An innovative Pickering W/O/W nanoemulsion co-encapsulating hydrophilic lysozyme and hydrophobic Perilla leaf oil for extending shelf life of fish products

A Pickering water-in-oil-in-water nanoemulsion co-encapsulating lysozyme (LYS) and Perilla leaf oil (PO) was prepared using whey protein isolate-tannin acid conjugated nanoparticles (WPI-TA NPs) as emulsifiers, called LYS-PO-NE, and subsequently analyzed. The nano size and multiple phases was confirmed based on the results of confocal laser scanning microscope, scanning electron microscope, and droplet size analysis. LYS-PO-NE had high encapsulation efficiencies of 89.36 % (PO) and 43.91 % (LYS) and both could be released at a slow and continuous rate. The PO addition increased the droplet size, and the LYS addition delayed the release of PO. LYS-PO-NE also showed good storage, pH, thermal, and salt stability, and an effective combined bactericidal activity of LYS and PO against spoilage bacteria. Furthermore, the results of chilled salmon storage experiments indicated that LYS-PO-NE could extend the shelf life of chilled salmon to at least 6 days, demonstrating the potential in the shelf life for fish products.

Application and effectiveness of artificial intelligence for the border management of imported frozen fish in Taiwan

In Taiwan, the number of applications for inspecting imported food has grown annually and noncompliant products must be accurately detected in these border sampling inspections. Previously, border management has used an automated border inspection system (import food inspection (IFI) system) to select batches via a random sampling method to manage the risk levels of various food products complying with regulatory inspection procedures. Several countries have implemented artificial intelligence (AI) technology to improve domestic governmental processes, social service, and public feedback. AI technologies are applied in border inspection by the Taiwan Food and Drug Administration (TFDA). Risk management of border inspections is conducted using the Border Prediction Intelligent (BPI) system. The risk levels are analyzed on based on the noncompliance records of imported food, the country of origin, and international food safety alerts. The subjects of this study were frozen fish products, which have been under surveillance by the BPI system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relevance between the noncompliant trend of frozen fish products using the adoption of the BPI system and the results of postmarket sampling inspections. The border inspection and postmarket sampling data were divided into two groups: IFI and BPI groups (corresponding to before and after the adoption of the BPI system, respectively). The Chi-square test was employed to analyze the noncompliant differences in products between before and after the BPI system adoption. Despite the number of noncompliance batches being statistically insignificant after the adoption of the BPI system, the noncompliance rate of frozen fish products at the border increased from 3.0% to 4.7%. Meanwhile, the noncompliance rate in the postmarket decreased from 2.1% to 1.9%. The results indicate that the BPI system improves the effectiveness of interception of noncompliant products at the border, thereby preventing the entrance of noncompliant products to the postmarket. The variables were further classified and organized according to the scope of this study and product characteristics. Furthermore, ordinal logistic regression (OLR) was employed to determine the correlations among border, postmarket, and major influencing factors. Based on the analysis of major influencing factors, small fish and fish internal organ products exhibited significantly high risk for fish body type and product type, respectively. The BPI system effectively utilizes the large amount of data accumulated from border inspections over the years. Additionally, real-time information on bilateral data obtained from the border and postmarket should be bidirectionally shared for effectively intercepting noncompliance products and used for improving the border management efficiency.

Profiling and source tracking of the microbial populations and resistome present in fish products

Microorganisms in processing environments significantly impact the quality and safety of food products and can serve as potential reservoirs for antibiotic-resistant genes, contributing to public health concerns about antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Fish processing plants represent an understudied environment for microbiome mapping. This study investigated the microbial composition, prevalence of Listeria spp., and resistome structures in three catfish processing facilities in the southeastern United States. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the observed richness and Shannon diversity index increased significantly from fish to fillet. Beta diversity analysis showed distinct clustering of microbial communities between fish, environment, and fillet samples. Fast expectation-maximization microbial source tracking (FEAST) algorithm demonstrated that the microbiota presents in the processing environment contributed 48.2 %, 62.4 %, and 53.7 % to the microbiota present on fillet in Facility 1 (F1), F2, and F3, respectively. Food contact surfaces made larger contributions compared to the non-food contact surfaces. The linear discriminant analysis of effect size (LEfSe) identified specific microbial genera (e.g., Plesiomohas, Brochothrix, Chryseobacterium and Cetobacterium) that significantly varied between Listeria spp. positive and negative samples in all three processing plants. The metagenomic sequencing results identified 212 antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) belonging to 72 groups from the raw fish and fish fillet samples collected from three processing plants. Although there was a significant decrease in the overall diversity of ARGs from fish to fillet samples, the total abundance of ARGs did not change significantly (P > 0.05). ARGs associated with resistance to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS), cationic antimicrobial peptides, aminoglycosides, and beta-lactams were found to be enriched in the fillet samples when compared to fish samples. Results of this study highlight the profound impact of processing environment on shaping the microbial populations present on the final fish product and the need for additional strategies to mitigate AMR in fish products.

Effect of Fish-Based Diet on Malnourished Children: A Systematic Review

Background

Malnutrition in children is mainly caused by the lack of protein and fat intake which harms their ability to grow and survive. Accurate data on the benefits of fish-based foods on the nutritional status of children is limited. The present systematic review aimed to provide an overview of published articles on the nutritional value of fish-based foods for children.

Methods

A systematic review was performed during 2000-2021 by searching Science Direct, Cochrane Library, PubMed, ProQuest, and Wiley Online Library databases. The full text of selected articles in English was screened based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Included articles were all experimental studies (randomized control trial, quasi-randomized trial) or mixed methods studies involving malnourished children. The study was reported under the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane tool.

Results

A total of 330,859 articles were screened, out of which eight articles were included in the systematic review. Interventions included fish-based foods and beverages such as wafer bars, Jemawut-tuna cookies, Amizate in chocolate drink, dried fish powder, flaxseed oil supplemented with fish oil capsules, and porridge fortified with fish powder. Primary or secondary outcomes were the determination of zinc level, height growth, erythrocyte n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content, safety and acceptability, intestinal integrity, and cognitive development. The results showed that dried fish powder produced the most significant effect on body weight.

Conclusion

The consumption of dried fish powder had positive effects on the recovery of malnourished children.

Selenium Health Benefit Values and Hg and Se speciation studies for elucidating the quality and safety of highly consumed fish species and fish-derived products

Nowadays, there has been an increase in the consumption of fish-derived products that constitute alternative ways of introducing fish into the diet, such as fish roe and products made from fish (crab sticks andsurimi-derived products). However, there is no data available considering selenium and mercury total contents along with speciation studies in these kinds of samples, which are mandatory for a proper safety and quality assessment. In this study,Selenium Health Benefit Values (HBVSe) in fish and fish-derived products were evaluated, resulting inpositivein all cases. Selenium speciation studies performed by HPLC-ICP-MS and confirmed by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS revealed that SeMet and SeMeSeCys are present in fish and fish-derived products. Finally, Hg speciation studiesshow that the percentage of Hg2+ increases in fishes lower in the food chain as well as in fish-derived products.

High-Resolution Comparative and Quantitative Proteomics of Biogenic-Amine-Producing Bacteria and Virulence Factors Present in Seafood

The presence of biogenic amines (histamine, tyramine, putrescine, and cadaverine) in seafood is a significant concern for food safety. This review describes for the first time a shotgun quantitative proteomics strategy to evaluate and compare foodborne strains of bacteria that produce biogenic amines in seafoods. This approach recognized 35,621 peptide spectrum matches, belonging to 20,792 peptides, and 4621 proteins. It allowed the determination of functional pathways and the classification of the strains into hierarchical clusters. The study identified a protein-protein interaction network involving 1160 nodes/10,318 edges. Proteins were related to energy pathways, spermidine biosynthesis, and putrescine metabolism. Label-free quantitative proteomics allowed the identification of differentially regulated proteins in specific strains such as putrescine aminotransferase, arginine decarboxylase, and l-histidine-binding protein. Additionally, 123 peptides were characterized as virulence factors and 299 peptide biomarkers were selected to identify bacterial species in fish products. This study presents the most extensive proteomic repository and progress in the science of food biogenic bacteria and could be applied in the food industry for the detection of bacterial contamination that produces histamine and other biogenic amines during food processing/storage.

