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Xu J, Wang Q, Yang K, Wen L, Wang T, Lin D, Liu J, Zhou J, Liu Y, Dong Y, Cao C, Li S, Zhou X. [High-quality acceleration of the Chinese national schistosomiasis elimination programme to advance the building of Healthy China]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2024; 36:1-6. [PMID: 38604678 DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2024051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The goal of achieving elimination of schistosomiasis across all endemic counties in China by 2030 was proposed in the Outline of the Healthy China 2030 Plan. On June 16, 2023, the Action Plan to Accelerate the Elimination of Schistosomiasis in China (2023-2030) was jointly issued by National Disease Control and Prevention Administration and other 10 ministries, which deployed the targets and key tasks of the national schistosomiasis elimination programme in China. This article describes the progress of the national schistosomiasis control programme, analyzes the opportunities to eliminate schistosomiasis, and proposes targeted recommendations to tackle the challenges of schistosomiasis elimination, so as to accelerate the process towards schistosomiasis elimination and facilitate the building of a healthy China.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200025, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Q Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - K Yang
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, China
| | - L Wen
- Zhejiang Center for Schistosomiasis Control, China
| | - T Wang
- Anhui Institute for Schistosomiasis Control, China
| | - D Lin
- Jiangxi Institute of Parasitic Disease, China
| | - J Liu
- Hubei Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - J Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Bureau of Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Y Liu
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Y Dong
- Yunnan Institute for Endemic Disease Control, China
| | - C Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - S Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200025, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - X Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200025, China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
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Hilditch CJ, Pradhan S, Costedoat G, Bathurst NG, Glaros Z, Gregory KB, Shattuck NL, Flynn-Evans EE. An at-home evaluation of a light intervention to mitigate sleep inertia symptoms. Sleep Health 2024; 10:S121-S129. [PMID: 37679265 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2023.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Under laboratory settings, light exposure upon waking at night improves sleep inertia symptoms. We investigated whether a field-deployable light source would mitigate sleep inertia in a real-world setting. METHODS Thirty-six participants (18 female; 26.6 years ± 6.1) completed an at-home, within-subject, randomized crossover study. Participants were awoken 45 minutes after bedtime and wore light-emitting glasses with the light either on (light condition) or off (control). A visual 5-minute psychomotor vigilance task, Karolinska sleepiness scale, alertness and mood scales, and a 3-minute auditory/verbal descending subtraction task were performed at 2, 12, 22, and 32 minutes after awakening. Participants then went back to sleep and were awoken after 45 minutes for the opposite condition. A series of mixed-effect models were performed with fixed effects of test bout, condition, test bout × condition, a random effect of the participant, and relevant covariates. RESULTS Participants rated themselves as more alert (p = .01) and energetic (p = .001) in the light condition compared to the control condition. There was no effect of condition for descending subtraction task outcomes when including all participants, but there was a significant improvement in descending subtraction task total responses in the light condition in the subset of participants waking from N3 (p = .03). There was a significant effect of condition for psychomotor vigilance task outcomes, with faster responses (p < .001) and fewer lapses (p < .001) in the control condition. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that light modestly improves self-rated alertness and energy after waking at home regardless of sleep stage, with lower aggression and improvements to working memory only after waking from N3. Contrary to laboratory studies, we did not observe improved performance on the psychomotor vigilance task. Future studies should include measures of visual acuity and comfort to assess the feasibility of interventions in real-world settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassie J Hilditch
- Fatigue Countermeasures Laboratory, San José State University, San José, California, USA.
| | - Sean Pradhan
- Fatigue Countermeasures Laboratory, San José State University, San José, California, USA; School of Business, Menlo College, Atherton, California, USA
| | - Gregory Costedoat
- Fatigue Countermeasures Laboratory, San José State University, San José, California, USA
| | - Nicholas G Bathurst
- Fatigue Countermeasures Laboratory, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Zachary Glaros
- Fatigue Countermeasures Laboratory, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Kevin B Gregory
- Fatigue Countermeasures Laboratory, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Nita L Shattuck
- Operations Research Department, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, USA
| | - Erin E Flynn-Evans
- Fatigue Countermeasures Laboratory, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
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Sjörs Dahlman A, Ljung Aust M, Mama Y, Hasson D, Anund A. In-vehicle fragrance administration as a countermeasure for driver fatigue. Accid Anal Prev 2024; 195:107429. [PMID: 38128240 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Driver fatigue is a contributing factor in about 10-30% of all fatal crashes. Prevention of fatigue-related crashes relies on robust detection of driver fatigue and application of effective countermeasures. A potential countermeasure is fragrance administration since odors can have alerting effects on humans. The aim here was to investigate if a fragrance incorporating trigeminal components could be used as an in-vehicle countermeasure for driver fatigue. The fragrance was tested in a driving simulator with 21 healthy but sleep-deprived participants. Each participant performed a monotonous driving task twice, once with active fragrance containing a trigeminal component and once with olfactory fragrance, in a cross-over single-blind design. The order of trigeminal/olfactory fragrance was randomized and blinded to the participants. Both fragrances (trigeminal/olfactory) were administered either when the participant fell asleep (defined as eye closure > 3 s) or after approximately 45 min if the participant did not fall asleep. Self-reported sleepiness was assessed using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS) every 5 min during driving. Variability in speed and lateral position and line crossing frequency were logged for each drive to measure driving performance. Heart rate measurements (ECG) and eye blinks (EOG) were collected to investigate potential arousing effects of the fragrance and to track objective signs of sleepiness. Mean blink duration, which was used as an objective measure of sleepiness, decreased significantly, after fragrance exposure, as did the frequency of line crossings, but there were no statistically significant differences between the fragrance with trigeminal stimulus and the pure olfactory fragrance. The results are in line with the effects found for other commonly used fatigue countermeasures, like playing loud music. These countermeasures can restore alertness and driving performance for a short while. Whether this is sufficient to support driving performance until the driver can make a safe stop in real traffic remains a topic for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sjörs Dahlman
- Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Linköping, Sweden; Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and SAFER Vehicle and Traffic Safety Centre, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | | | - Yaniv Mama
- Ariel University, Department of Psychology, Israel; Moodify Inc, Kfar Saba, Israel
| | - Dan Hasson
- Karolinska Institutet, Department Learning Informatics Management and Ethics, Medical Management Centre, Sweden and Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, USA
| | - Anna Anund
- Swedish National Road and Transport Research Institute (VTI), Linköping, Sweden
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Pavlenko P, Levchuk S, Yoschenko V, Hrechaniuk M, Wada T, Kashparov V. Testing countermeasures to reduce 90Sr content in fish products. J Environ Radioact 2024; 271:107316. [PMID: 37890208 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2023.107316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Activity concentrations of 90Sr in fish in lakes located within the Chornobyl Exclusion Zone (ChEZ) reach 100 kBq kg-1, which is several thousand times higher than the permissible level in Ukraine (35 Bq kg-1). This study was conducted in the natural conditions of the ChEZ to determine the effectiveness of keeping radioactively contaminated fish in "clean" water to reduce the 90Sr content of their muscle tissue, as previously shown in short-term laboratory experiments. It was found that transferring tench (Tinca tinca (Linnaeus, 1758)) from Lake Glubokoye one of the most contaminated lakes in the ChEZ, to a cage in the "clean" Lake Starukha for 45 days did not lead to a significant decrease in 90Sr content in both bone and muscle tissues. Establishing permissible levels of 90Sr concentration only in fish fillet, and not in the whole fish body (with bone tissue), is appropriate for human radiation protection, since the retention factors of 90Sr treatment for boiled bone tissue of crucian carp from the Chornobyl exclusion zone are less than 0.01, and up to 97% of strontium is contained in bone tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Pavlenko
- Ukrainian Institute of Agricultural Radiology (UIAR) of National University of Life and Environment Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; Institute of Environmental Radioactivity at Fukushima University, Fukushima, Japan.
