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Viral Safety Issues in the Production and Manufacturing of Human Immunoglobulin Preparations from Equine Plasma/Serum. Pharm Chem J 2022; 56:532-537. [PMID: 35845147 PMCID: PMC9274627 DOI: 10.1007/s11094-022-02675-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The current Russian and foreign pharmacopoeias either do not provide any information about existing types of viral diseases in horses or do not present it in full. Data of modern domestic and foreign literature was used to prepare the most complete list of viruses that cause equine diseases including 36 infectious agents, 25 of which are pathogenic for humans, 13 of the 25 of which are widespread throughout Russia. Information is provided on the magnitudes of the disease incubation periods (which are most often within one month), the external clinical signs of these diseases (which can also be asymptomatic), and the maximum possible concentrations of viruses in the blood of horses with these diseases (which can reach 8 log conventional units/mL of blood). This information is offered for use in critical production stages of heterologous immunoglobulin drugs for medical use to assure viral safety.
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Rossi TM, Moore A, O'Sullivan TL, Greer AL. Risk factors for duration of equine rhinitis A virus respiratory disease. Equine Vet J 2019; 52:369-373. [PMID: 31710114 DOI: 10.1111/evj.13204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious respiratory disease is common in young horses and can impact athletic performance and long-term health. Significant variation in the duration of clinical disease has been observed, even in the absence of secondary complications. The determination of factors associated with disease chronicity may facilitate clinical decision-making and the development of improved biosecurity protocols. OBJECTIVE To investigate contact network characteristics, and demographic variables associated with time to clinical recovery from Equine Rhinitis A virus respiratory disease. STUDY DESIGN Prospective cohort study. METHODS Yearling Standardbred racehorses (n = 58) housed in a multi-barn training facility in Southern Ontario were included. Horses were monitored daily for clinical signs of acute respiratory disease over a 41-day period in Autumn 2017. Contact patterns between horses, including older racehorses, were determined through use of proximity loggers attached to halters during the initial 7-day of the study. Associations between duration of disease, demographic factors (birth month, gait, sex and yearling sale), serologic titres and network metrics (degree, betweenness and Eigenvector centrality) were investigated using a Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS Yearling attack rate for infectious respiratory disease was 87.9% (n = 51). Median time to recovery was 6 days (IQR = 1-32) and 17 horses were censored due to early withdrawal or failure to recover during the study period. In those yearlings born February-May, birth month was significant in the Cox proportional hazard model (Hazard Ratio 0.7, 95% CI 0.49-1, P = 0.05). MAIN LIMITATION Probability of censoring was not independent of outcome which necessitated use of sensitivity analysis. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest late born foals are less likely to recover quickly from infectious respiratory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Rossi
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - A Moore
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - T L O'Sullivan
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - A L Greer
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Back H, Weld J, Walsh C, Cullinane A. Equine Rhinitis A Virus Infection in Thoroughbred Racehorses-A Putative Role in Poor Performance? Viruses 2019; 11:v11100963. [PMID: 31635401 PMCID: PMC6848918 DOI: 10.3390/v11100963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify respiratory viruses circulating amongst elite racehorses in a training yard by serological testing of serial samples and to determine their impact on health status and ability to race. A six-month longitudinal study was conducted in 30 Thoroughbred racehorses (21 two-year-olds, five three-year-olds and four four-year-olds) during the Flat racing season. Sera were tested for the presence of antibodies against equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) and equine rhinitis viruses A and B (ERAV and ERBV) by complement fixation (CF) and equine arteritis virus (EAV) by ELISA. Antibodies against equine influenza (EI) were measured by haemagglutination inhibition (HI). Only ERAV was circulating in the yard throughout the six-month study period. Seroconversion to ERAV frequently correlated with clinical respiratory disease and was significantly associated with subsequent failure to race (p = 0.0009). Over 55% of the two-year-olds in the study seroconverted to ERAV in May and June. In contrast, only one seroconversion to ERAV was observed in the older horses. They remained free of any signs of respiratory disease and raced successfully throughout the study period. The importance of ERAV as a contributory factor in the interruption of training programmes for young horses may be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Back
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751-89 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - John Weld
- Riverdown, Barrettstown, Newbridge, Co. Kildare W12HD83, Ireland.
| | - Cathal Walsh
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Limerick, Castletroy, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.
| | - Ann Cullinane
- Virology Unit, The Irish Equine Centre, Johnstown, Naas, Co. KildareW91RH93, Ireland.