Correlation investigation between core microbe inoculation and the evolution of flavor characteristics during the storage of sturgeon caviar (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii)

The volatile and non-volatile compounds were monitored to investigate the microbial evolution associated with the characteristic flavors for sturgeon caviar during refrigeration. The results revealed that the composition of volatile compounds changed significantly with prolonged refrigeration time, especially hexanal, nonanal, phenylacetaldehyde, 3-methyl butyraldehyde, and 1-octen-3-ol. The nonvolatile metabolites were mainly represented by the increase of bitter amino acids (Thr. Ser, Gly, Ala, and Pro) and a decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially an 18.63 % decrease in 5 months of storage. A total of 332 differential metabolites were mainly involved in the biosynthetic metabolic pathways of α-linolenic acid, linoleic acid, and arachidonic acid. The precursors associated with flavor evolution were mainly phospholipids, including oleic, linoleic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic (EPA), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. The most abundant at the genus level was Serratia, followed by Arsenophnus, Rhodococcus, and Pseudomonas, as obtained by high-throughput sequencing. Furthermore, seven core microorganisms were isolated and characterized from refrigerated caviar. Among them, inoculation with Mammalian coccus and Bacillus chrysosporium restored the flavor profile of caviar and enhanced the content of nonvolatile precursors, contributing to the characteristic aroma attributes of sturgeon caviar. The study presents a theoretical basis for the exploitation of technologies for quality stabilization and control of sturgeon caviar during storage.

Fish species mislabelling in China: evidence from a survey of frozen, dried, and surimi-based fish products marketed as cod-related species

'Cod'-related species are among the most appreciated marine fish resources around the world, but are also prone to species mislabelling. In the present study, a total of 76 frozen, dried, and surimi-based fish products, sold as 'Cod' (59 products), 'Atlantic authentic Cod' (11 products), and 'Authentic Cod' (6 products), were collected in China. A species-specific LAMP (loop-mediated isothermal amplification) method was used to screen for the presence of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), Pacific cod (G. macrocephalus), Alaska pollock (G. chalcogrammus), Southern hake (Merluccius australis), which was cross-confirmed using real-time PCR and DNA sequencing methods. The results highlighted the greatest species diversity for 'Cod' products, and the identified species were from nine different families. It appears that the practice of assigning a specific type or category of species to the common name 'Cod' has not been widely advocated, and the misuse of this ambiguous common name has been a common practice for species adulteration, negatively impacting consumers' rights and marine conservation. To rebuild consumers' confidence, retail fish suppliers have differentiated their products by adding specific qualifiers in front of the common name 'Cod' on the label, such as 'Authentic cod' and 'Atlantic authentic cod'. The endeavour is highly meaningful, since Gadus morhua was identified as the species for a significant majority of 'Atlantic authentic cod' and 'Authentic cod' products (64.7%, 11/17), with the remaining six products identified as Alaskan pollock (G. chalcogrammus), Pacific cod (G. macrocephalus) and North Pacific hake (Merluccius productus). Despite the positive effort to reverse species mislabelling from retail on-line fish suppliers, a standardized fish nomenclature stipulated by the responsible authorities remains crucial for enhancing transparency and continuing to reduce species mislabelling.

Fish DNA Sensors for Authenticity Assessment-Application to Sardine Species Identification

Food and fish adulteration is a major public concern worldwide. Apart from economic fraud, health issues are in the forefront mainly due to severe allergies. Sardines are one of the most vulnerable-to-adulteration fish species due to their high nutritional value. Adulteration comprises the substitution of one fish species with similar species of lower nutritional value and lower cost. The detection of adulteration, especially in processed fish products, is very challenging because the morphological characteristics of the tissues change, making identification by the naked eye very difficult. Therefore, new analytical methods and (bio)sensors that provide fast analysis with high specificity, especially between closely related fish species, are in high demand. DNA-based methods are considered as important analytical tools for food adulteration detection. In this context, we report the first DNA sensors for sardine species identification. The sensing principle involves species recognition, via short hybridization of PCR-amplified sequences with specific probes, capture in the test zone of the sensor, and detection by the naked eye using gold nanoparticles as reporters; thus, avoiding the need for expensive instruments. As low as 5% adulteration of Sardina pilchardus with Sardinella aurita was detected with high reproducibility in the processed mixtures simulating canned fish products.

Effect of sugar reduction on sensory characteristics of dried fish mince product

BACKGROUND

Excessive sugar consumption has been linked to type 2 diabetes, obesity and other diseases. Therefore, it is indispensable to reduce sugar of food. However, the sensory characteristics of food are affected after sugar reduction (SR). Currently, SR has been reported in drinks, jams, candies, and other fruit related or sweet foods; but salty or protein related foods have not been explored, therefore there is a big gap that needs to be filled.

RESULTS

Sensory scores of initial sweetness and sweetness reduced by 0.26 and 0.12 in 10% SR dried fish mince product compared with control, and there was a small difference between 25% SR (3.33) and 40% SR (3.09) samples. It also showed that 10% SR sample had a small reduction in sweetness value and free sugar content by 3.5% (0.42/11.9) and 7.8% (2.12/27.06) compared with control; while values in 25% SR sample decreased sharply but were not much different from 40% SR sample. Electronic nose results showed that SR had a small effect on odor. Texture analysis showed that texture properties of 25% SR sample were significantly different from control.

CONCLUSIONS

Dried fish mince product with below 10% SR had a small difference on the sensory characteristics and there was a big change when SR was more than 20%. Dried fish mince product with 25% SR and 40% SR had no significant difference. SR had a small effect on odor, but had a great effect on texture properties, especially over 20% SR. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

Testing countermeasures to reduce 90Sr content in fish products

Activity concentrations of 90Sr in fish in lakes located within the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone (ChEZ) reach 100 kBq kg-1, which is several thousand times higher than the permissible level in Ukraine (35 Bq kg-1). This study was conducted in the natural conditions of the ChEZ to determine the effectiveness of keeping radioactively contaminated fish in "clean" water to reduce the 90Sr content of their muscle tissue, as previously shown in short-term laboratory experiments. It was found that transferring tench (Tinca tinca (Linnaeus, 1758)) from Lake Glubokoye one of the most contaminated lakes in the ChEZ, to a cage in the "clean" Lake Starukha for 45 days did not lead to a significant decrease in 90Sr content in both bone and muscle tissues. Establishing permissible levels of 90Sr concentration only in fish fillet, and not in the whole fish body (with bone tissue), is appropriate for human radiation protection, since the retention factors of 90Sr treatment for boiled bone tissue of crucian carp from the Chornobyl exclusion zone are less than 0.01, and up to 97% of strontium is contained in bone tissue.

Relationship between microorganisms and volatile components in each fermentation process in the kusaya gravy that plays an important role in the manufacturing of kusaya, a traditional Japanese fermented fish product

The relationship between the microbiota and volatile components of kusaya gravy involved in the manufacturing of kusaya, a traditional Japanese fermented fish product, in the Izu Islands (Niijima and Hachijojima) and the fermentation processes are not clear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the microbiota and volatile compounds involved in the manufacturing and management of kusaya gravy. 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene-based amplicon sequencing revealed that the microbiota in kusaya gravy was significantly different between the two islands, and the microbiota hardly changed during each fermentation process. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis also revealed that the volatile components were strongly related to the microbiota in kusaya gravy, with Hachijojima samples containing sulfur-containing compounds and Niijima samples containing short-chain fatty acids. Therefore, our findings suggest that kusaya gravy is a characteristic fermented gravy with a stable microbiota, and the fermented pickling gravy is fermented by microorganisms.

Zoonotic Marine Nematode Infection of Fish Products in Landlocked Country, Slovakia

Fish products in Slovakia have been heavily infected with Anisakis spp. larvae, which causes human anisakiasis. We found larvae in all tested samples of frozen Atlantic herring. Anisakid allergen t-Ani s7 testing revealed 2 positive cases in humans, signaling need for health authorities to closely monitor zoonotic marine parasites, even in inland areas.