| | - S Levchuk
- Ukrainian Institute of Agricultural Radiology (UIAR) of National University of Life and Environment Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - V Yoschenko
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity at Fukushima University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - M Hrechaniuk
- Ukrainian Institute of Agricultural Radiology (UIAR) of National University of Life and Environment Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - T Wada
- Institute of Environmental Radioactivity at Fukushima University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - V Kashparov
- Ukrainian Institute of Agricultural Radiology (UIAR) of National University of Life and Environment Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine; Center for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Mukasa K, Sugawara T, Okutomi Y. Nursery school absenteeism surveillance system and infection control measures in nursery schools. J Infect Chemother 2023; 29:1017-1022. [PMID: 37437660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Nursery School Absenteeism Surveillance System (NSASSy), which includes 40% of all nursery schools in Japan, has a degree of effectiveness that is difficult to prove: nursery schools and areas without NSASSy cannot be evaluated for their incidence of infectious diseases as precisely as those with NSASSy. Instead, we examine nursery school countermeasures against infectious diseases by considering the endogeneity bias of NSASSy. METHOD After sending questionnaires to 500 Tokyo metropolitan and nearby nursery schools in November 2022, we received their responses through the end of 2022. Questionnaires asked about infection control measures of nursery schools: (1) cooperation with public health centers; (2) cooperation with staff; (3) cooperation with children's parents; (4) precautions among children; (5) countermeasure systems; (6) precaution systems; (7) recording of health conditions of children; (8) usefulness of studying while students; and (9) usefulness of training at nursery schools. Ordered probit with inverse probability weighted adjustment was used as the estimation procedure. The explanatory variable was a dummy variable for using NSASSy. Probability in weight was estimated using the first-step probit for NSASSy. Explanatory variables were a dummy variable for publicly funded nursery schools and a dummy variable for local governments that had adopted NSASSy. RESULTS We analyzed 193 nursery schools. NSASSy was negative and associated significantly with (3) cooperation with children's parents and (7) recording of health conditions of children. These countermeasures were more likely to have been taken by NSASSy nursery schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Mukasa
- Department of Social Welfare, Faculty of Humanities and Social Science, Showa Women's University, Japan.
| | - Tamie Sugawara
- Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan
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Moriguchi N, Ito L, Tokai A. Risk assessment of chemical release accident triggered by landslide using Bayesian network. Sci Total Environ 2023; 890:164321. [PMID: 37236446 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.164321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the risk of 461,260,800 scenarios of chemical release accidents triggered by landslides. Several industrial accidents triggered by landslides have recently occurred in Japan; however, only a few studies have analyzed the impact of landslide-triggered chemical release accidents on the surrounding areas. Bayesian networks (BNs) have recently been used in the risk assessment of natural hazardtriggered technological accidents (Natech) to quantify uncertainties and develop methods applicable to multiple scenarios. However, the scope of BN-based quantitative risk assessment is limited to the risk assessment of explosions triggered by earthquakes and lightning. We aimed to extend the BN-based risk analysis methodology and evaluate the risk and the effectiveness of the countermeasures for specific facility. A methodology was developed to assess human health risk in the surrounding areas when n-hexane was released and dispersed into the atmosphere due to a landslide. Risk assessment results showed that the societal risk (representing the relationship between frequency and number of people suffering from a particular harm) of the storage tank closest to the slope exceeded the Netherlands' criteria, which are the safest among the criteria in the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, Denmark, and the Netherlands. Limiting the storage rate reduced the probability of one or more fatalities by up to about 40% compared with the no countermeasure case and was a more effective countermeasure than using oil fences and absorbents. Diagnostic analyses quantitatively showed that the distance between the tank and slope was the main contributing factor. The catch basin parameter contributed to the reduction in the variance of the results compared to the storage rate. This finding indicated that physical measures, such as strengthening or deepening the catch basin, are essential for risk reduction. Our methods can be applied to other natural disasters for multiple scenarios by combining it with other models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuto Moriguchi
- Graduate school of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Lisa Ito
- Graduate school of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tokai
- Graduate school of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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McGregor HR, Lee JK, Mulder ER, De Dios YE, Beltran NE, Wood SJ, Bloomberg JJ, Mulavara AP, Seidler RD. Artificial gravity during a spaceflight analog alters brain sensory connectivity. Neuroimage 2023; 278:120261. [PMID: 37422277 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight has numerous untoward effects on human physiology. Various countermeasures are under investigation including artificial gravity (AG). Here, we investigated whether AG alters resting-state brain functional connectivity changes during head-down tilt bed rest (HDBR), a spaceflight analog. Participants underwent 60 days of HDBR. Two groups received daily AG administered either continuously (cAG) or intermittently (iAG). A control group received no AG. We assessed resting-state functional connectivity before, during, and after HDBR. We also measured balance and mobility changes from pre- to post-HDBR. We examined how functional connectivity changes throughout HDBR and whether AG is associated with differential effects. We found differential connectivity changes by group between posterior parietal cortex and multiple somatosensory regions. The control group exhibited increased functional connectivity between these regions throughout HDBR whereas the cAG group showed decreased functional connectivity. This finding suggests that AG alters somatosensory reweighting during HDBR. We also observed brain-behavioral correlations that differed significantly by group. Control group participants who showed increased connectivity between the putamen and somatosensory cortex exhibited greater mobility declines post-HDBR. For the cAG group, increased connectivity between these regions was associated with little to no mobility declines post-HDBR. This suggests that when somatosensory stimulation is provided via AG, functional connectivity increases between the putamen and somatosensory cortex are compensatory in nature, resulting in reduced mobility declines. Given these findings, AG may be an effective countermeasure for the reduced somatosensory stimulation that occurs in both microgravity and HDBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather R McGregor
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jessica K Lee
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Edwin R Mulder
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | - Scott J Wood
- NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | | | | | - Rachael D Seidler
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States; Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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Singh VK, Seed TM. Development of gamma-tocotrienol as a radiation medical countermeasure for the acute radiation syndrome: current status and future perspectives. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2023; 32:25-35. [PMID: 36655861 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2023.2169127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The possibility of exposure to high doses of total- or partial-body ionizing radiation at a high dose rate due to radiological/nuclear accidents or terrorist attacks is increasing. Despite research and development during the last six decades, there is a shortage of nontoxic, safe, and effective radiation medical countermeasures (MCMs) for radiological and nuclear emergencies. To date, the US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) has approved only four agents for the mitigation of hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome (H-ARS). AREA COVERED We present the current status of a promising radiation countermeasure, gamma-tocotrienol (GT3; a component of vitamin E) as a radiation MCM that has been investigated in murine and nonhuman primate models of H-ARS. There is significant work with this agent using various omic platforms during the last few years to identify its efficacy biomarkers. EXPERT OPINION GT3 is a newer type of radioprotector having significant injury-countering potential and is currently under advanced development for H-ARS. As a pre-exposure drug, it requires only single doses, lacks significant toxicity, and has minimal, ambient temperature storage requirements; thus, GT3 appears to be an ideal MCM for military and first responders as well as for storage in the Strategic National Stockpile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Singh
