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Anderson BG, Hancock TA, Kennedy RT. Preparation of high-efficiency HILIC capillary columns utilizing slurry packing at 2100 bar. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1722:464856. [PMID: 38579610 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Complex mixture analysis requires high-efficiency chromatography columns. Although reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) is the dominant approach for such mixtures, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) is an important complement to RPLC by enabling the separation of polar compounds. Chromatography theory predicts that small particles and long columns will yield high efficiency; however, little work has been done to prepare HILIC columns longer than 25 cm packed with sub-2 μm particles. In this work, we tested the slurry packing of 75 cm long HILIC columns with 1.7 μm bridged-ethyl-hybrid amide HILIC particles at 2,100 bar (30,000 PSI). Acetonitrile, methanol, acetone, and water were tested as slurry solvents, with acetonitrile providing the best columns. Slurry concentrations of 50-200 mg/mL were assessed, and while 50-150 mg/mL provided comparable results, the 150 mg/mL columns provided the shortest packing times (9 min). Columns prepared using 150 mg/mL slurries in acetonitrile yielded a reduced minimum plate height (hmin) of 3.3 and an efficiency of 120,000 theoretical plates for acenaphthene, an unretained solute. Para-toluenesulfonic acid produced the lowest hmin of 1.9 and the highest efficiency of 210,000 theoretical plates. These results identify conditions for producing high-efficiency HILIC columns with potential applications to complex mixture analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brady G Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Tate A Hancock
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Robert T Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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2
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Lenčo J, Jadeja S, Naplekov DK, Krokhin OV, Khalikova MA, Chocholouš P, Urban J, Broeckhoven K, Nováková L, Švec F. Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography of Peptides for Bottom-Up Proteomics: A Tutorial. J Proteome Res 2022; 21:2846-2892. [PMID: 36355445 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The performance of the current bottom-up liquid chromatography hyphenated with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses has undoubtedly been fueled by spectacular progress in mass spectrometry. It is thus not surprising that the MS instrument attracts the most attention during LC-MS method development, whereas optimizing conditions for peptide separation using reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) remains somewhat in its shadow. Consequently, the wisdom of the fundaments of chromatography is slowly vanishing from some laboratories. However, the full potential of advanced MS instruments cannot be achieved without highly efficient RPLC. This is impossible to attain without understanding fundamental processes in the chromatographic system and the properties of peptides important for their chromatographic behavior. We wrote this tutorial intending to give practitioners an overview of critical aspects of peptide separation using RPLC to facilitate setting the LC parameters so that they can leverage the full capabilities of their MS instruments. After briefly introducing the gradient separation of peptides, we discuss their properties that affect the quality of LC-MS chromatograms the most. Next, we address the in-column and extra-column broadening. The last section is devoted to key parameters of LC-MS methods. We also extracted trends in practice from recent bottom-up proteomics studies and correlated them with the current knowledge on peptide RPLC separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juraj Lenčo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Siddharth Jadeja
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Denis K Naplekov
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Oleg V Krokhin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Manitoba Centre for Proteomics and Systems Biology, University of Manitoba, 799 JBRC, 715 McDermot Avenue, WinnipegR3E 3P4, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Maria A Khalikova
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Chocholouš
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Urban
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ken Broeckhoven
- Department of Chemical Engineering (CHIS), Faculty of Engineering, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050Brussel, Belgium
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - František Švec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, Heyrovského 1203/8, 500 05Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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3
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Liu Y, Wen H, Chen S, Wang X, Zhu X, Luo L, Wang X, Zhang B. Mass Fabrication of Capillary Columns Based on Centrifugal Packing. Anal Chem 2022; 94:8126-8131. [PMID: 35650662 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Packed capillary columns have become the standard front-end separation device for mass spectrometry-based proteomics. The development of simple, fast, and robust capillary column technology, especially that with mass-fabrication capacity, can greatly improve analytical throughput and reproducibility in omics research. In this technical note, we report a centrifugal packing technology, which has the capability to mass fabricate high quality capillary columns with a 2886 columns/day fabrication throughput. The centrifugally packed columns presented significantly improved efficiency (reduced plate height hmin = 1.6, 37%-40% improvement compared with slurry packed columns), advanced kinetic performance limit, and excellent column-to-column reproducibility (2.0% RSD for retention time, 50 columns). Such columns enabled ∼5300 HeLa proteins identified in single-shot proteomic analysis, displaying both intercolumn and inter-run retention time stability (retention time RSD = 0.94% between nine replicates on three columns for probing peptide sequence). The mass-fabrication technology reported in this technical note may support disposable use of high quality chromatographic columns in large-scale bioanalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Liu