Heavy metal contents in salted fish retailed in Egypt: Dietary intakes and health risk assessment

Background

In Egypt, salted fish is considered a typically processed fish, including salted sardine, salted mullet (feseikh), keeled mullet (sahlia), and herrings. High-quality protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vital amino acids, and trace minerals such as magnesium and calcium are all abundant in fish. However, eating salted fish can expose people to toxins found in the environment, such as heavy metals.

Aim

In Zagazig, Egypt, four types of locally produced salted fish-salted sardine, feseikh, sahlia, and herrings-were tested for heavy metals, specifically lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg). Second, the assessed heavy metals linked to the Egyptian population's consumption of salted fish were used to calculate estimated daily intakes (EDIs) and potential health hazards, such as hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI).

Methods

Samples of salted herrings, feseikh, sahlia, and sardines were gathered from the markets in Zagazig. Samples of salted fish were subjected to acid digestion and then heavy metal extraction. Atomic absorption spectrometers (AAS) were used to measure heavy metals. HI, HQ, and EDI were computed computationally.

Results

With the exception of mercury, which was not found in the salted herrings, the recorded results showed that all of the tested metals were present in the samples that were evaluated. The herrings contained residual Pb and Cd contents that were highest, followed by sardine, feseikh, and sahlia, in that order. After sardine, herrings, and sahlia, feseikh has the greatest concentration. Sardine, feseikh, and sahlia had the highest quantities of mercury, in that order. A number of samples were found to be above the maximum allowable levels. There were no apparent hazards associated with consuming such conventional fish products, according to the computed HQ and HI values for the heavy metals under investigation based on the daily intakes.

Conclusion

Samples of salted fish sold in Zagazig, Egypt, had high quantities of the hazardous elements Pb, Cd, As, and Hg. Due to the bioaccumulation and biomagnification characteristics of these studied metals, such data should be taken carefully even though the computed health hazards revealed no potential problems.

Sensory panel results of a dried fish powder supplement among caregivers and young children in Zambia

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the acceptability of traditional Zambian dishes fortified with Complementary Food for Africa+Dried Fish Powder (ComFA+Fish), a locally sourced protein/micronutrient blend designed to impact nutrient deficiencies among infants and young children (IYC) and improve pregnancy and birth outcomes among women of reproductive age (WRA).

DESIGN

During two sensory panels, caregivers evaluated: (1) the acceptability of four ComFA+Fish dishes for household consumption, including fortified chibwabwa fisashi, savory Kapenta chutney, fortified complementary maize porridge and fortified bean-vegetable soup and (2) whether their IYC found the fortified complementary maize porridge acceptable.

SETTING

Lake Kariba, Southern Province, Zambia.

PARTICIPANTS

Women of reproductive age (n 42) and their IYC aged 6-11 months (n 16) and 12-23 months (n 26) were recruited from fishing villages in Gwembe, Siavonga and Sinazongwe District.

RESULTS

A majority of caregivers extremely liked/liked the: (1) fortified chibwabwa fisashi's sensory attributes (94·7 %), convenience (92·8 %) and overall acceptability (100 %); (2) savory Kapenta chutney's sensory attributes (81·8 %), convenience (92·8 %) and overall acceptability (100 %); (3) fortified complementary porridge's sensory attributes (83·5 %), convenience (90·5 %) and overall acceptability (88·1 %) and (4) fortified bean-vegetable soup's sensory attributes (66·8 %), convenience (87·5 %) and overall acceptability (87·5 %). Further, a majority of caregivers evaluated the fortified complementary porridge as highly acceptable to their IYC.

CONCLUSIONS

Results suggest that ComFA+Fish is strategically well placed to fill nutritional gaps among IYC and WRA in Zambia and has the potential to be scaled across sub-Saharan Africa.

Randomized controlled trial of hydrolyzed fish diets in dogs with chronic enteropathy

BACKGROUND

The role of diet in the pathogenesis and treatment of chronic enteropathies (CE) in dogs is unresolved.

OBJECTIVES

To compare the ability of diets composed of hydrolyzed fish, rice starch, and fish oil without (HF) or with prebiotics, turmeric, and high cobalamin (HF+) against a limited ingredient diet containing mixed nonhydrolyzed antigens and oils (control) to resolve clinical signs and maintain serum cobalamin and folate concentrations in dogs with nonprotein losing CE (non-PLE). To determine the ability of hydrolyzed fish diets to support recovery and remission in dogs with PLE.

ANIMALS

Thirty-one client-owned dogs with CE: 23 non-PLE, 8 PLE.

METHODS

Randomized, blinded, controlled trial. Diets were fed for 2 weeks; responders continued for 12 weeks. Nonresponders were crossed over to another diet for 12 weeks. Response was determined by standardized clinical evaluation with long-term follow-up at 26 weeks. Concurrent medications were allowed in PLE.

RESULTS

Nineteen of 23 (83%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 60%-94%) non-PLE CE responded clinically to their initial diet, with no difference between diets (P > .05). Four nonresponders responded to another diet, with sustained remission of 18/18 (100%; 95%CI, 78%-100%) at 26 weeks. Serum cobalamin concentration was increased (P < .05) and maintained by diet. Serum folate concentration decreased posttreatment (P < .05) but was restored by dietary supplementation. Hydrolyzed fish diets supported weight gain, serum albumin concentration, and recovery (P < .05) in dogs with PLE.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE

Changing diet, independent of antigen restriction or supplemental ingredients, induced long-term remission in dogs with non-PLE CE. Serum cobalamin and folate concentrations were maintained by diet. Hydrolyzed fish diets supported clinical recovery and remission in PLE.

Harnessing value and sustainability: Fish waste valorization and the production of valuable byproducts

The valorization of by-products, that are residual materials resulting from commercial product manufacturing, holds significant potential in various industries such as food, agrochemical, medical, and pharmaceutical sectors. This chapter explores the utilization of fish waste as a means to achieve sustainability in fish resources and enhance the production of profitable products. By developing cost-effective technologies, the abundant global supply of fish by-products can be transformed into low-cost sources of proteins and functional hydrolysates. This alternative approach in the food industry utilizes fish and seafood waste to generate valuable compounds with nutritional and functional properties, surpassing those found in traditional mammal products. Despite being commonly discarded, fish heads, viscera, skin, tails, blood, and seafood shells contain a wealth ofminerals, lipids, amino acids, polysaccharides, and proteins suitable for human health applications. This chapter presents an exploration of the various products and bioactive compounds that can be derived from seafood waste, contributing to a more sustainable and value-driven future.

Effectiveness of Fish Roe, Snow Fungus, and Yeast Supplementation for Cognitive Function: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial

The brain is one of the most critical organs in the human body, regulating functions such as thinking, memory, learning, and perception. Studies have indicated that fish roe, snow fungus, and yeast may have the potential to modulate cognitive, memory, and emotional functions. However, more relevant clinical research in this area still needs to be conducted. This study explored the cognition-enhancing potential of a formula beverage including fish roe, snow fungus, and yeast. Sixty-four subjects were divided into a placebo group (n = 32) and a formula-drink group (n = 32), who consumed the product for 8 weeks. Cognitive tests were administered and analyzed at weeks 0, 4, and 8. After 4 and 8 weeks, there was a significant increase in the number of memory cards, and the response times among those who consumed the formula beverage were significantly faster than those in the placebo group. The subjects remembered the old items better and were more impressed with similar items based on the week effect. There was a significant increase in the cue effect of happy facial expressions after the subjects consumed the formula beverage for 8 weeks. In addition, there was a significant decrease in anxiety and fatigue, and improved quality of life. This formula beverage is a promising option that could be used to prevent further cognitive decline in adults with subjective cognitive complaints.

Phenotypic, molecular detection and antibiogram analysis of Aeromonas Hydrophila from Oreochromis Niloticus (Nile Tilapia) and Ready-To- eat fish products in selected Rift Valley lakes of Ethiopia

BACKGROUND

Aeromonas hydrophila is a zoonotic bacterial pathogen that frequently causes disease and mass mortalities among cultured and feral fishes worldwide. In Ethiopia, A. hydrophila outbreak was reported in Sebeta fish ponds and in Lake Tana fishery. However, there is no to little information on the molecular, and phenotypical characteristics of A. hydrophila in Ethiopian fisheries. Therefore, a cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2020 to May 2021 in selected Ethiopian Rift valley lakes.

