer systems can be performed by a wide variety of chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. However, none of these approaches is able to determine the acid functionality distribution over the molecular-weight distribution directly. In this research, an innovative approach is developed which enables this analysis. The approach is based on the specific and complete derivatization of carboxylic acid functionality with phenacylbromide. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) analysis of the derivatized polymers is performed followed by ultraviolet- (UV) and refractive index (RI) detection, enabling the quantitative determination of the acid content per molecular weight fraction. The applicability of the developed protocol is shown for various polymer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Brooijmans
- DSM Coating Resins, Analytical Technology Centre, Waalwijk, the Netherlands.
| | - R A Okhuijsen
- DSM Coating Resins, Analytical Technology Centre, Waalwijk, the Netherlands
| | - G M M Oerlemans
- DSM Coating Resins, Analytical Technology Centre, Waalwijk, the Netherlands
| | - B W J Pirok
- University of Amsterdam, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P J Schoenmakers
- University of Amsterdam, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R A H Peters
- DSM Coating Resins, Analytical Technology Centre, Waalwijk, the Netherlands; University of Amsterdam, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science (HIMS), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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26
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Pirok BWJ, den Uijl MJ, Moro G, Berbers SVJ, Croes CJM, van Bommel MR, Schoenmakers PJ. Characterization of Dye Extracts from Historical Cultural-Heritage Objects Using State-of-the-Art Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry with Active Modulation and Optimized Shifting Gradients. Anal Chem 2019; 91:3062-3069. [PMID: 30650969 PMCID: PMC6383186 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Unbiased characterization
of dyes and their degradation products
in cultural-heritage objects requires an analytical method which provides
universal separation power regardless of dye classes. Dyes are small
molecules that vary widely in chemical structure and properties, which
renders their characterization by a single method challenging. We
have developed a comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography
method hyphenated with mass spectrometry and UV–vis detection.
We use stationary-phase-assisted modulation to enhance the method
in terms of detection limits and solvent compatibility and to reduce
the analysis time. The PIOTR program was used to optimize an assembly
of shifting second-dimension gradients, which resulted in a high degree
of orthogonality (80% in terms of the asterisk concept). The resulting
method is universally applicable to all classes of dyes extracted
from cultural-heritage objects. Thanks to the high peak capacity and
orthogonality, dye components can be separated from chemically similar
impurities and degradation products, providing a detailed fingerprint
of the dyes mixture in a specific sample. The method was applied to
a number of challenging dye extracts from 17th- and 19th-century cultural-heritage
objects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob W J Pirok
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,TI-COAST , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Mimi J den Uijl
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Giacomo Moro
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Sanne V J Berbers
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte J M Croes
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Maarten R van Bommel
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH , Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,Faculty of Humanities, Conservation, and Restoration of Cultural Heritage , University of Amsterdam , Johannes Vermeerplein 1 , 1071 DV , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH , Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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27
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Pirok BWJ, Molenaar SRA, Roca LS, Schoenmakers PJ. Peak-Tracking Algorithm for Use in Automated Interpretive Method-Development Tools in Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2018; 90:14011-14019. [PMID: 30396266 PMCID: PMC6282104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b03929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A peak-tracking algorithm
for chromatograms recorded using liquid
chromatography and mass spectrometry was developed. Peaks are tracked
across chromatograms using the spectrometric information, the statistical
moments of the chromatographic peaks, and the relative retention.
The algorithm can be applied to pair chromatographic peaks in two
very different chromatograms, obtained for different samples using
different methods. A fast version of the algorithm was specifically
tailored to process chromatograms obtained during method development
or optimization, where a few similar mobile-phase-composition gradients
(same eluent components, but different ranges and programming rates)
are applied to the same sample for the purpose of obtaining model
parameters to describe the retention of sample components. Due to
the relative similarity between chromatograms, time-saving preselection
protocols can be used to locate a candidate peak in another chromatogram.
The algorithm was applied to two different samples featuring isomers.