- Division of Radioprotectants, Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Kiffer FC, Luitel K, Tran FH, Patel RA, Guzman CS, Soler I, Xiao R, Shay JW, Yun S, Eisch AJ. Effects of a 33-ion sequential beam galactic cosmic ray analog on male mouse behavior and evaluation of CDDO-EA as a radiation countermeasure. Behav Brain Res 2022; 419:113677. [PMID: 34818568 PMCID: PMC9755463 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In long-term spaceflight, astronauts will face unique cognitive loads and social challenges which will be complicated by communication delays with Earth. It is important to understand the central nervous system (CNS) effects of deep spaceflight and the associated unavoidable exposure to galactic cosmic radiation (GCR). Rodent studies show single- or simple-particle combination exposure alters CNS endpoints, including hippocampal-dependent behavior. An even better Earth-based simulation of GCR is now available, consisting of a 33-beam (33-GCR) exposure. However, the effect of whole-body 33-GCR exposure on rodent behavior is unknown, and no 33-GCR CNS countermeasures have been tested. Here astronaut-age-equivalent (6mo-old) C57BL/6J male mice were exposed to 33-GCR (75cGy, a Mars mission dose). Pre-/during/post-Sham or 33-GCR exposure, mice received a diet containing a 'vehicle' formulation alone or with the antioxidant/anti-inflammatory compound CDDO-EA as a potential countermeasure. Behavioral testing beginning 4mo post-irradiation suggested radiation and diet did not affect measures of exploration/anxiety-like behaviors (open field, elevated plus maze) or recognition of a novel object. However, in 3-Chamber Social Interaction (3-CSI), CDDO-EA/33-GCR mice failed to spend more time exploring a holder containing a novel mouse vs. a novel object (empty holder), suggesting sociability deficits. Also, Vehicle/33-GCR and CDDO-EA/Sham mice failed to discriminate between a novel stranger vs. familiarized stranger mouse, suggesting blunted preference for social novelty. CDDO-EA given pre-/during/post-irradiation did not attenuate the 33-GCR-induced blunting of preference for social novelty. Future elucidation of the mechanisms underlying 33-GCR-induced blunting of preference for social novelty will improve risk analysis for astronauts which may in-turn improve countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico C Kiffer
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Krishna Luitel
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA, 75390
| | - Fionya H Tran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Riya A Patel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Catalina S Guzman
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Ivan Soler
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics Division of Biostatistics, CHOP Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104,Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Jerry W Shay
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern (UTSW) Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA, 75390
| | - Sanghee Yun
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104,Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA, 19104
| | - Amelia J Eisch
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP) Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Shankhwar V, Singh D, Deepak KK. Effect of countermeasure bodygear on cardiac-vascular-respiratory coupling during 6-degree head-down tilt: An earth-based microgravity study. Life Sci Space Res (Amst) 2022; 32:45-53. [PMID: 35065760 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Prolonged exposure to microgravity causes physiological deconditioning in humans. Herein, a novel designed countermeasure gravitational load modulation bodygear has been developed to deal with the ill effects of the microgravity environment. The bodygear is designed to provide the wearer an axial loading from the shoulder to the feet that simulate Earth's gravity. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of bodygear on cardiac, vascular and respiratory systems during head-down tilt (HDT) microgravity analogue. In this, 30 healthy male subjects have volunteered and their average age, height and weight were 24.56 ± 3.87 yr, 168.4 ± 9.17 cm and 65.9 ± 10.51 kg respectively. The physiological signals such as electrocardiogram (ECG), blood pressure (BP) and respiration were recorded non-invasively using Biopac MP100. The signals were sampled at 1,000 Hz and processed using MATLAB 2018b. The signals were analysed in linear well as non-linear domains. The ECG and BP were used to derive R-R interval (RRI) and systolic blood pressure (SBP). The respiration time series (RSP) was derived by extracting R-peaks from the ECG signal and using these peaks to find the respiration amplitude. The non-linear domain analysis was used for the detection and quantification of information flow among the recorded signals. Repeated measure analysis of variance with Bonferroni post-hoc paired t-test was used for statistical analysis with the p < 0.05. The experimental results show that the 6-degree HDT activates the parasympathetic system and decreased the RRI effect on SBP (p = 0.005). Interestingly with the bodygear usage, the sympathetic system activated, mean RRI decreased (p = 0.018) and blood pressure increased (p = 0.031) as compared to baseline. Further, it was also observed that the effect of RRI on SBP (p = 0.029) and SBP on RRI (p = 0.012) was increased with bodygear as compared to HDT without bodygear. The conditional entropy technique aided in analyzing the effect of bodygear on information flow variation in the cardiovascular system of the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwajeet Shankhwar
- Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab-144011, India
| | - Dilbag Singh
- Department of Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Dr. B R Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab-144011, India
| | - K K Deepak
- Department of Physiology, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi-110029, India.
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Hunter KS, Carnell LS, DiCarlo AL, Hoffman CM, Loelius SG, Homer M. Interagency approaches to animal models for acute radiation exposure. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 97:S2-S5. [PMID: 34854794 PMCID: PMC8771920 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2021.2002661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation can cause devastating injuries including hemorrhage, immune suppression, increased susceptibility to infection, and death. Medical countermeasures (MCMs) that address and mitigate radiation-induced injuries are the most important tools for countering the consequences of radiation exposure. Likewise, in matters of public health security, the development and advancement of radiological MCMs are fundamental for establishing an effective response to radiological and nuclear threats. United States Government agencies such as the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) have dedicated significant efforts to advance the development of MCMs to treat radiation injury and facilitate their introduction into the public sphere. Due to the severe nature of radiation injuries, clinical trials are unethical. Therefore, nonclinical models that accurately replicate clinical manifestations of ionizing radiation injury observed in humans are essential to MCM advancement. The most frequently used nonclinical models of radiation injury are rodents and non-human primates (NHPs). These species reproduce many aspects of human disease caused by ionizing radiation and have been pivotal for the development and licensure of radiological MCMs. Despite these successes, model drawbacks have prompted the exploration and development of additional nonclinical models. Minipigs and rabbits show promise as acceptable models of radiation injury and demonstrate the potential to contribute significantly to MCM advancement. This collection of research showcases the capabilities of minipigs and rabbits in mirroring clinically relevant aspects of radiation-induced disease and documents the potential value these models may hold for radiological and nuclear MCM research. Together, these government-funded studies represent advances in radiological MCM development that can facilitate the emergence of cutting-edge technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasandra S Hunter
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR), US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lisa S Carnell
- Biological and Physical Sciences Division, NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Andrea L DiCarlo
- Radiation and Nuclear Countermeasures Program (RNCP), Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Transplantation (DAIT), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Corey M Hoffman
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR), US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Shannon G Loelius
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR), US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mary Homer
- Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority (BARDA), Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response (ASPR), US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Washington, DC, USA
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12
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Ng PC, Hendry-Hofer TB, Brenner M, Mahon SB, Boss GR, Maddry JK, Bebarta VS. Efficacy of oral administration of sodium thiosulfate in a large, swine model of oral cyanide toxicity. J Med Toxicol 2021; 17:257-64. [PMID: 33821433 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-021-00836-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cyanide is a deadly poison, particularly with oral exposure where larger doses can occur before symptoms develop. Prior studies and multiple governmentagencies highlight oral cyanide as an agent with the potential for use in a terrorist attack. Currently, there are no FDA approved antidotes specific to oralcyanide. An oral countermeasure that can neutralize and prevent absorption of cyanide from the GI tract after oral exposure is needed. Our objective was toevaluate the efficacy of oral sodium thiosulfate on survival and clinical outcomes in a large, swine model of severe cyanide toxicity. METHODS Swine (45-55kg) were instrumented, sedated, and stabilized. Potassium cyanide (8 mg/kg KCN) in saline was delivered as a one-time bolus via an orogastric tube. Three minutes after cyanide, animals randomized to the treatment group received sodium thiosulfate (510 mg/kg, 3.25 M solution) via orogastric tube. Our primary outcome was survival at 60 minutes after exposure. We compared survival between groups by log-rank, Mantel-Cox analysis and trended labs and vital signs. RESULTS At baseline and time of treatment all animals had similar weights, vital signs, and laboratory values. Survival at 60 min was 100% in treated animals compared to 0% in the control group (p=0.0027). Animals in the control group became apneic and subsequently died by 35.0 min (20.2,48.5) after cyanide exposure. Mean arterial pressure was significantly higher in the treatment group compared to controls (p=0.008). Blood lactate (p=0.02) and oxygen saturation (p=0.02) were also significantly different between treatment and control groups at study end. CONCLUSION Oral administration of sodium thiosulfate improved survival, blood pressure, respirations, and blood lactate concentrations in a large animal model of acute oral cyanide toxicity.