RESULTS

A total of 140 samples were collected aseptically from fish (Muscle, Gill, Intestine, Spleen and Kidney) from fish landing sites, market and restaurants with purposive sampling methods. Aeromonas selective media (AMB), morphological and biochemical tests were used to isolate and identify A. hydrophila. Accordingly, the pathogen was isolated from 81 (60.45%) of samples. Among the isolates 92.59% expressed virulence trait through β hemolysis on blood agar media with 5% sheep blood. Moreover, 54 strains (66.67%) were further confirmed with Real-Time PCR (qPCR) using ahaI gene specific primers and optimized protocol. The highest (68.51%) were detected from live fish, (24.07%) were from market fish and the lowest (7.4%%) were from ready-to-eat products. Antibiogram analysis was conducted on ten representative isolates. Accordingly, A. hydrophila isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin (100%), chloramphenicol (100%) and ceftriaxone (100%). However, all ten isolates were resistant to Amoxicillin and Penicillin.

CONCLUSIONS

The study indicates A. hydrophila strains carrying virulence ahaI gene that were ß-hemolytic and resistant to antibiotics commonly used in human and veterinary medicine are circulating in the fishery. The detection of the pathogen in 140 of the sampled fish population is alarming for potential outbreaks and zoonosis. Therefore, further molecular epidemiology of the disease should be studied to establish potential inter host transmission and antibiotic resistance traits. Therefore, raising the public awareness on risk associated with consuming undercooked or raw fish meat is pertinent.

Ingestion of a collagen peptide containing high concentrations of prolyl-hydroxyproline and hydroxyprolyl-glycine reduces advanced glycation end products levels in the skin and subcutaneous blood vessel walls: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, we investigated the effects of collagen peptides (CP) containing high concentrations of prolyl-hydroxyproline and hydroxyprolyl-glycine on advanced glycation end products (AGEs) levels in the skin and subcutaneous blood vessel walls. A total of 31 individuals aged 47-87 years were randomly assigned to receive either 5 g/day of fish-derived CP or a placebo for 12 weeks. Body and blood compositions and AGEs levels were measured at the beginning and end of the study. No adverse events were observed, and both groups' blood and body compositions did not change significantly. However, the CP group had significantly lower AGEs levels and a slightly lower insulin resistance index (homeostasis model assessment ratio [HOMA-R]) than the placebo group. In addition, the percentage changes in AGEs and HOMA-R levels were positively and strongly correlated in both groups. These findings suggest that fish-derived CP may be effective in reducing AGEs levels and improving insulin resistance.

Technological strategies for the use of plant-derived compounds in the preservation of fish products

New approaches to reducing synthetic preservatives in the preservation of foods draw the attention of plant-derived bioactive compounds, especially for application in foods highly susceptible to spoilage, such as fish products. The review presents relevant data from procurement, application, and methodological research trends to investigate the potential effects of plant-derived bioactive compounds on shelf life extension in fish products. The systematization of data allowed observation that the different methods of extraction and application of bioactive plant compounds result in different effects, such as the reduction of lipid oxidation, antimicrobial effects, and maintenance of sensory characteristics, benefiting the extension of shelf life. In general, plant-derived bioactive compounds are an alternative for the preservation of fish products; however, approaches to the composition of the compounds can contribute to the optimization and efficiency of the process from a technical point of view and industrial viability.

Food safety concerns on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contamination in fish products from estuarine bays throughout the American continent

Estuarine environments are highly productive ecosystems exhibiting high fish biodiversity and richness. Estuarine bays yield significant fisheries catches, making them the target of extractive activities by both artisanal and industrial fisheries. These areas, however, are highly vulnerable to chemical contamination, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) associated with oil spills and other anthropogenic activities, which can jeopardize animal health and consumer welfare. In this context, this systematic review aimed to evaluate PAH levels detected in seafood from estuarine bays throughout the entire American continent and assess potential human health risks. The PICO methodology was applied, and 27 experimental papers were evaluated. The findings indicate that naphthalene and pyrene are routinely detected at high concentrations in several species, such as white mullet and catfish, and that biliary metabolites concentrations tend to be higher than tissue levels. Although the effects of PAH on animal health are well defined due to several decades of assessments, food safety evaluations are still not routine, evidencing a significant knowledge gap and the need for legislative measures based on toxicological data.

Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for rapid and direct screening of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) in commercial fish products

Tuna is one of the most widely consumed fish on the European market, being available in various consumable options. Among them, Thunnus albacares, also called yellowfin tuna, is a delicacy and is consumed by millions of people around the world. Due to its comparatively high cost and demand, it is more vulnerable to fraud, where low-cost tuna or other fish varieties might be replaced for economic gain. In this study, a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was developed and validated for targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene for fast and direct detection of Thunnus albacares, which is a valuable tuna species. The analytical specificity was confirmed using 18 target samples (Thunnus albacares) and 18 samples of non-target fish species. The analytical sensitivity of the LAMP assay was 540 fg DNA per reaction. In addition, a simple and direct swab method without time-consuming nucleic acid extraction procedures and the necessity for cost-intensive laboratory equipment was performed that allowed LAMP detection of Thunnus albacares samples within 13 minutes. Due to its high specificity and sensitivity, the LAMP assay can be used as a rapid and on-site screening method for identifying Thunnus albacares, potentially providing a valuable monitoring tool for food authenticity control by the authorities.

Sustainable or Not? Insights on the Consumption of Animal Products in Poland

Animal products are one of the main constituents of the human diet. They are the main source of energy, proteins, microelements, and bioactive substances. The most popular negative health impacts linked with the consumption of animal products are obesity, atherosclerosis, heart attacks, and cancer. Apart from human health, consuming animal products is also controversial lately, due to farm animals' well-being and environmental protection issues. Thus, within the context of sustainability, the consumption trends of animal products were investigated through our on-line questionnaire surveys. The following animal products were involved in the survey: unprocessed meat (pork, beef, lamb, veal, mutton, chicken, duck, goose, turkey), processed meat (cold-cuts, sausages, pates), fish products, and eggs. Our research concluded that consumption among respondents with higher education was unsustainable for both unprocessed and processed meat, as eating habits in terms of type and quantity of consumed meat indicated respondents' unawareness. The consumption of fish products was also revealed as unsustainable regarding the quantity of fish consumed in terms of its beneficial nutritional values. Egg consumption was revealed as the most sustainable among the investigated animal products. However, insignificant egg consumption among the respondents showed the actual need of social education in terms of the current knowledge regarding the beneficial aspects of eggs.

Gel performance of surimi induced by various thermal technologies: A review

Heating is a vital step in the gelation of surimi. Conventional water bath heating (WB) has the advantages of easy operation and low equipment requirements. However, the slow heat penetration during WB may lead to poor gel formation or gels prone to deterioration, especially with one-step heating. The two-step WB is time-consuming, and a large amount of water used tends to cause environmental problems. This review focuses on key factors affecting the quality of surimi gels in various heating technologies, such as surimi protein structure, chemical forces, or the activity of endogenous enzymes. In addition, the relationships between these factors and the gel performance of surimi under various heating modes are discussed by analyzing the heating temperature and heating rate. Compared with WB, the gel performance can be improved by controlling the heating conditions of microwave heating and ohmic heating, which are mainly achieved by changing the molecular structure of myofibrillar proteins or the activity of endogenous enzymes in surimi. Nevertheless, the novel thermal technologies still face several limitations and further research is needed to realize large-scale industrial production. This review provides ideas and directions for developing heat-induced surimi products with excellent gel properties.

Fish, Seafood, and Fish Products Purchasing Habits in the Spanish Population during COVID-19 Lockdown

The Mediterranean diet is a healthy dietary pattern in which fish consumption is an important key element. In Spain, fish intake is the second highest in Europe. Dietary guidelines recommend an intake of 1-3 portions a week of fish. However, Spanish fish sales have been decreasing since 2008. The unexpected pandemic spread of the SARS-CoV-2 in 2020 led the Spanish Government to take restrictive measures that had an impact on people's behavior, including food purchases and consumption. The aim of the study was to analyze purchase data of fish, seafood, and fish products during the lockdown in Spain, using data from loyalty card holders (>5,000,000 participants) from a hypermarket chain in Spain. The results show a 45% increase in the purchase of all types of fish, seafood, and fish products, with the highest increment observed in the retiree (+65 years) as compared to the younger populations. Moreover, the retiree, in spite of the digital divide, were also the ones that most increased online shopping. These data should be considered since events like COVID-19 confinement can have a permanent impact on people's dietary habits, a possibility that should be monitored in the future.