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Rossi TM, Moore A, O'Sullivan TL, Greer AL. Equine Rhinitis A Virus Infection at a Standardbred Training Facility: Incidence, Clinical Signs, and Risk Factors for Clinical Disease. Front Vet Sci 2019; 6:71. [PMID: 30918893 PMCID: PMC6424864 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2019.00071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory disease is a common morbidity of young racehorses. Infections can lead to compromised welfare, and economic loss. Identification of risk factors for infection through clinical signs monitoring and collection of demographic, serologic, and contact network data can aid in the development of prevention and control strategies. The study objectives were to: (1) describe the transmission and clinical course of infectious respiratory disease in standardbred racehorses in a multi-barn training facility and, (2) identify demographic, serological, and contact network risk factors associated with Equine Rhinitis A virus (ERAV) respiratory disease. The study population included standardbred racehorses (age 1-5 years: n = 96) housed at a multi-barn training facility in southern Ontario. Clinical signs were monitored daily over a 41-day period in fall 2017. Descriptive statistics, including incidence rate, prevalence and incidence risk were calculated for the observed period. Associations between demographic, serologic, and contact pattern variables, and clinical disease status were investigated using multivariable logistic regression. Respiratory disease cases were characterized by mucopurulent discharge (100%), intermittent cough (37.7%), and ocular discharge (62.3%). Fever (>38.5°C) and inappetence were rarely reported (15.2 and 3.8%). Seroconversion to ERAV among cases was 75%. Total, and yearling-specific incidence risks were 52.5 and 87.9%. The cumulative incidence was 0.027 new cases/horse day. A negative association (OR = 0.011) between increasing age and respiratory disease was significant (p = < 0.001) in the final regression model. Yearling horses were at increased risk of infectious respiratory disease as demonstrated by the high yearling-specific incidence risk, and the negative association between age and infection. Disease control strategies, such as vaccination programs and isolation of new horses arriving from auction, should be targeted at young animals entering training facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M Rossi
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Alison Moore
- Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Terri L O'Sullivan
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Amy L Greer
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Viral, Serological, and Antioxidant Investigations of Equine Rhinitis A Virus in Serum and Nasal Swabs of Commercially Used Horses in Poland. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:8719281. [PMID: 29850583 PMCID: PMC5937552 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8719281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV) is considered to be an important pathogen in horses, but relatively few studies are available. Aims The purpose of this study was to verify ERAV seroprevalence in selected horses in Poland, in addition to correlation between ERAV and age and sex of analysed animals and the antioxidant status. Methods The material collected from clinically healthy horses was tested using the VNT (353 serum samples) and virus isolation method (44 nasal swabs). 27 serum samples with antibody titers between 0 and ≥1 : 2048 were chosen for further analysis. The study was conducted in group 1 (ERAV titer ≤ 64) and group 2 (ERAV titer > 64). Results Seroneutralisation tests showed positive results in 72% of serum samples. No significant correlation between ERAV seropositive results and selected biochemical indicators was observed. Group 2 had statistically higher concentrations of SOD and CuZnSOD than the analysed group 1. Conclusions ERAV was not detected in the nasal swab samples. Antioxidant parameters did not significantly vary between horses of different breed, sex, or age. The ERAV virus had an impact on plasma total SOD and Cu/Zn SOD activity in horses in early stages of convalescence.
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Woo PCY, Lau SKP, Choi GKY, Huang Y, Wernery R, Joseph S, Wong EYM, Elizabeth SK, Patteril NAG, Li T, Wernery U, Yuen KY. Equine rhinitis B viruses in horse fecal samples from the Middle East. Virol J 2016; 13:94. [PMID: 27267372 PMCID: PMC4897857 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0547-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Among all known picornaviruses, only two species, equine rhinitis A virus and equine rhinitis B virus (ERBV) are known to infect horses, causing respiratory infections. No reports have described the detection of ERBV in fecal samples of horses and no complete genome sequences of ERBV3 are available. Methods We performed a molecular epidemiology study to detect ERBVs in horses from Dubai and Hong Kong. Complete genome sequencing of the ERBVs as well as viral loads and genome, phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis were performed on the positive samples. Results ERBV was detected in four (13.8 %) of the 29 fecal samples in horses from Dubai, with viral loads 8.28 × 103 to 5.83 × 104 copies per ml, but none of the 47 fecal samples in horses from Hong Kong by RT-PCR. Complete genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed that three of the four strains were ERBV3 and one was ERBV2. The major difference between the genomes of ERBV3 and those of ERBV1 and ERBV2 lied in the amino acid sequences of their VP1 proteins. The Ka/Ks ratios of all the coding regions in the ERBV3 genomes were all <0.1, suggesting that ERBV3 were stably evolving in horses. Using the uncorrelated lognormal distributed relaxed clock model on VP1 gene, the date of the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) of ERBV3 was estimated to be 1785 (HPDs, 1176 to 1937) and the MRCA dates of ERBV1 and ERBV2 were estimated to be 1848 (HPDs, 1466 to 1949) respectively. Conclusions Both acid stable (ERBV3) and acid labile (ERBV2) ERBVs could be found in fecal samples of horses. Detection of ERBVs in fecal samples would have implications for their transmission and potential role in gastrointestinal diseases as well as fecal sampling as an alternative method of identifying infected horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Y Woo