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hanrong Wen
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiaojuan Wang
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China
| | | | | | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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4
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Rappold BA. Review of the Use of Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Clinical Laboratories: Part I-Development. Ann Lab Med 2022; 42:121-140. [PMID: 34635606 PMCID: PMC8548246 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2022.42.2.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of method development for a diagnostic assay based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) involves several disparate technologies and specialties. Additionally, method development details are typically not disclosed in journal publications. Method developers may need to search widely for pertinent information on their assay(s). This review summarizes the current practices and procedures in method development. Additionally, it probes aspects of method development that are generally not discussed, such as how exactly to calibrate an assay or where to place quality controls, using examples from the literature. This review intends to provide a comprehensive resource and induce critical thinking around the experiments for and execution of developing a clinically meaningful LC-MS/MS assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Rappold
- Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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5
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Lu Y, Yan Z, Sun G. Fast liquid chromatography method for separation of peptides using a sub-2 μm ground silica monolith packed column. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:4123-4131. [PMID: 34535951 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A stationary phase based on sub-2 μm ground silica monolith particles was fabricated by in situ polymerization and applied in micro-column for separation of peptides. The sub-2 μm silica particles were obtained from monolith using sol-gel process followed by grinding and sedimentation to remove the fines. Initially, the silica monolith particles were pretreated with 3-trimethoxysilyl propyl methacrylate to attach double-bonded ligands onto the surface, then a network structure was formed onto the surface of the particle using styrene, N-isopropylacrylamide, and ethylene glycoldimethacrylate. The effect of the flow rate of the mobile phase on the separation performance was investigated. The stationary phase was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetry, particle size distribution, and element analysis. The resultant phase was packed in glass-lined stainless steel micro-columns (2.1 mm × 50 mm) and evaluated for fast separation. An average number of theoretical plates as high as 9800 plates/column (5.10 μm plate height) was achieved for five synthetic peptides under the optimized flow rate of 0.15 mL/min. The repeatabilities of column-to-column, intraday, and interday through relative standard deviation were found better than 4%, exhibiting satisfactory repeatability of the developed micro-column for fast separation of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Department of pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhihong Yan
- Department of pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Genlin Sun
- Department of pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, China
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6
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Wang X, Zhu J, Yang C, Qin F, Zhang B. Segmented Microfluidics-Based Packing Technology for Chromatographic Columns. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8450-8458. [PMID: 34111926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoflow liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (NanoLC-MS) has become the method of choice for the analysis of complex biological systems, especially when the available sample amount is limited. The preparation of high-performance capillary columns for nanoLC use is still a technical challenge. Here, we report a segmented microfluidic method for the preparation of packed capillary columns, where liquid segments were used as soft, dynamic, and well-dispersed slurry reservoirs for carrying and delivering micrometer packing particles. Based on this microfluidic packing technology, the column bed was assembled layer-by-layer at a 50 μm resolution, and ultralong capillary columns of 3, 5, and 10 m were fabricated in such a manner. The microfluidically packed columns demonstrated excellent separation efficiencies of 116 000 plates/m. The higher efficiencies obtained at higher slurry concentrations also indicate that a high-quality packed bed can be obtained without sacrificing the packing speed. Kinetic performance limit analysis shows that the microfluidic packed columns have higher peak capacity production efficiency in the high-resolution region, presenting an improved separation impedance of 2800, which is significantly better than columns packed with the conventional slurry packing method. In comparison with a commercial nanoLC column, a 5 m long microfluidic packed column was evaluated for proteomic analysis using a standard HeLa protein digest and presented 261% improvement in peptide identification capability, resulting in significantly enhanced protein identification confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Wang
- Department of Chemistry and The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jue Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Chenyuhu Yang
- Department of Chemistry and The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Fei Qin
- Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen 361023, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and The MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis and Instrumentation, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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7
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8
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Abstract