Developing a robust and sensitive analytical method to detect off-flavor compounds in fish

In recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS), off-flavors that accumulate in fish muscle tissue can be problematic in terms of consumer acceptance and the reputation of farmed fish products. Although off-flavors are not toxic at low concentrations, they often give fish muscle earthy, muddy, or other unwanted flavors. Traditionally, muddy off-flavors caused by geosmin (GSM) and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) have been detected, but a variety of other compounds and flavors have also been identified. In this study, a method based on solid phase micro extraction (SPME) coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy was developed to identify and quantify 14 off-flavor-inducing compounds in RAS-farmed fish. The selected off-flavors were quantified in circulating water and in fish from a pilot-scale RAS rearing rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). The method showed high accuracy and precision with limits of detection and quantification at a low ng L^-1 level. In this study, 13 compounds were found in the fish muscle which decreased in concentrations during the 15-day depuration period. This study showed that off-flavors in fish can also be induced by other compounds besides GSM and MIB. This emphasizes the need for sufficient off-flavor control in the RAS, but also the importance of an accurate and reliable analytical quantitation method.

Contribution of child ABC-transporter genetics to prenatal MeHg exposure and neurodevelopment

BACKGROUND

There is emerging evidence that exposure to prenatal methylmercury (MeHg) from maternal fish consumption during pregnancy can differ between individuals due to genetic variation. In previous studies, we have reported that maternal polymorphisms in ABC-transporter genes were associated with maternal hair MeHg concentrations, and with children's early neurodevelopmental tests. In this study, we add to these findings by evaluating the contribution of genetic variation in children's ABC-transporter genes to prenatal MeHg exposure and early child neurodevelopmental tests.

METHODS

We genotyped six polymorphisms (rs2032582, rs10276499 and rs1202169 in ABCB1; rs11075290 and rs215088 in ABCC1; rs717620 in ABCC2) in DNA from cord blood and maternal blood of the Seychelles Child Development Study Nutrition Cohort 2. We determined prenatal MeHg exposure by measuring total mercury (Hg) in cord blood by atomic fluorescence spectrometry. We assessed neurodevelopment in children at approximately 20 months using the Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID-II). We used linear regression models to analyze covariate-adjusted associations of child genotype with cord MeHg and BSID-II outcomes (Mental Developmental and Psychomotor Developmental Indexes). We also evaluated interactions between genotypes, cord MeHg, and neurodevelopmental outcomes. All models were run with and without adjustment for maternal genotype.

RESULTS

Of the six evaluated polymorphisms, only ABCC1 rs11075290 was associated with cord blood MeHg; children homozygous for the T-allele had on average 29.99 µg/L MeHg in cord blood while those homozygous for the C-allele had on average 38.06 µg/L MeHg in cord blood (p < 0.001). No polymorphisms in the children were associated with either subscale of the BSID. However, the association between cord MeHg and the Mental Developmental Index (MDI) of the BSID differed significantly across the three genotypes of ABCB1 rs10276499 (2df F-test, p = 0.045). With increasing cord MeHg, the MDI decreased (slope=-0.091, p = 0.014) among children homozygous for the rare C-allele.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings support the possibility that child ABC genetics might influence prenatal MeHg exposure.

Life cycle inventory of plastics losses from seafood supply chains: Methodology and application to French fish products

Plastic debris into the environment is a growing threat for the ecosystems and human health. The seafood sector is particularly concerned because it generates plastic losses and can be endangered by plastic contamination. Life cycle assessment (LCA) does not properly consider plastic losses and related impacts, which is a problem in order to find relevant mitigation strategies without burden shifting. This work proposes a methodology for quantifying flows of plastics from the life cycle of the seafood products to the environment. It is based on loss rate and final release rate considering a pre-fate approach as proposed by the Plastic Leak Project. They are defined for 5 types of micro and macro plastic losses: lost fishing gears, marine coatings, plastic pellets, tire abrasion and plastic mismanaged at the end-of-life. The methodology is validated with a case study applied to French fish products for which relevant data are available in the Agribalyse 3.0 database. Results show that average plastic losses are from 75 mg to 4345 mg per kg of fish at the consumer, depending on the species and the related fishing method. The main plastic losses come from lost fishing gears (macroplastics) and tire abrasion (microplastics). Results show high variability: when mismanaged, plastic packaging at the end-of-life (macroplastics) is the main loss to the environment. As a next step the methodology is to be applied to other fish or shellfish products, or directly implemented in a life cycle inventory database. Further research should characterize the related impacts to the environment when life cycle impact assessment methodologies will be available, and identify eco-design solutions to decrease the major flows to the environment identified.

Fabrication and performance evaluation of pectin-fish gelatin-resveratrol preservative films

Resveratrol-loaded fish gelatin (FG)-low methoxyl pectin (LMP) composite films with different FG:LMP mass ratios were prepared and evaluated as food packaging materials. With increasing FG contents, the water solubility of the films decreased. Moreover, the UV (315-400 nm) blocking efficiency and opacity increased with increasing LMP contents. The elongation of the films at breaking and tensile strengths were adjusted using the ratio of FG and LMP. The lowest water vapour permeability was observed at an FG:LMP mass ratio of 2:1. All films exhibited good antioxidant properties and significantly delayed oil deterioration when used for beef tallow preservation. The release behaviour of resveratrol in 95% ethanol as a food simulant was determined by film composition. The fabricated films exhibit significant potential for beef tallow preservation applications. Furthermore, LMP can improve the stability of resveratrol-FG complexes and compete with resveratrol for binding FG to accelerate resveratrol release.

Cross-sectional comparisons of sodium content in processed meat and fish products among five countries: potential for feasible targets and reformulation

INTRODUCTION

Reducing sodium intake has been identified as a highly cost-effective strategy to prevent and control high blood pressure and reduce cardiovascular mortality. This study aims to compare the sodium content in processed meat and fish products among five countries, which will contribute to the evidence-base for feasible strategies of sodium reduction in such products.

METHODS

Sodium content on product labels of 26 500 prepackaged products, 19 601 meat and 6899 fish, was collected in supermarkets from five countries using the FoodSwitch mobile application from 2012 to 2018. To be specific, it was 1898 products in China, 885 in the UK, 5673 in Australia, 946 in South Africa and 17 098 in the USA. Cross-sectional comparisons of sodium levels and proportions meeting 2017 UK sodium reduction targets were conducted using Kruskal-Wallis H and the χ² test, respectively across the five countries.

RESULTS

The results showed that processed meat and fish products combined in China had the highest sodium level (median 1050 mg/100 g, IQR: 774-1473), followed by the USA, South Africa, Australia, with the lowest levels found in UK (432 mg/100 g, IQR: 236-786) (p<0.001). Similar variations, that is, a twofold to threefold difference of sodium content between the highest and the lowest countries were found among processed meat and fish products separately. Large sodium content variations were also found in certain specific food subcategories across the five countries, as well as across different food subcategories within each country.

CONCLUSION

Processed meat and fish products differ greatly in sodium content across different countries and across different food subcategories. This indicates great potential for food producers to reformulate the products in sodium content, as well as for consumers to select less salted food.