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Garnet K Y Choi
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Huang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Renate Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sunitha Joseph
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Emily Y M Wong
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | - Tong Li
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ulrich Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Gilkerson JR, Bailey KE, Diaz-Méndez A, Hartley CA. Update on Viral Diseases of the Equine Respiratory Tract. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2015; 31:91-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Diaz-Méndez A, Hewson J, Shewen P, Nagy E, Viel L. Characteristics of respiratory tract disease in horses inoculated with equine rhinitis A virus. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:169-78. [PMID: 24471753 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.2.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To develop a method for experimental induction of equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV) infection in equids and to determine the clinical characteristics of such infection. ANIMALS 8 ponies (age, 8 to 12 months) seronegative for antibodies against ERAV. PROCEDURES-Nebulization was used to administer ERAV (strain ERAV/ON/05; n = 4 ponies) or cell culture medium (control ponies; 4) into airways of ponies; 4 previously ERAV-inoculated ponies were reinoculated 1 year later. Physical examinations and pulmonary function testing were performed at various times for 21 days after ERAV or mock inoculation. Various types of samples were obtained for virus isolation, blood samples were obtained for serologic testing, and clinical scores were determined for various variables. RESULTS ERAV-inoculated ponies developed respiratory tract disease characterized by pyrexia, nasal discharge, adventitious lung sounds, and enlarged mandibular lymph nodes. Additionally, these animals had purulent mucus in lower airways up to the last evaluation time 21 days after inoculation (detected endoscopically). The virus was isolated from various samples obtained from lower and upper airways of ERAV-inoculated ponies up to 7 days after exposure; this time corresponded with an increase in serum titers of neutralizing antibodies against ERAV. None of the ponies developed clinical signs of disease after reinoculation 1 year later. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results of this study indicated ERAV induced respiratory tract disease in seronegative ponies. However, ponies with neutralizing antibodies against ERAV did not develop clinical signs of disease when reinoculated with the virus. Therefore, immunization of ponies against ERAV could prevent respiratory tract disease attributable to that virus in such animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Diaz-Méndez
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada., Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Osiceanu AM, Murao LE, Kollanur D, Swinnen J, De Vleeschauwer AR, Lefebvre DJ, De Clercq K, Neyts J, Goris N. In vitro surrogate models to aid in the development of antivirals for the containment of foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks. Antiviral Res 2014; 105:59-63. [PMID: 24583031 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a highly pathogenic member of the genus Aphthovirus (family Picornaviridae) that is only to be manipulated in high-containment facilities, thus complicating research on and discovery of antiviral strategies against the virus. Bovine rhinitis B virus (BRBV) and equine rhinitis A virus (ERAV), phylogenetically most closely related to FMDV, were explored as surrogates for FMDV in antiviral studies. Although no efficient cell culture system has been reported so far for BRBV, we demonstrate that infection of primary bovine kidney cells resulted in an extensive but rather poorly-reproducible induction of cytopathic effect (CPE). Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells on the other hand supported viral replication in the absence of CPE. Antiviral tests were developed for ERAV in Vero A cells employing a viral RNA-reduction assay and CPE-reduction assay; the latter having a Z' factor of 0.83±0.07. The BRBV and ERAV models were next used to assess the anti-aphthovirus activity of two broad-spectrum antiviral agents 2'-C-methylcytidine (2CMC) and ribavirin, as well as of the enterovirus-specific inhibitor enviroxime. The effects of the three compounds in the CPE-reduction (ERAV) and viral RNA-reduction assays (BRBV and ERAV) were comparable. Akin to 2CMC, compound A, a recently-discovered non-nucleoside pan-serotype FMDV inhibitor, also inhibited the replication of both BRBV and ERAV, whereas enviroxime was devoid of activity. The BRBV and ERAV surrogate models reported here can be manipulated in BSL-2 laboratories and may facilitate studies to unravel the mechanism of action of novel FMDV inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Denny Kollanur
- Okapi Sciences NV, Ambachtenlaan 1, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Jan Swinnen
- Okapi Sciences NV, Ambachtenlaan 1, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Annebel R De Vleeschauwer
- Unit of Vesicular and Exotic Diseases, Virology Department, CODA-CERVA, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussel, Belgium
| | - David J Lefebvre
- Unit of Vesicular and Exotic Diseases, Virology Department, CODA-CERVA, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Kris De Clercq
- Unit of Vesicular and Exotic Diseases, Virology Department, CODA-CERVA, Veterinary and Agrochemical Research Centre, Groeselenberg 99, 1180 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Johan Neyts
- Okapi Sciences NV, Ambachtenlaan 1, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nesya Goris
- Okapi Sciences NV, Ambachtenlaan 1, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium.
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Horsington J, Lynch SE, Gilkerson JR, Studdert MJ, Hartley CA. Equine picornaviruses: Well known but poorly understood. Vet Microbiol 2013; 167:78-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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