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Abar T, Mestdagh H, Heninger M, Lemaire J. Analysis of VOCs in Liquids through Vaporization in a Tubular Oven Monitored by Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1048. [PMID: 38400206 PMCID: PMC10891908 DOI: 10.3390/s24041048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The analysis of chemical compounds present at trace levels in liquids is important not only for environmental measurements but also, for example, in the health sector. The reference technique for the analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in liquids is GC, which is difficult to use with an aqueous matrix. In this work, we present an alternative technique to GC to analyze VOCs in water. A tubular oven is used to completely vaporize the liquid sample deposited on a gauze. The oven is heated in the presence of a dinitrogen flow, and the gas is analyzed at the exit of the oven by a chemical ionization mass spectrometer developed in our laboratory. It is a low magnetic field Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance (FT-ICR) optimized for real-time analysis. The Proton Transfer Reaction (PTR) used during the Chemical Ionization event results in the selective ionization of the VOCs present in the gas phase. The optimization of the desorption conditions is described for the main operating parameters: temperature ramp, liquid quantity, and nitrogen flow. Their influence is studied using a 100 ppmv aqueous toluene solution. The analytical method is then tested on a mixture of seven VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michel Heninger
- Institut de Chimie Physique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France; (T.A.); (H.M.); (J.L.)
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Lindholm-Lehto PC. Developing a robust and sensitive analytical method to detect off-flavor compounds in fish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:55866-55876. [PMID: 35322358 PMCID: PMC9374641 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19738-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), off-flavors that accumulate in fish muscle tissue can be problematic in terms of consumer acceptance and the reputation of farmed fish products. Although off-flavors are not toxic at low concentrations, they often give fish muscle earthy, muddy, or other unwanted flavors. Traditionally, muddy off-flavors caused by geosmin (GSM) and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) have been detected, but a variety of other compounds and flavors have also been identified. In this study, a method based on solid phase micro extraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy was developed to identify and quantify 14 off-flavor-inducing compounds in RAS-farmed fish. The selected off-flavors were quantified in circulating water and in fish from a pilot-scale RAS rearing rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The method showed high accuracy and precision with limits of detection and quantification at a low ng L-1 level. In this study, 13 compounds were found in the fish muscle which decreased in concentrations during the 15-day depuration period. This study showed that off-flavors in fish can also be induced by other compounds besides GSM and MIB. This emphasizes the need for sufficient off-flavor control in the RAS, but also the importance of an accurate and reliable analytical quantitation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Camilla Lindholm-Lehto
- Aquatic Production Systems, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Survontie 9A, FI-40500, Jyväskylä, Finland.
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Zhang H, Zhu Y, Liu Z, Peng Y, Peng W, Tong L, Wang J, Liu Q, Wang P, Cheng G. A volatile from the skin microbiota of flavivirus-infected hosts promotes mosquito attractiveness. Cell 2022; 185:S0092-8674(22)00641-9. [PMID: 35777355 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The host-seeking activity of hematophagous arthropods is essential for arboviral transmission. Here, we demonstrate that mosquito-transmitted flaviviruses can manipulate host skin microbiota to produce a scent that attracts mosquitoes. We observed that Aedes mosquitoes preferred to seek and feed on mice infected by dengue and Zika viruses. Acetophenone, a volatile compound that is predominantly produced by the skin microbiota, was enriched in the volatiles from the infected hosts to potently stimulate mosquito olfaction for attractiveness. Of note, acetophenone emission was higher in dengue patients than in healthy people. Mechanistically, flaviviruses infection suppressed the expression of RELMα, an essential antimicrobial protein on host skin, thereby leading to the expansion of acetophenone-producing commensal bacteria and, consequently, a high acetophenone level. Given that RELMα can be specifically induced by a vitamin A derivative, the dietary administration of isotretinoin to flavivirus-infected animals interrupted flavivirus life cycle by reducing mosquito host-seeking activity, thus providing a strategy of arboviral control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Yibin Zhu
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China
| | - Ziwen Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yongmei Peng
- Ruili Hospital of Chinese Medicine and Dai Medicine, Ruili, Yunnan 678600, China
| | - Wenyu Peng
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liangqin Tong
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Viral Disease Laboratory, Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Kunming, Yunnan 650000, China
| | - Qiyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Penghua Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Gong Cheng
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518000, China.
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Tian LL, Han F, Fodjo EK, Zhai W, Huang XY, Kong C, Shi YF, Cai YQ. An Effective and Efficient Sample Preparation Method for 2-Methyl-Isoborneol and Geosmin in Fish and Their Analysis by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Int J Anal Chem 2021; 2021:9980212. [PMID: 34046066 PMCID: PMC8128619 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9980212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intensive aquaculture strategy and recirculating aquaculture system often lead to the production of off-flavor compounds such as 2-methyl-isoborneol (2-MIB) and Geosmin (GSM). The regular purge and trap extraction followed by analysis with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) usually involve a complicated assembly of facilities, more working space, long sample preparation time, and headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME). In this work, a method with easier sample preparation, fewer and simplified facilities, and without SPME on GC-MS analysis is developed for the determination of 2-MIB and GSM in fish samples. Unlike previous methods, solvent extract from samples, QuEChERS-based cleanup, and solid-phase extraction for concentration are applied. The LOD (S/N > 3) and LOQ (S/N > 10) of this method were validated at 0.6 μg/kg and 1.0 μg/kg for both 2-MIB and GSM, which are under the sensory limit (1 μg/kg). Application of this method for incurred fish samples demonstrated acceptable analytical performance. This method is suitable for large-scale determination of 2-MIB and GSM in fish samples, owing to the use of simple facility and easy-to-operate procedure, rapid sample preparation, and shorter time for GC-MS analysis without SPME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-liang Tian
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Feng Han
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Essy Kouadio Fodjo
- Laboratory of Constitution and Reaction of Matter, UFR SSMT, Université Felix Houphouet Boigny, 22 BP 582, Abidjan 22, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Wenlei Zhai
- Beijing Research Center for Agricultural Standards and Testing, No. 9 Middle Road of Shuguanghuayuan, Haidian District, Beijing 100097, China
| | - Xuan-Yun Huang
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Cong Kong
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Yong-Fu Shi
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - You-Qiong Cai
- Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
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