The automatically tracked peaks and the resulting retention parameters
generally yielded prediction errors of less than 1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob W J Pirok
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,TI-COAST , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Stef R A Molenaar
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Liana S Roca
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical Chemistry Group , University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob W J Pirok
- University of Amsterdam , van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,TI-COAST , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Dwight R Stoll
- Department of Chemistry , Gustavus Adolphus College , Saint Peter , Minnesota 56082 , United States
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- University of Amsterdam , van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Analytical-Chemistry Group , Science Park 904 , 1098 XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands
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29
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Pirok BWJ, Gargano AFG, Schoenmakers PJ. Optimizing separations in online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:68-98. [PMID: 29027363 PMCID: PMC5814945 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Online comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography has become an attractive option for the analysis of complex nonvolatile samples found in various fields (e.g. environmental studies, food, life, and polymer sciences). Two-dimensional liquid chromatography complements the highly popular hyphenated systems that combine liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Two-dimensional liquid chromatography is also applied to the analysis of samples that are not compatible with mass spectrometry (e.g. high-molecular-weight polymers), providing important information on the distribution of the sample components along chemical dimensions (molecular weight, charge, lipophilicity, stereochemistry, etc.). Also, in comparison with conventional one-dimensional liquid chromatography, two-dimensional liquid chromatography provides a greater separation power (peak capacity). Because of the additional selectivity and higher peak capacity, the combination of two-dimensional liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry allows for simpler mixtures of compounds to be introduced in the ion source at any given time, improving quantitative analysis by reducing matrix effects. In this review, we summarize the rationale and principles of two-dimensional liquid chromatography experiments, describe advantages and disadvantages of combining different selectivities and discuss strategies to improve the quality of two-dimensional liquid chromatography separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob W J Pirok
- University of Amsterdam, Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,TI-COAST, Science Park, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea F G Gargano
- University of Amsterdam, Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- University of Amsterdam, Analytical-Chemistry Group, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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30
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Pirok BWJ, Abdulhussain N, Aalbers T, Wouters B, Peters RAH, Schoenmakers PJ. Nanoparticle Analysis by Online Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography combining Hydrodynamic Chromatography and Size-Exclusion Chromatography with Intermediate Sample Transformation. Anal Chem 2017; 89:9167-9174. [PMID: 28745485 PMCID: PMC5588091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Polymeric
nanoparticles have become indispensable in modern society
with a wide array of applications ranging from waterborne coatings
to drug-carrier-delivery systems. While a large range of techniques
exist to determine a multitude of properties of these particles, relating
physicochemical properties of the particle to the chemical structure
of the intrinsic polymers is still challenging. A novel, highly orthogonal
separation system based on comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography
(LC × LC) has been developed. The system combines hydrodynamic
chromatography (HDC) in the first-dimension to separate the particles
based on their size, with ultrahigh-performance size-exclusion chromatography
(SEC) in the second dimension to separate the constituting polymer
molecules according to their hydrodynamic radius for each of 80 to
100 separated fractions. A chip-based mixer is incorporated to transform
the sample by dissolving the separated nanoparticles from the first-dimension
online in tetrahydrofuran. The polymer bands are then focused using
stationary-phase-assisted modulation to enhance sensitivity, and the
water from the first-dimension eluent is largely eliminated to allow
interaction-free SEC. Using the developed system, the combined two-dimensional
distribution of the particle-size and the molecular-size of a mixture
of various polystyrene (PS) and polyacrylate (PACR) nanoparticles
has been obtained within 60 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bob W J Pirok
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,TI-COAST , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Noor Abdulhussain
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,TI-COAST , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Aalbers
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Wouters
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,TI-COAST , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A H Peters
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,DSM Coating Resins , Sluisweg 12, 5145 PE Waalwijk, The Netherlands
| | - Peter J Schoenmakers
- Analytical-Chemistry Group, University of Amsterdam, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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