Nutritional Intervention with Dried Bonito Broth for the Amelioration of Aggressive Behaviors in Children with Prenatal Exposure to Dioxins in Vietnam: A Pilot Study

Dioxins have been suggested to induce inflammation in the intestine and brain and to induce neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), partly due to deficits in parvalbumin-positive neurons in the brain that are sensitive to inflammatory stress. Previously, we reported ADHD traits with increased aggressiveness in children with prenatal exposure to dioxins in Vietnam, whereas dried bonito broth (DBB) has been reported to suppress inflammation and inhibit aggressive behavior in animal and human studies. In the present study, we investigated the association between dioxin exposure and the prevalence of children with highly aggressive behaviors (Study 1), as well as the effects of DBB on the prevalence of children with highly aggressive behaviors (Study 2). Methods: In Study 1, we investigated the effects of dioxin exposure on the prevalence of children with high aggression scores, which were assessed using the Children’s Scale of Hostility and Aggression: Reactive/Proactive (C-SHARP) in dioxin-contaminated areas. The data were analyzed using a logistic regression model after adjusting for confounding factors. In Study 2, we performed nutritional intervention by administering DBB for 60 days to ameliorate the aggressiveness of children with high scores on the C-SHARP aggression scale. The effects of DBB were assessed by comparing the prevalence of children with high C-SHARP scores between the pre- and post-intervention examinations. Results: In Study 1, only the prevalence of children with high covert aggression was significantly increased with an increase in dioxin exposure. In Study 2, in the full ingestion (>80% of goal ingestion volume) group, the prevalence of children with high covert aggression associated with dioxin exposure was significantly lower in the post-ingestion examination compared with in the pre-ingestion examination. However, in other ingestion (<20% and 20–79%) groups and a reference (no intervention) group, no difference in the prevalence of children with high covert aggression was found between the examinations before and after the same experimental period. Conclusions: The findings suggest that DBB ingestion may ameliorate children’s aggressive behavior, which is associated with perinatal dioxin exposure.

Intestinal microbial communities of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) may be improved by feeding a Hermetia illucens meal/low-fishmeal diet

With demands and reliance on aquaculture still growing, there are various challenges to allow sustainable growth and the shift from fishmeal (FM) to other protein sources in aquafeed formulations is one of the most important. In this regard, interest in the use of insect meal (IM) in aquafeeds has grown rapidly. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to assess the effects of dietary IM from Hermetia illucens (Hi) larvae included in a low-FM diet on gut microbial communities of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), in terms of both composition and function of microbiome. A feeding trial was conducted using 192 trout of about 100-g mean initial weight. Fish were fed in quadruplicate (4 tanks/diet) for 131 days with two diets: the control (Ctrl) contained 20% of FM as well as other protein sources, whereas the Hi diet contained 15% of Hi larvae meal to replace 50% of the FM contained in the Ctrl diet. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene was used to identify the major feed and gut bacterial taxa, whereas Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States (PICRUSt) analysis was performed on gut bacterial genomes to identify the major active biological pathways. The inclusion of IM led to an increase in Firmicutes, mainly represented by Bacilli class and to a drastic reduction of Proteobacteria. Beneficial genera, such as Lactobacillus and Bacillus, were enriched in the gut of fish fed with the Hi diet, whereas the number of bacteria assigned to the pathogenic Aeromonas genus was drastically reduced in the same fish group. The metagenome functional data provided evidence that dietary IM inclusion can shape the metabolic activity of trout gut microbiota. In particular, intestinal microbiome of fish fed with IM may have the capacity to improve dietary carbohydrate utilization. Therefore, H. illucens meal is a promising protein source for trout nutrition, able to modulate gut microbial community by increasing the abundance of some bacteria taxa that are likely to play a key role in fish health.

Metabolomic Markers of Southern Dietary Patterns in the Jackson Heart Study

SCOPE

New biomarkers are needed that are representative of dietary intake.

METHODS AND RESULTS

We assess metabolites associated with Southern dietary patterns in 1401 Jackson Heart Study participants. Three dietary patterns are empirically derived using principal component analysis: meat and fast food, fish and vegetables, and starchy foods. We randomly select two subsets of the study population: two-third sample for discovery (n = 934) and one-third sample for replication (n = 467). Among the 327 metabolites analyzed, 14 are significantly associated with the meat and fast food dietary pattern, four are significantly associated with the fish and vegetables dietary pattern, and none are associated with the starchy foods dietary pattern in the discovery sample. In the replication sample, nine remain associated with the meat and fast food dietary pattern [indole-3-propanoic acid, C24:0 lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), N-methyl proline, proline betaine, C34:2 phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) plasmalogen, C36:5 PE plasmalogen, C38:5 PE plasmalogen, cotinine, hydroxyproline] and three remain associated with the fish and vegetables dietary pattern [1,7-dimethyluric acid, C22:6 lysophosphatidylethanolamine, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)].

CONCLUSION

Twelve metabolites are discovered and replicated in association with dietary patterns detected in a Southern U.S. African-American population, which could be useful as biomarkers of Southern dietary patterns.

New Bioactive Peptides Identified from a Tilapia Byproduct Hydrolysate Exerting Effects on DPP-IV Activity and Intestinal Hormones Regulation after Canine Gastrointestinal Simulated Digestion

Like their owners, dogs and cats are more and more affected by overweight and obesity-related problems and interest in functional pet foods is growing sharply. Through numerous studies, fish protein hydrolysates have proved their worth to prevent and manage obesity-related comorbidities like diabetes. In this work, a human in vitro static simulated gastrointestinal digestion model was adapted to the dog which allowed us to demonstrate the promising effects of a tilapia byproduct hydrolysate on the regulation of food intake and glucose metabolism. Promising effects on intestinal hormones secretion and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) inhibitory activity were evidenced. We identify new bioactive peptides able to stimulate cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) secretions, and to inhibit the DPP-IV activity after a transport study through a Caco-2 cell monolayer.

Recent advances in clinical practice: colorectal cancer chemoprevention in the average-risk population

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common and lethal malignancies in Western countries. Its development is a multistep process that spans more than 15 years, thereby providing an opportunity for prevention and early detection. The high incidence and mortality rates emphasise the need for prevention and screening. Many countries have therefore introduced CRC screening programmes. It is expected, and preliminary evidence in some countries suggests, that this screening effort will decrease CRC-related mortality rates. CRC prevention involves a healthy lifestyle and chemoprevention-more specifically, oral chemoprevention that can interfere with progression from a normal colonic mucosa to adenocarcinoma. This preventive effect is important for individuals with a genetic predisposition, but also in the general population. The ideal chemopreventive agent, or combination of agents, remains unknown, especially when considering safety during long-term use. This review evaluates the evidence across 80 meta-analyses of interventional and observational studies of CRC prevention using medications, vitamins, supplements and dietary factors. This review suggests that the following factors are associated with a decreased incidence of CRC: aspirin, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, magnesium, folate, a high consumption of fruits and vegetables, fibre and dairy products. An increased incidence of CRC was observed with frequent alcohol or meat consumption. No evidence of a protective effect for tea, coffee, garlic, fish and soy products was found. The level of evidence is moderate for aspirin, β-carotene and selenium, but is low or very low for all other exposures or interventions.

Minimizing marine ingredients in diets of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar): effects on liver and head kidney lipid class and fatty acid composition

Limited fish meal and fish oil supplies have necessitated research on alternatives for aquafeeds. Seven dietary treatments with different protein and lipid sources were formulated for farmed Atlantic salmon, and their effects on liver and head kidney lipid class, fatty acid, and elemental composition were studied. Fish meal, fish oil, and EPA + DHA content ranged from 5-35%, 0-12%, and 0.1-3%, respectively. Elemental analysis showed that the C to N ratio was higher in the head kidney than in the liver, which is consistent with higher content of total lipids in the head kidney compared with the liver. There was a greater susceptibility to dietary lipid alterations in the liver compared with the head kidney despite liver having a greater proportion of phospholipid and a much lower proportion of triacylglycerol. So long as fish oil levels were 5% or more of the diet, arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) proportions were the same for each tissue as with feeding the marine diet with 12% fish oil; however, livers and head kidneys from fish fed the lowest amount of fish meal and fish oil had the lowest levels of eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and DHA and the highest ARA levels. Removal of fish oil and reduction of fish meal to 5% in diets of farmed Atlantic salmon affected elemental and lipid compositions of the liver and head kidney tissues potentially increasing susceptibility to inflammation. However, with 10% of the diet comprising fish meal and fish oil, lipid contents were comparable with fish fed marine-based diets.