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Kramer A, Venegas-Carro M, Zange J, Sies W, Maffiuletti NA, Gruber M, Degens H, Moreno-Villanueva M, Mulder E. Daily 30-min exposure to artificial gravity during 60 days of bed rest does not maintain aerobic exercise capacity but mitigates some deteriorations of muscle function: results from the AGBRESA RCT. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2015-2026. [PMID: 33811556 PMCID: PMC8192329 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04673-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Spaceflight impairs physical capacity. Here we assessed the protective effect of artificial gravity (AG) on aerobic exercise capacity and muscle function during bed rest, a spaceflight analogue. METHODS 24 participants (33 ± 9 years, 175 ± 9 cm, 74 ± 10 kg, 8 women) were randomly allocated to one of three groups: continuous AG (cAG), intermittent AG (iAG) or control (CTRL). All participants were subjected to 60 days of six-degree head-down tilt bed rest, and subjects of the intervention groups completed 30 min of centrifugation per day: cAG continuously and iAG for 6 × 5 min, with an acceleration of 1g at the center of mass. Physical capacity was assessed before and after bed rest via maximal voluntary contractions, cycling spiroergometry, and countermovement jumps. RESULTS AG had no significant effect on aerobic exercise capacity, flexor muscle function and isometric knee extension strength or rate of force development (RFD). However, AG mitigated the effects of bed rest on jumping power (group * time interaction of the rmANOVA p < 0.001; iAG - 25%, cAG - 26%, CTRL - 33%), plantar flexion strength (group * time p = 0.003; iAG - 35%, cAG - 31%, CTRL - 48%) and plantar flexion RFD (group * time p = 0.020; iAG - 28%, cAG - 12%, CTRL - 40%). Women showed more pronounced losses than men in jumping power (p < 0.001) and knee extension strength (p = 0.010). CONCLUSION The AG protocols were not suitable to maintain aerobic exercise capacity, probably due to the very low cardiorespiratory demand of this intervention. However, they mitigated some losses in muscle function, potentially due to the low-intensity muscle contractions during centrifugation used to avoid presyncope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kramer
- Human Performance Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany.
| | - María Venegas-Carro
- Human Performance Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jochen Zange
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfram Sies
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Markus Gruber
- Human Performance Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Hans Degens
- Department of Life Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.,Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - María Moreno-Villanueva
- Human Performance Research Centre, Department of Sport Science, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Edwin Mulder
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
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14
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Zhu GD, Gao Q, Cao J. [Challenges and countermeasures in prevention of re - establishment of imported malaria in China]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2021; 33:7-9. [PMID: 33660467 DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2021008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Malaria was one for the most serious communicable diseases in China. Following the concerted efforts for decades, remarkable achievements have been gained for malaria control in China. Since the national malaria elimination programme was initiated in China in 2010, local malaria transmission was rapidly interrupted, with zero indigenous malaria case reported for the first time in the country in 2017, and the country will undergo the certification of malaria elimination by WHO. Currently, however, malaria remains hyper-endemic across the world. In China, there are more than 2 000 overseas imported malaria cases each year, and prevention of re-establishment of imported malaria will become the major task in future malaria control activities. Here by, we analyze the main challenges in the prevention of re-establishment of imported malaria in China, and propose the corresponding countermeasures, so as to provide insights into the consolidation of malaria elimination achievements.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Zhu
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Training on Malaria Elimination, Key Laboratory of National Health Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Wuxi 214064, China
| | - Q Gao
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Training on Malaria Elimination, Key Laboratory of National Health Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Wuxi 214064, China
| | - J Cao
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Training on Malaria Elimination, Key Laboratory of National Health Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Wuxi 214064, China.,Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, China
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15
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Perez-Rapela D, Donlon JP, Forman JL, Pipkorn B, Shurtz BK, Markusic C, Crandall JR. Occupant Restraint in Far-Side Impacts: Cadaveric and WorldSID Responses to a Far-Side Airbag. Ann Biomed Eng 2021; 49:802-11. [PMID: 32940897 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02614-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that seatbelts may require supplementary restraints to increase their effectiveness in far-side impacts. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a novel, far-side-specific airbag in restraining and preventing injuries in far-side impacts, and to evaluate the WorldSID's response to the presence of a far-side airbag. A series of tests with three Post-Mortem Human Subjects and the WorldSID was conducted in a vehicle-based sled environment equipped with a far-side airbag. Results of these tests were evaluated and compared to a previous test series conducted without the airbag. All of the PMHS retained the shoulder belt on the shoulder. The airbag significantly reduced PMHS injury severity and maximum lateral head excursion. While the WorldSID exhibited a similar decrease in lateral excursion, it was unable to represent PMHS thoracic deflection or injury probability, and it consistently slipped out of the shoulder belt. This indicates that the WorldSID is limited both in its ability to evaluate the effect of changes in the seatbelt system and in its ability to predict thoracic injury risk and assess airbag-related injury mitigation countermeasures.
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Li SM, Deng WC, Cheng XH, He HB, Zhou YB, Zhou J, Hu BJ, Liu HQ, Lu SK, Li YS, Zhou XN, Ren GH. [Challenges and countermeasures of schistosomiasis control in Hunan Province in the new era]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2020; 32:225-229. [PMID: 32468782 DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the current epidemic characteristics and endemic status of schistosomiasis, analyzes the main challenges of schistosomiasis control and proposes the emphasis and interventions for future schistosomiasis control activities in Hunan Province, so as to provide insights into the elimination of schistosomiasis in Hunan Province.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Li
- Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, WHO Collaborating Center on Schistosomiasis Control in Lake Regions, Hunan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Transmission Control of Schistosomiasis, National Key Clinical Specialty, Yueyang 414000, China
| | - W C Deng
- Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, WHO Collaborating Center on Schistosomiasis Control in Lake Regions, Hunan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Transmission Control of Schistosomiasis, National Key Clinical Specialty, Yueyang 414000, China
| | - X H Cheng
- Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, WHO Collaborating Center on Schistosomiasis Control in Lake Regions, Hunan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Transmission Control of Schistosomiasis, National Key Clinical Specialty, Yueyang 414000, China
| | - H B He
- Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, WHO Collaborating Center on Schistosomiasis Control in Lake Regions, Hunan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Transmission Control of Schistosomiasis, National Key Clinical Specialty, Yueyang 414000, China
| | - Y B Zhou
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, China
| | - J Zhou
- Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, WHO Collaborating Center on Schistosomiasis Control in Lake Regions, Hunan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Transmission Control of Schistosomiasis, National Key Clinical Specialty, Yueyang 414000, China
| | - B J Hu
- Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, WHO Collaborating Center on Schistosomiasis Control in Lake Regions, Hunan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Transmission Control of Schistosomiasis, National Key Clinical Specialty, Yueyang 414000, China
| | - H Q Liu
- Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, WHO Collaborating Center on Schistosomiasis Control in Lake Regions, Hunan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Transmission Control of Schistosomiasis, National Key Clinical Specialty, Yueyang 414000, China
| | - S K Lu
- Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, WHO Collaborating Center on Schistosomiasis Control in Lake Regions, Hunan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Transmission Control of Schistosomiasis, National Key Clinical Specialty, Yueyang 414000, China
| | - Y S Li
- Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, WHO Collaborating Center on Schistosomiasis Control in Lake Regions, Hunan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Transmission Control of Schistosomiasis, National Key Clinical Specialty, Yueyang 414000, China
| | - X N Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - G H Ren