Continued improvements in HPLC have led to faster and more efficient separations than previously possible. One important aspect of these improvements has been the increase in instrument operating pressure and the advent of ultrahigh pressure LC (UHPLC). Commercial instrumentation is now capable of up to ~20 kpsi, allowing fast and efficient separations with 5-15 cm columns packed with sub-2 μm particles. Home-built instruments have demonstrated the benefits of even further increases in instrument pressure. The focus of this review is on recent advancements and applications in liquid chromatography above 20 kpsi. We outline the theory and advantages of higher pressure and discuss instrument hardware and design capable of withstanding 20 kpsi or greater. We also overview column packing procedures and stationary phase considerations for HPLC above 20 kpsi, and lastly highlight a few recent applicatioob pressure instruments for the analysis of complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Sorensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Brady G Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Robert T Kennedy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
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9
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Martinez A, Knaub K, Monter M, Hekmat D, Weuster-Botz D. Improved packing of preparative biochromatography columns by mechanical vibration. Biotechnol Prog 2019; 36:e2950. [PMID: 31845490 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The bioprocessing industry relies on packed-bed column chromatography as its primary separation process to attain the required high product purities and fulfill the strict requirements from regulatory bodies. Conventional column packing methods rely on flow packing and/or mechanical compression. In this work, the application of ultrasound and mechanical vibration during packing was studied with respect to packing density and homogeneity. We investigated two widely used biochromatography media, incompressible ceramic hydroxyapatite, and compressible polymethacrylate-based particles, packed in a laboratory-scale column with an inner diameter of 50 mm. It was shown that ultrasonic irradiation led to reduced particle segregation during sedimentation of a homogenized slurry of polymethacrylate particles. However, the application of ultrasound did not lead to an improved microstructure of already packed columns due to the low volumetric energy input (~152 W/L) caused by high acoustic reflection losses. In contrast, the application of pneumatic mechanical vibration led to considerable improvements. Flow-decoupled axial linear vibration was most suitable at a volumetric force output of ~1,190 N/L. In the case of the ceramic hydroxyapatite particles, a 13% further decrease of the packing height was achieved and the reduced height equivalent to a theoretical plate (rHETP) was decreased by 44%. For the polymethacrylate particles, a 18% further packing consolidation was achieved and the rHETP was reduced by 25%. Hence, it was shown that applying mechanical vibration resulted in more efficiently packed columns. The application of vibration furthermore is potentially suitable for in situ elimination of flow channels near the column wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Martinez
- Technical University of Munich, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Garching, Germany
| | - Konstantin Knaub
- Technical University of Munich, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Garching, Germany
| | - Marc Monter
- Technical University of Munich, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Garching, Germany
| | - Dariusch Hekmat
- Technical University of Munich, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Garching, Germany
| | - Dirk Weuster-Botz
- Technical University of Munich, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Garching, Germany
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10
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Ali F, Malik AR, Cheong WJ, Rehman NUR. Demonstration of high separation efficiency for polystyrene-modified sub-1 µm particles originating from silica monolith under isocratic elution mode in liquid chromatography. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2019.1665539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faiz Ali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of the Poonch, Rawalakot, Pakistan
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Aamra Rafique Malik
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of the Poonch, Rawalakot, Pakistan
| | - Won Jo Cheong
- Department of Chemistry, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
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11
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Ali A, Sun G, Kim JS, Cheong WJ. Polystyrene bound silica monolith particles of reduced size as stationary phase of excellent separation efficiency in high performance liquid chromatograhy. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1594:72-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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12
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Martinez A, Kuhn M, Briesen H, Hekmat D. Enhancing the X-ray contrast of polymeric biochromatography particles for three-dimensional imaging. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1590:65-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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The Way to Ultrafast, High-Throughput Enantioseparations of Bioactive Compounds in Liquid and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102709. [PMID: 30347852 PMCID: PMC6222346 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Until less than 10 years ago, chiral separations were carried out with columns packed with 5 or 3 μm fully porous particles (FPPs). Times to resolve enantiomeric mixtures were easily larger than 30 min, or so. Pushed especially by stringent requirements from medicinal and pharmaceutical industries, during the last years the field of chiral separations by liquid chromatography has undergone what can be defined a “true revolution”. With the purpose of developing ever faster and efficient method of separations, indeed, very efficient particle formats, such as superficially porous particles (SPPs) or sub-2 μm FPPs, have been functionalized with chiral selectors and employed in ultrafast applications. Thanks to the use of short column (1–2 cm long), packed with these extremely efficient chiral stationary phases (CSPs), operated at very high flow rates (5–8 mL/min), resolution of racemates could be accomplished in very short time, in many cases less than 1 s in normal-, reversed-phase and HILIC conditions. These CSPs have been found to be particularly promising also to carry out high-throughput separations under supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) conditions. The most important results that have been recently achieved in terms of ultrafast, high-throughput enantioseparations both in liquid and supercritical fluid chromatography with particular attention to the very important field of bioactive chiral compounds will be reviewed in this manuscript. Attention will be focused not only on the latest introduced CSPs and their applications, but also on instrumental modifications which are required in some cases in order to fully exploit the intrinsic potential of new generation chiral columns.