Comprehensive physiological and transcriptomic analysis revealing the responses of hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × E. lanceolatus♂) to the replacement of fish meal with soy protein concentrate

Plant proteins are suitable and alternative to fish meals (FMs), with less cost compared with that of all other types of fish feeds. In recent years, soy protein concentrate (SPC) has emerged as a cost-effective alternative to FM; however, little is known regarding the effects of dietary SPC on general fish physiology and well-being. This study aimed to perform comprehensive physiological and transcriptomic analysis for testing the applicability of SPC as fish feeds in hybrid grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus♀ × E. lanceolatus♂) [SPC replaced 0% (CK), 30% (SPC30), and 75% (SPC75) of FM protein]. Generally, SPC30 promoted fish survival and had less effects on the phenotype, while SPC75 reduced fish survival, promoted inflammation, and regulated multiple physiological responses. Thousands of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by SPC were identified in the intestine, liver, and muscle, which were enriched in biological regulation, cellular process, metabolic process, single-organism process, cell, cell part, membrane, binding, and catalytic activity based on RNA-seq. Notably, some DEGs involved in amino acid and lipid metabolism in the digestive system highlighted the modulatory effect of SPC on these metabolic processes, consistent with the physiological responses including enzyme activities. The enriched aspects of these predominant DEGs might be directly related to the different effects of SPC30 and SPC75 on fish growth, digestibility, and underlying enzyme activities and histology. In conclusion, the comprehensive physiological and transcriptomic comparative analysis of CK, SPC30, and SPC75 was also effective in testing the applicability of SPC as fish feeds and in designing a proper diet with the best impact on the growth performance and health of fish in hybrid grouper.

A novel soft surimi gel with functionality prepared using alcalase for people suffering from dysphagia

In this study, effects of alcalase on physical properties, pepsin digestibility, and antioxidative activity in the heat-induced surimi gel were investigated to develop a novel gel product for people with dysphagia. The heat-induced gelation profile of surimi showed that alcalase activity was maximized at approximately 37 °C. The surimi gel attained an appropriate texture for people with dysphagia, when a combination of 0.3-0.5% alcalase and two-step heating at 37 °C and 90 °C was used. Adding alcalase effectively promoted proteolysis, resulting in softening of the gel. Furthermore, the gel with 0.5% alcalase showed improved pepsin digestibility, when heated at 37 °C and 90 °C. Its antioxidative activity was enhanced by adding 0.5% alcalase. Therefore, a combination of 0.5% alcalase and the two-step heating at 37 °C and 90 °C was useful in improving the physical and functional properties of the surimi gel for people with dysphagia.

Use of Sea Fennel as a Natural Ingredient of Edible Films for Extending the Shelf Life of Fresh Fish Burgers

The growing interest from consumers toward healthy and nutritious products and their benefits for health has increased the consumption of whole and processed fish. One of the main problems of fish is the short shelf life, especially when it is processed as in the case of burgers. The use of edible coating is an interesting strategy to extend the quality and safety of the product, reducing the need for artificial preservatives. This study evaluated the use of chitosan-based edible film formulated with sea fennel plant and sea fennel extracts. The analyses showed than the use of edible film extended the shelf life of fish burgers regardless of the incorporation of sea fennel mainly associated to the gas barrier properties and selective permeability of the film applied to the fish surface. The incorporation of sea fennel in the films did not produce any antimicrobial enhancement, although sea fennel (mostly extract) produced a better pH and enhanced the antioxidant properties and lipid oxidation of fish burgers. However, sensory analyses showed than fish burgers coated with sea fennel film plant had better acceptability than those with sea fennel extracts, probably due to the better odour and colour of the whole plant during storage. The study showed that the use of sea fennel plant at 12.5% extended the shelf life of fish burgers using a safe and clean label strategy.

Isolation of probiotics and their effects on growth, antioxidant and non-specific immunity of sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus

Probiotics play vital roles in controlling diseases, enhancing specific and non-specific immunity and stimulating growth in the aquaculture industry. However, the effect of fermentation of feed by probiotics on the immune ability of sea cucumber has not been reported to date. Here, three candidate probiotic strains (Bacillus species) were isolated from the culture seawater and sediment of sea cucumber, and fishmeal and scallop mantle fermented by the candidate probiotic strains were used to feed sea cucumber. The results showed that the free amino acid and small peptide contents of the fishmeal and scallop mantle were significantly increased after fermentation for 72 h. However, the weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) of sea cucumber showed no significant differences among the fermented fishmeal, fermented scallop mantle and control groups. Scallop mantle fermented by the three candidate probiotics could increase the coelomocyte number and respiratory burst activity. The immune-related enzymatic activity was increased after consuming the fermented fishmeal and scallop mantle, while the activity of antioxidant enzymes was reduced. The expression levels of immune- and antioxidant-related genes were changed after consuming the fermented fishmeal and scallop mantle. Taken together, our results suggest that probiotics could increase the immunocompetence of sea cucumber, and fermented scallop mantle might be a potential substitute for fishmeal during feed preparation. Our results lay a foundation for further understanding the relationship between probiotics and the non-specific immunity of sea cucumber.

Animal and Cellular Studies Demonstrate Some of the Beneficial Impacts of Herring Milt Hydrolysates on Obesity-Induced Glucose Intolerance and Inflammation

The search for bioactive compounds from enzymatic hydrolysates has increased in the last few decades. Fish by-products have been shown to be rich in these valuable molecules; for instance, herring milt is a complex matrix composed of lipids, nucleotides, minerals, and proteins. However, limited information is available on the potential health benefits of this by-product. In this context, three industrial products containing herring milt hydrolysate (HMH) were tested in both animal and cellular models to measure their effects on obesity-related metabolic disorders. Male C57Bl/6J mice were fed either a control chow diet or a high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) diet for 8 weeks and received either the vehicle (water) or one of the three HMH products (HMH1, HMH2, and HMH3) at a dose of 208.8 mg/kg (representing 1 g/day for a human) by daily oral gavage. The impact of HMH treatments on insulin and glucose tolerance, lipid homeostasis, liver gene expression, and the gut microbiota profile was studied. In parallel, the effects of HMH on glucose uptake and inflammation were studied in L6 myocytes and J774 macrophages, respectively. In vivo, daily treatment with HMH2 and HMH3 improved early time point glycemia during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) induced by the HFHS diet, without changes in weight gain and insulin secretion. Interestingly, we also observed that HMH2 consumption partially prevented a lower abundance of Lactobacillus species in the gut microbiota of HFHS diet-fed animals. In addition to this, modulations of gene expression in the liver, such as the upregulation of sucrose nonfermenting AMPK-related kinase (SNARK), were reported for the first time in mice treated with HMH products. While HMH2 and HMH3 inhibited inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) induction in J774 macrophages, glucose uptake was not modified in L6 muscle cells. These results indicate that milt herring hydrolysates reduce some metabolic and inflammatory alterations in cellular and animal models, suggesting a possible novel marine ingredient to help fight against obesity-related immunometabolic disorders.

Nudge interventions to reduce fish sauce consumption in Thailand

High sodium consumption is one of the four major risk factors contributing to non-communicable diseases around the world. Thailand has one of the highest rates of sodium consumption, with fish sauce being one of the main sources. The aim of this study was to examine whether changes in the micro-environment factors can affect fish sauce consumption behavior in a university setting in Thailand. We implemented four interventions (with one control) in five canteens across a Thai university. The study design was a Latin square, where the five canteens were randomized over five weeks to implement four interventions plus a control. Our interventions included behavior-oriented, cognitive-oriented, and affective-oriented nudges aimed to reduce the amount of fish sauce people add to their noodles during lunchtime at the university canteens. Results indicate that a simple change in how fish sauce was served can reduce fish sauce consumption. Serving fish sauce in a bowl with a spoon reduced the amount of fish sauce used per noodle bowl by 0.25 grams, compared to the normal condition where fish sauce is served in a bottle. Using a specially-designed spoon with a hole induced a larger reduction of 0.58 grams of fish sauce used per bowl. The other two interventions, cognitive- and affective- oriented nudges, also showed reductions of fish sauce usage, but the differences were not statistically significant. The findings can be used for policy implementation to advocate the use of a smaller sized spoon and a bowl to serve fish sauce instead of a bottle to reduce sodium consumption among Thai people.