- Hunan Institute of Parasitic Diseases, WHO Collaborating Center on Schistosomiasis Control in Lake Regions, Hunan Key Laboratory of Immunology and Transmission Control of Schistosomiasis, National Key Clinical Specialty, Yueyang 414000, China
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17
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Zhu GD, Cao J. [Challenges and countermeasures on Chinese malaria elimination programme during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2020; 32:7-9. [PMID: 32185921 DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Since the end of 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been extensively epidemic in China, which not only seriously threatens the safety and health of Chinese people, but also challenges the management of other infectious diseases. Currently, there are still approximately three thousand malaria cases imported into China every year. If the diagnosis and treatment of malaria cases as well as the investigation and response of the epidemic foci are not carried out timely, it may endanger patients'lives and cause the possible of secondary transmission, which threatens the achievements of malaria elimination in China. Due to the extensive spread and high transmission ability of the COVID-19, there is a possibility of virus infections among malaria cases during the medical care-seeking behaviors and among healthcare professionals during clinical diagnosis and treatment, sample collection and testing and epidemiological surveys. This paper analyzes the challenges of the COVID-19 for Chinese malaria elimination programme, and proposes the countermeasures in response to the COVID-19 outbreak, so as to provide the reference for healthcare professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Zhu
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases; WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Training on Malaria Elimination; Key Laboratory of National Health Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Wuxi 214064, China
| | - J Cao
- Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases; WHO Collaborating Center for Research and Training on Malaria Elimination; Key Laboratory of National Health Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention; Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Wuxi 214064, China
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18
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Hai-Juan D, Li-Yong W, Xiao-Nong Z. [Current status and new challenges of three important imported parasitic diseases]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2019; 31:353-355. [PMID: 31612666 DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2019207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Following the concerted efforts for nearly 70 years, great achievements have been obtained in parasitic diseases control in China, and some important parasitic diseases have been eliminated or moving towards elimination in the country. With the socioeconomic development, the implementation of the "Road and Belt Initiative" and the increase in the international communication and overseas investment, there is a rise in the number of overseas labors, businessmen, students, travelers, visitors and participants in national and international communication activities, resulting in a gradual increase in the number of cases with parasitic diseases imported from endemic to non-endemic areas of China and from foreign countries to China. The increase in the number of imported cases causes new challenges for the elimination of parasitic diseases in China. The paper describes the current status of malaria, schistosomiasis and leishmaniasis, analyzes the challenges for the current control activities, and proposes the control strategies and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Hai-Juan
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Wen Li-Yong
- Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Hangzhou 310013, China
| | - Zhou Xiao-Nong
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission, China
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19
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Bo Z, Yang L, Zi-Song W, Lin C, Yi D. [Main challenges and strategy of schistosomiasis control in mountainous and hilly regions of China]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2019; 31:231-237. [PMID: 31544399 DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2019063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This review describes the epidemic characteristics and endemic situation of schistosomiasis in mountainous and hilly regions of China, analyzes the main challenges of schistosomiasis control in mountainous and hilly regions and proposes targeted suggestions for the future schistosomiasis control, with aims to accelerate the progress towards schistosomiasis elimination in mountainous and hilly regions and facilitate the achievement of the goal set in The Thirteenth Five-Year National Plan for Schistosomiasis Control in China and The Three-year Tough Action Plan for Endemic Diseases Control (2018-2020) in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Bo
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wu Zi-Song
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chen Lin
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dong Yi
- Yunnan Institute of Endemic Diseases Control and Prevention, China
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20
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Ng PC, Hendry-Hofer TB, Witeof AE, Brenner M, Mahon SB, Boss GR, Haouzi P, Bebarta VS. Hydrogen Sulfide Toxicity: Mechanism of Action, Clinical Presentation, and Countermeasure Development. J Med Toxicol 2019; 15:287-294. [PMID: 31062177 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-019-00710-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is found in various settings. Reports of chemical suicide, where individuals have combined readily available household chemicals to produce lethal concentrations of H2S, have demonstrated that H2S is easily produced. Governmental agencies have warned of potential threats of use of H2S for a chemical attack, but currently there are no FDA-approved antidotes for H2S. An ideal antidote would be one that is effective in small volume, readily available, safe, and chemically stable. In this paper we performed a review of the available literature on the mechanism of toxicity, clinical presentation, and development of countermeasures for H2S toxicity. DISCUSSION In vivo, H2S undergoes an incomplete oxidation after an exposure. The remaining non-oxidized H2S is found in dissolved and combined forms. Dissolved forms such as H2S gas and sulfhydryl anion can diffuse between blood and tissue. The combined non-soluble forms are found as acid-labile sulfides and sulfhydrated proteins, which play a role in toxicity. Recent countermeasure development takes into account the toxicokinetics of H2S. Some countermeasures focus on binding free hydrogen sulfide (hydroxocobalamin, cobinamide); some have direct effects on the mitochondria (methylene blue), while others work by mitigating end organ damage by generating other substances such as nitric oxide (NaNO2). CONCLUSION H2S exists in two main pools in vivo after exposure. While several countermeasures are being studied for H2S intoxication, a need exists for a small-volume, safe, highly effective antidote with a long shelf life to treat acute toxicity as well as prevent long-term effects of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Ng
- Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver, CO, USA. .,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | - Tara B Hendry-Hofer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alyssa E Witeof
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sari B Mahon
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Gerry R Boss
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Philippe Haouzi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Vikhyat S Bebarta
- Denver Health and Hospital Authority, Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver, CO, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Kang B. Identifying street design elements associated with vehicle-to-pedestrian collision reduction at intersections in New York City. Accid Anal Prev 2019; 122:308-317. [PMID: 30408755 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated associations between the installation of eleven street design elements, between 2007 and 2015, and subsequent changes in vehicle-to-pedestrian collisions in New York City. METHODS Collision data were from Accident Location Information System in the New York State Department of Transportation. Safety improvement projects at 118 intersections were reviewed and their implemented street design elements were identified. First, we assessed potential regression-to-the-mean effects using historic trends of pedestrian collision count at the intersection project locations. Second, we used a two-group pretest-posttest design to assess individual element's associations with pedestrian collision reduction after installations. Pedestrian collision count and pedestrian- and vehicle-based pedestrian collision rates were examined. Third, regression trees were used to classify the intersections with design elements as independent variables for the target variables of collision outcomes, to identify street design element combinations associated with pedestrian collision reductions. RESULTS Treatments with pedestrian refuge island or pedestrian plaza had reductions in pedestrian collision count and pedestrian-based collision rate while their comparisons had no changes. Treatments with pedestrian refuge island had a larger reduction in pedestrian collision when combined with lane removal or narrowing. Treatment with curb extension or pedestrian plaza had reductions in vehicle-based pedestrian collision rate while their comparisons had no changes. Other studied elements showed no, small, or insignificant associations with post-project pedestrian collision reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bumjoon Kang
- Department of Urban and Regional Planning, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, 3435 Main St, Buffalo, NY 14214-8032, United States.