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14
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Dores-Sousa JL, De Vos J, Eeltink S. Resolving power in liquid chromatography: A trade-off between efficiency and analysis time. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:38-50. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- José Luís Dores-Sousa
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
| | - Jelle De Vos
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB); Brussels Belgium
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15
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Shishkova E, Hebert AS, Westphall MS, Coon JJ. Ultra-High Pressure (>30,000 psi) Packing of Capillary Columns Enhancing Depth of Shotgun Proteomic Analyses. Anal Chem 2018; 90:11503-11508. [PMID: 30179449 PMCID: PMC6478162 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b02766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Extreme sample complexity is an inherent challenge in shotgun proteomics that positions quality of chromatographic separations as one of the key determinants of attainable proteome coverage. In search of better separations, macroscopic physical characteristics of capillary columns, i.e., length and properties of stationary phase particles, are typically considered and optimized, while significance of packing bed morphology is frequently underappreciated. Here, we describe a technology that enables packing of capillary columns at excess of 30,000 psi and demonstrate that such columns exhibit reduced backpressure and remarkably reproducible chromatographic performance, improved on average by 23%. These enhancements afford up to 35% increase in the depth of commonplace bottom-up proteomic analyses, owning to augmented sensitivity and resolution of peptide separations and improvements in spectral quality. Our findings strongly corroborate advantages of ultra-high pressure packing of capillary columns for diverse shotgun proteomic workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Shishkova
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Alexander S. Hebert
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Michael S. Westphall
- Biotechnology Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Joshua J. Coon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin 53715, United States
- Genome Center of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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16
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Characterization of radial and axial heterogeneities of chromatographic columns by flow reversal. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1567:164-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Axial heterogeneities in capillary ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography columns: Chromatographic and bed morphological characterization. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1569:44-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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18
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Intraparticle and interstitial flow in wide-pore superficially porous and fully porous particles. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Reising AE, Schlabach S, Baranau V, Stoeckel D, Tallarek U. Analysis of packing microstructure and wall effects in a narrow-bore ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography column using focused ion-beam scanning electron microscopy. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1513:172-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.07.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Wahab MF, Patel DC, Wimalasinghe RM, Armstrong DW. Fundamental and Practical Insights on the Packing of Modern High-Efficiency Analytical and Capillary Columns. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8177-8191. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Farooq Wahab
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Darshan C. Patel
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Rasangi M. Wimalasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
| | - Daniel W. Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, United States
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21
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Blue LE, Franklin EG, Godinho JM, Grinias JP, Grinias KM, Lunn DB, Moore SM. Recent advances in capillary ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1523:17-39. [PMID: 28599863 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the twenty years since its initial demonstration, capillary ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) has proven to be one of most powerful separation techniques for the analysis of complex mixtures. This review focuses on the most recent advances made since 2010 towards increasing the performance of such separations. Improvements in capillary column preparation techniques that have led to columns with unprecedented performance are described. New stationary phases and phase supports that have been reported over the past decade are detailed, with a focus on their use in capillary formats. A discussion on the instrument developments that have been required to ensure that extra-column effects do not diminish the intrinsic efficiency of these columns during analysis is also included. Finally, the impact of these capillary UHPLC topics on the field of proteomics and ways in which capillary UHPLC may continue to be applied to the separation of complex samples are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Blue
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
| | - Edward G Franklin
- HPLC Research & Development, Restek Corp., Bellefonte, PA 16823, USA
| | - Justin M Godinho
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - James P Grinias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA.