Dietary habits associated with the presence of organochlorine pesticides in human milk

This study aims to establish the relationship between the consumption of certain foods and the presence of organochlorine pesticides in human milk. A total of 167 samples of breastmilk were collected. Sample analysis was carried out by gas chromatography with electron capture detector. Pesticide concentrations (op'DDT, pp'DDT, pp'DDE, Σ-DDT, HCB, β-HCH) were grouped by consumption level of fish, dairy products, meat, eggs, and seafood and then were compared to each other. The odds ratio (OR) was calculated between the concentration of pesticides (higher and/or lower than median) and the exposure variable (high consumption). The results indicated low median concentrations of HCB, β - HCH, op'DDT and pp'DDT, whose fluctuations and trends between different frequencies of food consumption were not significant. pp'DDE and Σ - DDT values according to the increase in consumption of fish were significantly increased. Women with high fish consumption have a higher risk of high concentrations of pp'DDE and Σ-DDT (OR: high consumption: 5.6 (1.3-23.6). A protective effect was observed in the consumption of dairy products (β-HCH and op'DDT), meat (HCB), and seafood (pp'DDT). These results suggest that it is possible that the consumption of fish, dairy products, meat, and seafood influences the presence of organochlorine pesticides in the studied population.

Structural feature and self-assembly properties of type II collagens from the cartilages of skate and sturgeon

Acid-soluble collagen (ASC) and pepsin-soluble collagen (PSC) were extracted and purified from the cartilages of skate and sturgeon. Their typical structure and physicochemical properties were evaluated by circular dichroism (CD), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and so on. Results showed that the extracted collagen was likely identified as collagen-II composed of three α-chains (135 kDa), with the typical peptide sequence of Gly-X-Y. It showed the collagen retained the native and intact triple helical structure, and its intensity ratio of the positive and negative absorption peaks (Rpn) was 0.19-0.25. In addition, the extracted collagen exhibited obvious self-assembly behavior with the concentration above 0.3 mg/mL, the adjustment of pH 7.4-7.6 and the NaCl concentration of 120 mmol/L. The critical aggregate mass concentrations of pepsin-soluble collagens from skate and sturgeon were 0.93 and 0.86 g/L, respectively. Therefore, collagens from skate and sturgeon cartilages have potential commercial application.

Dietary and Biological Assessment of the Omega-3 Status of Collegiate Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

Omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3 FA) are associated with cardiovascular health, brain function, reduction of inflammation, and several other physiological roles of importance to competitive athletes. The ω-3 FA status of National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I athletes has not been well-described. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ω-3 FA status of NCAA Division I athletes using dietary and biological assessment methodology. Athletes from nine NCAA Division I institutions from throughout the U.S. (n = 1,528, 51% male, 34 sports represented, 19.9 ± 1.4 years of age) completed a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) to assess ω-3 FA from diet and supplements. Omega-3 Index (O3i) was evaluated in a sub-set of these participants (n = 298, 55% male, 21 sports represented, 20.0 ± 1.3 years of age) using dried blood spot sampling. Only 6% (n = 93) of athletes achieved the Academy of Nutrition & Dietetics’ recommendation to consume 500 mg DHA+EPA per day. Use of ω-3 FA supplements was reported by 15% (n = 229) of participants. O3i was 4.33 ± 0.81%, with no participants meeting the O3i benchmark of 8% associated with the lowest risk of cardiovascular disease. Every additional weekly serving of fish or seafood was associated with an absolute O3i increase of 0.27%. Overall, sub-optimal ω-3 FA status was observed among a large, geographically diverse group of male and female NCAA Division I athletes. These findings may inform interventions aimed at improving ω-3 FA status of collegiate athletes. Further research on athlete-specific ω-3 FA requirements is needed.

Improvement of gel properties of mackerel mince by phlorotannin extracts from sporophyll of Undaria pinnatifidai and UVA induced cross-linking

The effects of phlorotannin extracts (PTE) (from sporophyll of Undaria pinnatifida) added at different concentration (0, 1.6, 8, and 40 mg/g protein) with and without ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation treatment on gel properties of mackerel (Scomberomorus niphonius) mince (MM) were investigated. The results indicated that both the breaking force and water-holding capacity (WHC) of the MM gel increased with addition of PTE, and the highest breaking force and WHC were observed with 40 mg/g PTE under UVA irradiation. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance revealed that free water significantly decreased in this PTE-MM gel as well. UVA irradiation treatment led to reduction of total sulfhydryls and free amines in the PTE-MM gel, indicating more cross-linking between proteins. Electrophoresis results indicated that myosin heavy chains were aggregated in the UVA-treated PTE-MM gel. The microstructure of the UVA-treated PTE-MM gel showed that protein formed more evenly distributed cross-linked structures and was more compact than the untreated control gel. As a conclusion, PTE addition with UVA irradiation is shown to improve gelling properties of mackerel mince.

Recommended Intake of Key Food Groups and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Australian Older, Rural-Dwelling Adults

This study examined the relationship between diet quality scores and cardiometabolic risk factors in regionally-dwelling older Australian adults with increased cardiovascular risk. This study was a cross-sectional analysis of demographic, anthropometric, and cardiometabolic risk factor data from 458 participants of the Cardiovascular Stream of the Hazelwood Health Study. Participants completed a 120 item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Multivariable linear regression adjusting for age, sex, smoking, physical activity, education, diabetes, and body mass index was used to examine the relationship between diet and cardiometabolic risk factors. Mean (SD) age of participants was 71 (8) years, and 55% were male. More than half of men and women did not meet recommended intakes of fibre, while 60% of men and 42% of women exceeded recommended dietary sodium intakes. Higher diet quality in terms of intake of vegetables, grains, and non-processed meat, as well as intake of non-fried fish, was associated with more favourable cardiometabolic risk profiles, while sugar-sweetened soft drink intake was strongly associated with adverse cardiometabolic risk factor levels. In older, regionally-dwelling adults, dietary public health strategies that address whole grain products, vegetable and fish consumption, and sugar-sweetened soft-drink intake may be of benefit in reducing cardiometabolic risk.

Fish By-Product Use as Biostimulants: An Overview of the Current State of the Art, Including Relevant Legislation and Regulations within the EU and USA

Crop production systems have adopted cost-effective, sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural practices to improve crop yields and the quality of food derived from plants. Approaches such as genetic selection and the creation of varieties displaying favorable traits such as disease and drought resistance have been used in the past and continue to be used. However, the use of biostimulants to promote plant growth has increasingly gained attention, and the market size for biostimulants is estimated to reach USD 4.14 billion by 2025. Plant biostimulants are products obtained from different inorganic or organic substances and microorganisms that can improve plant growth and productivity and abate the negative effects of abiotic stresses. They include materials such as protein hydrolysates, amino acids, humic substances, seaweed extracts and food or industrial waste-derived compounds. Fish processing waste products have potential applications as plant biostimulants. This review gives an overview of plant biostimulants with a focus on fish protein hydrolysates and legislation governing the use of plant biostimulants in agriculture.

Growth, health aspects and histopathology of brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus L.): replacing fishmeal with soybean meal and brewer's yeast

A ten-week feeding trial was carried out to investigate the effects of replacing fishmeal (FM) with soybean meal (SBM) and brewer's yeast (BY) on growth performance, blood parameters, oxidative stress and micromorphology of liver and intestines in brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus L.). Fish were fed nine feeds in which FM was replaced with 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% SBM (K1, K2, K3 and K4) and 17% + 8%, 42% + 8%, 67% + 8% and 92% + 8% of SBM/BY combination (K5, K6, K7, K8). Growth indices showed greater outcomes for the K2 group in comparison to all other groups. A decrease in plasma cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations was found after FM replacement. Activity of SOD was higher in groups K4, K7 and K8. The early inflammatory indications with abnormal vacuolization of lamina propria and basal epithelium were present in diets K4 and K8. Hepatocytes were irregular in shape with signs of inflammatory reaction in diet K8. A decreased perimeter of hepatocyte nuclei was detected in all experimental diets when compared with the control. This study demonstrates that the optimal replacement of FM with SBM/BY in brown bullhead diets contains up to 50% of FM replaced with SBM in order to obtain advantageous growth performance and adequate health condition.