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22
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Petersen LG, Lawley JS, Lilja-Cyron A, Petersen JCG, Howden EJ, Sarma S, Cornwell WK, Zhang R, Whitworth LA, Williams MA, Juhler M, Levine BD. Lower body negative pressure to safely reduce intracranial pressure. J Physiol 2018; 597:237-248. [PMID: 30286250 DOI: 10.1113/jp276557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS During long-term missions, some astronauts experience structural and functional changes of the eyes and brain which resemble signs/symptoms experienced by patients with intracranial hypertension. Weightlessness prevents the normal cerebral volume and pressure 'unloading' associated with upright postures on Earth, which may be part of the cerebral and ocular pathophysiology. By placing the lower body in a negative pressure device (LBNP) that pulls fluid away from cranial compartments, we simulated effects of gravity and significantly lowered pressure within the brain parenchyma and ventricle compartments. Application of incremental LBNP demonstrated a non-linear dose-response curve, suggesting 20 mmHg LBNP as the optimal level for reducing pressure in the brain without impairing cerebral perfusion pressure. This non-invasive method of reducing pressure in the brain holds potential as a countermeasure in space as well as having treatment potential for patients on Earth with traumatic brain injury or other pathology leading to intracranial hypertension. ABSTRACT Patients with elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) exhibit neuro-ocular symptoms including headache, papilloedema and loss of vision. Some of these symptoms are also present in astronauts during and after prolonged space-flight where lack of gravitational stress prevents daily lowering of ICP associated with upright posture. Lower body negative pressure (LBNP) simulates the effects of gravity by displacing fluid caudally and we hypothesized that LBNP would lower ICP without compromising cerebral perfusion. Ten cerebrally intact volunteers were included: six ambulatory neurosurgical patients with parenchymal ICP-sensors and four former cancer patients with Ommaya-reservoirs to the frontal horn of a lateral ventricle. We applied LBNP while recording ICP and blood pressure while supine, and during simulated intracranial hypertension by 15° head-down tilt. LBNP from 0 to 50 mmHg at increments of 10 mmHg lowered ICP in a non-linear dose-dependent fashion; when supine (n = 10), ICP was decreased from 15 ± 2 mmHg to 14 ± 4, 12 ± 5, 11 ± 4, 10 ± 3 and 9 ± 4 mmHg, respectively (P < 0.0001). Cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP), calculated as mean arterial blood pressure at midbrain level minus ICP, was unchanged (from 70 ± 12 mmHg to 67 ± 9, 69 ± 10, 70 ± 12, 72 ± 13 and 74 ± 15 mmHg; P = 0.02). A 15° head-down tilt (n = 6) increased ICP to 26 ± 4 mmHg, while application of LBNP lowered ICP (to 21 ± 4, 20 ± 4, 18 ± 4, 17 ± 4 and 17 ± 4 mmHg; P < 0.0001) and increased CPP (P < 0.01). An LBNP of 20 mmHg may be the optimal level to lower ICP without impairing CPP to counteract spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular syndrome in astronauts. Furthermore, LBNP holds clinical potential as a safe, non-invasive method for lowering ICP and improving CPP for patients with pathologically elevated ICP on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonnie G Petersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Justin S Lawley
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.,University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Institut für Sportwissenschaft, Universität Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Johan C G Petersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Erin J Howden
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.,Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Satyam Sarma
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.,University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - William K Cornwell
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rong Zhang
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.,University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Michael A Williams
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Departments of Neurology and Neurological Surgery, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Marianne Juhler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benjamin D Levine
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA.,University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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23
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Guang-Han H, Jing X, Chun-Li C, Jia-Ning J, Shan L, Shi-Zhu L, Xiao-Nong Z. [Challenges and strategies of health education and health promotion in stage of schistosomiasis elimination]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2018; 30:117-120. [PMID: 29770649 DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2018075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Health education and health promotion are important measures for comprehensive control of schistosomiasis in China, which can improve the compliance rate of residents involved in schistosomiasis control activities, reduce the water contact behavior of the target population, thus avoiding or decreasing the infection of schistosome in endemic areas. In recent years, the comprehensive control of schistosomiasis in China has achieved remarkable results. China has reached the goal of transmission control and is moving toward the transmission interruption or even elimination of schistosomiasis. This article analyzes the role of health education and health promotion in schistosomiasis control programme and the current challenges. Meanwhile, suggestions are also put forward on how to conduct health education and health promotionin the stage of schistosomiasis elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Guang-Han
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Xu Jing
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Parasitology and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, China
| | - Cao Chun-Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Parasitology and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, China
| | - Jin Jia-Ning
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Parasitology and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, China
| | - Lü Shan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Parasitology and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, China
| | - Li Shi-Zhu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Parasitology and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, China
| | - Zhou Xiao-Nong
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory for Parasitology and Vector Biology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, China
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24
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Yi-Wen L, Jun G, Dan-Dan L. [Challenges and countermeasures of schistosomiasis elimination in Jiangxi Province]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2018; 30:610-614. [PMID: 30891969 DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2018183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Jiangxi Province was once one of schistosomiasis heavy endemic provinces in China. Thanks for more than 60 years' unremitting effort, great achievements have been obtained in schistosomiasis control in this province. This paper reviews the control history of schistosomiasis, and demonstrates the current epidemic situation of the disease in Jiangxi Province, and its contribution to national schistosomiasis control achievements. The difficulties and challenges of schistosomiasis elimination in this province are analyzed and the countermeasures are also put forward accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yi-Wen
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Ge Jun
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Nanchang 330096, China
| | - Lin Dan-Dan
- Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Nanchang 330096, China
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25
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Abstract
Sufficient sleep duration and good sleep quality are crucial to ensure normal physical and mental health, cognition and work performance for the common people, as well as astronauts. On-orbit sleep problem is very common among astronauts and has potential detrimental influences on the health of crewmembers and the safety of flight missions. Sleep in space is becoming a new medical research frontier. In this review we summarized on-orbit sleep problems of astronauts and six kinds of causes, and we presented the effects of lack of sleep on performance as well as mental and physical health, then we proposed seven kinds of countermeasures for sleep disturbance in spaceflight, including pharmacologic interventions, light treatment, crew selection and training, Traditional Chinese Medicine and so on. Furthermore, we discussed and oriented the prospect of researches on sleep in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, No. 26 Beiqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, No. 26 Beiqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaorui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, No. 26 Beiqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, No. 26 Beiqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, No. 26 Beiqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, No. 26 Beiqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, People's Republic of China
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26
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Trumbo MC, Jones AP, Robinson CSH, Cole K, Morrow JD. Name that tune: Mitigation of driver fatigue via a song naming game. Accid Anal Prev 2017; 108:275-284. [PMID: 28926804 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fatigued driving contributes to a substantial number of motor vehicle accidents each year. Music listening is often employed as a countermeasure during driving in order to mitigate the effects of fatigue. Though music listening has been established as a distractor in the sense that it increases cognitive load during driving, it is possible that increased cognitive load is desirable under particular circumstances. For instance, during situations that typically result in cognitive underload, such as driving in a low-traffic monotonous stretch of highway, it may be beneficial for cognitive load to increase, thereby necessitating allocation of greater cognitive resources to the task of driving and attenuating fatigue. In the current study, we employed a song-naming game as a countermeasure to fatigued driving in a simulated monotonous environment. During the first driving session, we established that driving performance deteriorates in the absence of an intervention following 30min of simulated driving. During the second session, we found that a song-naming game employed at the point of fatigue onset was an effective countermeasure, as reflected by simulated driving performance that met or exceeded fresh driving behavior and was significantly better relative to fatigued performance during the first driving session.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Trumbo
- Sandia National Laboratories, USA; Department of Psychology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA.