| | - Kaitlin M Grinias
- Department of Product Development & Supply, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA 19406, USA
| | - Daniel B Lunn
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Reising AE, Godinho JM, Jorgenson JW, Tallarek U. Bed morphological features associated with an optimal slurry concentration for reproducible preparation of efficient capillary ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography columns. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1504:71-82. [PMID: 28511930 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Column wall effects and the formation of larger voids in the bed during column packing are factors limiting the achievement of highly efficient columns. Systematic variation of packing conditions, combined with three-dimensional bed reconstruction and detailed morphological analysis of column beds, provide valuable insights into the packing process. Here, we study a set of sixteen 75μm i.d. fused-silica capillary columns packed with 1.9μm, C18-modified, bridged-ethyl hybrid silica particles slurried in acetone to concentrations ranging from 5 to 200mg/mL. Bed reconstructions for three of these columns (representing low, optimal, and high slurry concentrations), based on confocal laser scanning microscopy, reveal morphological features associated with the implemented slurry concentration, that lead to differences in column efficiency. At a low slurry concentration, the bed microstructure includes systematic radial heterogeneities such as particle size-segregation and local deviations from bulk packing density near the wall. These effects are suppressed (or at least reduced) with higher slurry concentrations. Concomitantly, larger voids (relative to the mean particle diameter) begin to form in the packing and increase in size and number with the slurry concentration. The most efficient columns are packed at slurry concentrations that balance these counteracting effects. Videos are taken at low and high slurry concentration to elucidate the bed formation process. At low slurry concentrations, particles arrive and settle individually, allowing for rearrangements. At high slurry concentrations, they arrive and pack as large patches (reflecting particle aggregation in the slurry). These processes are discussed with respect to column packing, chromatographic performance, and bed microstructure to help reinforce general trends previously described. Conclusions based on this comprehensive analysis guide us towards further improvement of the packing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arved E Reising
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Justin M Godinho
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, United States
| | - James W Jorgenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3290, United States.
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
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23
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A network-based approach to interpreting pore blockage and cake filtration during membrane fouling. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Ismail OH, Pasti L, Ciogli A, Villani C, Kocergin J, Anderson S, Gasparrini F, Cavazzini A, Catani M. Pirkle-type chiral stationary phase on core–shell and fully porous particles: Are superficially porous particles always the better choice toward ultrafast high-performance enantioseparations? J Chromatogr A 2016; 1466:96-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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25
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Godinho JM, Reising AE, Tallarek U, Jorgenson JW. Implementation of high slurry concentration and sonication to pack high-efficiency, meter-long capillary ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography columns. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1462:165-9. [PMID: 27499108 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Slurry packing capillary columns for ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography is complicated by many interdependent experimental variables. Previous results have suggested that combination of high slurry concentration and sonication during packing would create homogeneous bed microstructures and yield highly efficient capillary columns. Herein, the effect of sonication while packing very high slurry concentrations is presented. A series of six, 1m×75μm internal diameter columns were packed with 200mg/mL slurries of 2.02μm bridged-ethyl hybrid silica particles. Three of the columns underwent sonication during packing and yielded highly efficient separations with reduced plate heights as low as 1.05.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Godinho
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, United States
| | - Arved E Reising
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Tallarek
- Department of Chemistry, Philipps-Universität, Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Strasse 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany.
| | - James W Jorgenson
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-3290, United States.
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26
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Experimental evidence of the kinetic performance achievable with columns packed with new 1.9μm fully porous particles of narrow particle size distribution. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1454:86-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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