| | - Aaron P Jones
- Department of Psychology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
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27
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Winnard A, Nasser M, Debuse D, Stokes M, Evetts S, Wilkinson M, Hides J, Caplan N. Systematic review of countermeasures to minimise physiological changes and risk of injury to the lumbopelvic area following long-term microgravity. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2017; 27 Suppl 1:S5-S14. [PMID: 28173932 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No studies have been published on an astronaut population to assess the effectiveness of countermeasures for limiting physiological changes in the lumbopelvic region caused by microgravity exposure during spaceflight. However, several studies in this area have been done using spaceflight simulation via bed-rest. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of countermeasures designed to limit physiological changes to the lumbopelvic region caused by spaceflight simulation by means of bed-rest. METHODS Electronic databases were searched from the start of their records to November 2014. Studies were assessed with PEDro, Cochrane Risk of Bias and a bed-rest study quality tool. Magnitude based inferences were used to assess countermeasure effectiveness. RESULTS Seven studies were included. There was a lack of consistency across studies in reporting of outcome measures. Some countermeasures were found to be successful in preventing some lumbopelvic musculoskeletal changes, but not others. For example, resistive vibration exercise prevented muscle changes, but showed the potential to worsen loss of lumbar lordosis and intervertebral disc height. CONCLUSION Future studies investigating countermeasures should report consistent outcomes, and also use an actual microgravity environment. Additional research with patient reported quality of life and functional outcome measures is advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Winnard
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mona Nasser
- Peninsula Dental School, Plymouth University, Plymouth, UK
| | - Dorothee Debuse
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Maria Stokes
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Arthritis Research UK Centre for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis, UK
| | - Simon Evetts
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Wyle GmbH, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mick Wilkinson
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Julie Hides
- Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nick Caplan
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
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28
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Lloyd SA, Morony SE, Ferguson VL, Simske SJ, Stodieck LS, Warmington KS, Livingston EW, Lacey DL, Kostenuik PJ, Bateman TA. Osteoprotegerin is an effective countermeasure for spaceflight-induced bone loss in mice. Bone 2015; 81:562-572. [PMID: 26318907 PMCID: PMC7937349 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Bone loss associated with microgravity exposure poses a significant barrier to long-duration spaceflight. Osteoprotegerin-Fc (OPG-Fc) is a receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) inhibitor that causes sustained inhibition of bone resorption after a single subcutaneous injection. We tested the ability of OPG-Fc to preserve bone mass during 12 days of spaceflight (SF). 64-day-old female C57BL/6J mice (n=12/group) were injected subcutaneously with OPG-Fc (20mg/kg) or an inert vehicle (VEH), 24h prior to launch. Ground control (GC) mice (VEH or OPG-Fc) were maintained under environmental conditions that mimicked those in the space shuttle middeck. Age-matched baseline (BL) controls were sacrificed at launch. GC/VEH, but not SF/VEH mice, gained tibia BMD and trabecular volume fraction (BV/TV) during the mission (P<0.05 vs. BL). SF/VEH mice had lower BV/TV vs. GC/VEH mice, while SF/OPG-Fc mice had greater BV/TV than SF/VEH or GC/VEH. SF reduced femur elastic and maximum strength in VEH mice, with OPG-Fc increasing elastic strength in SF mice. Serum TRAP5b was elevated in SF/VEH mice vs. GC/VEH mice. Conversely, SF/OPG-Fc mice had lower TRAP5b levels, suggesting that OPG-Fc preserved bone during spaceflight via inhibition of osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. Decreased bone formation also contributed to the observed osteopenia, based on the reduced femur periosteal bone formation rate and serum osteocalcin level. Overall, these observations suggest that the beneficial effects of OPG-Fc during SF are primarily due to dramatic and sustained suppression of bone resorption. In growing mice, this effect appears to compensate for the SF-related inhibition of bone formation, while preventing any SF-related increase in bone resorption. We have demonstrated that the young mouse is an appropriate new model for SF-induced osteopenia, and that a single pre-flight treatment with OPG-Fc can effectively prevent the deleterious effects of SF on mouse bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane A Lloyd
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
| | - Sean E Morony
- Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Incorporated, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
| | - Virginia L Ferguson
- BioServe Space Technologies, Department of Aerospace Engineering and Science, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309, United States; Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Steven J Simske
- BioServe Space Technologies, Department of Aerospace Engineering and Science, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309, United States; Hewlett-Packard Labs Fort Collins, CO 80528, United States
| | - Louis S Stodieck
- BioServe Space Technologies, Department of Aerospace Engineering and Science, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Kelly S Warmington
- Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Incorporated, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
| | - Eric W Livingston
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - David L Lacey
- Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Incorporated, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
| | - Paul J Kostenuik
- Metabolic Disorders, Amgen Incorporated, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, United States
| | - Ted A Bateman
- BioServe Space Technologies, Department of Aerospace Engineering and Science, University of Colorado Boulder, CO 80309, United States; Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Radiation Oncology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
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29
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Ma T, Byrne PA, Haya M, Elzohairy Y. Working in tandem: The contribution of remedial programs and roadside licence suspensions to drinking and driving deterrence in Ontario. Accid Anal Prev 2015; 85:248-256. [PMID: 26476575 DOI: 10.1016/j.aap.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In 1998, Ontario implemented a remedial program called "Back On Track" (BOT) for individuals convicted of alcohol-impaired driving. Drivers convicted before October 2000 were exposed to a single-component program ("Edu BOT"); those convicted after participated in a multi-component program ("Full BOT"). We evaluated the impact of BOT, and the preceding 90-day roadside licence suspension, on drinking and driving recidivism, an outcome yet to be examined, using population-wide driver records. A Chi Square Test was used to compare the three-year cumulative incidence of recidivism between three historically-defined cohorts: No BOT, Edu BOT, and Full BOT. Stratified analyses by completion status and by age were also conducted. Analyses of the roadside suspension were conducted using an interrupted time series approach based on segmented Poisson/negative binomial regression. The roadside suspension was associated with a 65.2% reduction in drinking driving recidivism. In combination with indefinite suspensions for non-completion, the BOT program was also associated with a 21% decrease in drinking and driving recidivism in the three years following a CCC driving prohibition, from 8.5% to 6.7%. This reduction cannot be explained by pre-existing trends in recidivism. Conversion of the BOT program from the single-component version to the multi-component program further reduced the three-year cumulative incidence of recidivism to 5.5% (a total reduction of 35% from pre-BOT). Results provide strong converging evidence that remedial alcohol education/treatment programs in combination with other sanctions can produce substantial increases in road safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey Ma
- Road Safety Research Office, Safety Policy Education Branch, Road User Safety Division, Ministry of Transportation of Ontario, Canada.
| | - Patrick A Byrne
- Road Safety Research Office, Safety Policy Education Branch, Road User Safety Division, Ministry of Transportation of Ontario, Canada
| | - Maryam Haya
- Road Safety Research Office, Safety Policy Education Branch, Road User Safety Division, Ministry of Transportation of Ontario, Canada
| | - Yoassry Elzohairy
- Road Safety Research Office, Safety Policy Education Branch, Road User Safety Division, Ministry of Transportation of Ontario, Canada
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30
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Fukuda M, Doi K, Sugawara M, Naka Y, Mochizuki K. Survey of Hypoglycemia in Elderly People With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Japan. J Clin Med Res 2015; 7:967-78. [PMID: 26566411 PMCID: PMC4625818 DOI: 10.14740/jocmr2340w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The number of elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Japan is increasing continuously. Hypoglycemia is a significant issue in their treatment. However, the actual situation and related details of their hypoglycemia remain unclear. In order to elucidate them, the Japan Physicians Association conducted a large-scale questionnaire survey for physicians and their outpatients all over Japan. Methods Targeted elderly T2DM outpatients were 65 years old or older in 2011. Specialized questionnaire survey forms were distributed to both of physicians and patients. The forms for physicians included questions whether patient had hypoglycemia in the last 1 month or 1 year; those for patients included whether they experienced it in the same durations and any of the 28 symptoms that are suggestive of hypoglycemia or pertaining to geriatric syndrome in the last 1 month, as well as questions about knowledge regarding hypoglycemia. We analyzed associations between hypoglycemia and the symptoms, and between hypoglycemia and medications. Results Of 15,892 T2DM patients (age, 74.2 ± 6.3 years; diabetes duration, 12.8 ± 8.9 years; HbA1c, 7.0±1.0%), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor (DPP-4i) was the most prescribed medication among all oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs). The frequencies of hypoglycemia in the last 1 month recognized by physicians and experienced by patients were 7.8% and 10.4% (P < 0.0001), and in the last 1 year were 15.5% and 21.1% respectively (P < 0.0001). The most common symptom was “weakness, fatigue/feeling languid” and the majority of all patients reported neuroglycopenic or autonomic symptoms. Regarding monotherapy, hypoglycemia was observed in 32.7% of the patients with insulin, 4% in sulfonylurea (SU), 3.8% in glinide, and 3.5% in pioglitazone. The questions asking knowledge about hypoglycemia revealed that SU or insulin users had significantly more knowledge of hypoglycemia than others (P < 0.001); however, 63% of patients using insulin, and 31% of patients using SU always carried glucose or a similar medication with them. Conclusions The present study suggested two types of “hidden hypoglycemia”, one is that physicians did not detect and the other one is that patients were not aware. It is vital that physicians strive to prevent hypoglycemia by paying closer attention to symptoms of “hidden hypoglycemia” in their elderly patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Fukuda
- Fukuda Clinic, 2F Shin Osaka Brick Building, 1-6-1 Miyahara, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka-shi, Osaka 532-0003, Japan ; Member of the Japan Physicians Association
| | - Kunihiro Doi
- Doi Clinic, 1-54 Todou Aramaki, Uji-shi, Kyoto 611-0013, Japan ; Member of the Japan Physicians Association
| | - Masahiro Sugawara
- Sugawara Clinic, 3-9-16 Shakujiimachi, Nerima-ku, Tokyo 177-0041, Japan ; Member of the Japan Physicians Association
| | - Yoshikazu Naka
- Tomei-Atsugi Hospital, 232 Funako, Atsugi-shi, Kanagawa 243-8571, Japan ; Member of the Japan Physicians Association
| | - Kouichi Mochizuki
- Mochizuki Naika Clinic, 1F Katsura Heights, 4-5 Aioicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 174-0044, Japan ; Member of the Japan Physicians Association
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31
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Zhang LL, Wang JQ, Qi RR, Pan LL, Li M, Cai YL. Motion Sickness: Current Knowledge and Recent Advance. CNS Neurosci Ther 2015; 22:15-24. [PMID: 26452639 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Motion sickness (MS) is a common physiological response to real or virtual motion. Numerous studies have investigated the neurobiological mechanism and the control measures of MS. This review summarizes the current knowledge about pathogenesis and pathophysiology, prediction, evaluation, and countermeasures of MS. The sensory conflict hypothesis is the most widely accepted theory for MS. Both the hippocampus and vestibular cortex might play a role in forming internal model. The pathophysiology focuses on the visceral afference, thermoregulation and MS-related neuroendocrine. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in some genes and epigenetic modulation might contribute to MS susceptibility and habituation. Questionnaires, heart rate variability (HRV) and electrogastrogram (EGG) are useful for diagnosing and evaluating MS. We also list MS medications to guide clinical practice. Repeated real motion exposure and combined visual-vestibular interaction training accelerate the progress of habituation. Behavioral and dietary countermeasures, as well as physiotherapy, are also effective in alleviating MS symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Qin Wang
- Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-Rui Qi
- Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei-Lei Pan
- Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Ling Cai
- Department of Nautical Injury Prevention, Faculty of Navy Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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Kaisar MA, Prasad S, Cucullo L. Protecting the BBB endothelium against cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress using popular antioxidants: Are they really beneficial? Brain Res 2015; 1627:90-100. [PMID: 26410779 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) exposed to realistic concentrations (comparable to a chronic heavy smoker) of Cigarette Smoke Extract (CSE) triggers a strong endothelial inflammatory response which can lead to the onset of neurological disorders. The involvement of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in this inflammatory cascade is evident from the up-regulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf-2), a transcription factor involved in anti-oxidant response signaling in CSE exposed endothelial cells. We have shown that pre-treatment with α-tocopherol and/or ascorbic acid is highly protective for the BBB, thus suggesting that, prophylactic administration of antioxidants can reduce CSE and/or inflammatory-dependent BBB damage. We have assessed and ranked the protective effects of 5 popular OTC antioxidants (Coenzyme Q10, melatonin, glutathione, lipoic acid and resveratrol) against CSE-induced BBB endothelial damage using hCMEC/D3 cells. The analysis of pro-inflammatory cytokines release by ELISA revealed that resveratrol, lipoic acid melatonin and Co-Q10 inhibited the BBB endothelial release of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8, reduced (not Co-Q10) CSE-induced up-regulation of Platelet Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (PECAM-1), Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1) & E-selectin and inhibited monocytes-endothelial cell adhesion. The anti-inflammatory effects correlated with the anti-oxidative protection endowed by these compounds as evidenced by upregulation of NADPH: Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and reduced cellular oxidative stress. CSE-induced release of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) was inhibited by all tested compounds although the effect was not strictly dose-dependent. Further in vivo studies are required to validate our results and expand our current study to include combinatorial treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abul Kaisar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, United States
| | - Shikha Prasad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, United States
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, United States; Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, United States.
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33
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Guo JH, Qu WM, Chen SG, Chen XP, Lv K, Huang ZL, Wu YL. Keeping the right time in space: importance of circadian clock and sleep for physiology and performance of astronauts. Mil Med Res 2014; 1:23. [PMID: 26000169 PMCID: PMC4440601 DOI: 10.1186/2054-9369-1-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock and sleep are essential for human physiology and behavior; deregulation of circadian rhythms impairs health and performance. Circadian clocks and sleep evolved to adapt to Earth's environment, which is characterized by a 24-hour light-dark cycle. Changes in gravity load, lighting and work schedules during spaceflight missions can impact circadian clocks and disrupt sleep, in turn jeopardizing the mood, cognition and performance of orbiting astronauts. In this review, we summarize our understanding of both the influence of the space environment on the circadian timing system and sleep and the impact of these changes on astronaut physiology and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
| | - Wei-Min Qu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Shan-Guang Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094 China
| | - Xiao-Ping Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094 China
| | - Ke Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, 100094 China
| | - Zhi-Li Huang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yi-Lan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Gene Engineering of the Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006 China
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Gwag T, Park K, Kim E, Son C, Park J, Nikawa T, Choi I. Inhibition of C2C12 myotube atrophy by a novel HSP70 inducer, celastrol, via activation of Akt1 and ERK1/2 pathways. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 537:21-30. [PMID: 23810294 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Celastrol (CEL) is known as a potent inducer of heat shock protein (HSP) in non-muscle cells and exhibits cytoprotective function and inhibitory effects on proteasome and glucocorticoid receptor activities. To investigate an anti-atrophic effect of CEL on skeletal muscle cells, C2C12 myotubes were treated with 150 μM dexamethasone (DEX) for 24h and 1.5 μM CEL was added for the last 6h during the 24h DEX treatment. Compared to the control, the myotube diameter was reduced by a factor of 0.30 by DEX, but CEL treatment almost abrogated the DEX-induced atrophy. CEL treatment also increased expression of HSP72 and phosphorylation of heat shock transcription factor 1 (p-HSF1) 11-fold and 3.4-fold, respectively, as well as accumulation of p-HSF1 in the nucleus. Furthermore, CEL treatment elevated activities of Akt1, p70/S6K and ERK1/2 2.0- to 4.4-fold whereas DEX had no effect on these signaling activities. Inhibition of Akt1 and ERK1/2 pathways by specific inhibitors confirmed CEL-induced anti-atrophic effect. Moreover, DEX-mediated downregulation of FoxO3 phosphorylation and upregulation of MuRF1 expression and proteasome activity were abrogated by CEL treatment. These results demonstrate a novel anti-atrophic function of CEL in muscle cells via both activation of protein anabolic signals and suppression of catabolic signaling activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taesik Gwag
- Division of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-Do, Republic of Korea
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