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Lin G, Wang J, Yang YG, Zhang Y, Sun T. Advances in dendritic cell targeting nano-delivery systems for induction of immune tolerance. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1242126. [PMID: 37877041 PMCID: PMC10593475 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1242126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the major specialized antigen-presenting cells (APCs), play a key role in initiating the body's immune response, maintain the balance of immunity. DCs can also induce immune tolerance by rendering effector T cells absent and anergy, and promoting the expansion of regulatory T cells. Induction of tolerogenic DCs has been proved to be a promising strategy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, organ transplantation, and allergic diseases by various laboratory researches and clinical trials. The development of nano-delivery systems has led to advances in situ modulation of the tolerance phenotype of DCs. By changing the material composition, particle size, zeta-potential, and surface modification of nanoparticles, nanoparticles can be used for the therapeutic payloads targeted delivery to DCs, endowing them with great potential in the induction of immune tolerance. This paper reviews how nano-delivery systems can be modulated for targeted delivery to DCs and induce immune tolerance and reviews their potential in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, organ transplantation, and allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojiao Lin
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China
| | - Jialiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuning Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China
| | - Tianmeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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2
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Sun F, Yang CL, Wang FX, Rong SJ, Luo JH, Lu WY, Yue TT, Wang CY, Liu SW. Pancreatic draining lymph nodes (PLNs) serve as a pathogenic hub contributing to the development of type 1 diabetes. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:156. [PMID: 37641145 PMCID: PMC10464122 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01110-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic, progressive autoinflammatory disorder resulting from the breakdown of self-tolerance and unrestrained β cell-reactive immune response. Activation of immune cells is initiated in islet and amplified in lymphoid tissues, especially those pancreatic draining lymph nodes (PLNs). The knowledge of PLNs as the hub of aberrant immune response is continuously being replenished and renewed. Here we provide a PLN-centered view of T1D pathogenesis and emphasize that PLNs integrate signal inputs from the pancreas, gut, viral infection or peripheral circulation, undergo immune remodeling within the local microenvironment and export effector cell components into pancreas to affect T1D progression. In accordance, we suggest that T1D intervention can be implemented by three major ways: cutting off the signal inputs into PLNs (reduce inflammatory β cell damage, enhance gut integrity and control pathogenic viral infections), modulating the immune activation status of PLNs and blocking the outputs of PLNs towards pancreatic islets. Given the dynamic and complex nature of T1D etiology, the corresponding intervention strategy is thus required to be comprehensive to ensure optimal therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Sun
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun-Liang Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fa-Xi Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan-Jie Rong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-Hui Luo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wan-Ying Lu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tian-Tian Yue
- Devision of Nutrition, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cong-Yi Wang
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Center for Biomedical Research, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Shi-Wei Liu
- Shanxi Bethune Hospital, Shanxi Academy of Medical Science, Tongji Shanxi Hospital, Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.
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3
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Rose Lukesh N, Middleton DD, Bachelder EM, Ainslie KM. Particle-Based therapies for antigen specific treatment of type 1 diabetes. Int J Pharm 2023; 631:122500. [PMID: 36529362 PMCID: PMC9841461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is the leading metabolic disorder in children worldwide. Over time, incidence rates have continued to rise with 20 million individuals affected globally by the autoimmune disease. The current standard of care is costly and time-consuming requiring daily injections of exogenous insulin. T1D is mediated by autoimmune effector responses targeting autoantigens expressed on pancreatic islet β-cells. One approach to treat T1D is to skew the immune system away from an effector response by taking an antigen-specific approach to heighten a regulatory response through a therapeutic vaccine. An antigen-specific approach has been shown with soluble agents, but the effects have been limited. Micro or nanoparticles have been used to deliver a variety of therapeutic agents including peptides and immunomodulatory therapies to immune cells. Particle-based systems can be used to deliver cargo into the cell and microparticles can passively target phagocytic cells. Further, surface modification and controlled release of encapsulated cargo can enhance delivery over soluble agents. The induction of antigen-specific immune tolerance is imperative for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as T1D. This review highlights studies that utilize particle-based platforms for the treatment of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Rose Lukesh
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Denzel D Middleton
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Eric M Bachelder
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Kristy M Ainslie
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA; Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.
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4
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Raghav A, Ashraf H, Jeong GB. Engineered Extracellular Vesicles in Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Prospective Review. Biomedicines 2022; 10:3042. [PMID: 36551798 PMCID: PMC9775549 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin replacement is an available treatment for autoimmune type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). There are multiple limitations in the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as T1DM by immunosuppression using drugs and chemicals. The advent of extracellular vesicle (EV)-based therapies for the treatment of various diseases has attracted much attention to the field of bio-nanomedicine. Tolerogenic nanoparticles can induce immune tolerance, especially in autoimmune diseases. EVs can deliver cargo to specific cells without restrictions. Accordingly, EVs can be used to deliver tolerogenic nanoparticles, including iron oxide-peptide-major histocompatibility complex, polyethylene glycol-silver-2-(1'H-indole-3'-carbonyl)-thiazole-4-carboxylic acid methyl ester, and carboxylated poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles coupled with or encapsulating an antigen, to effectively treat autoimmune T1DM. The present work highlights the advances in exosome-based delivery of tolerogenic nanoparticles for the treatment of autoimmune T1DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Raghav
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Sponsored by Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, GSVM Medical College, Kanpur 208002, India
| | - Hamid Ashraf
- Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Diabetes and Endocrinology, J.N. Medical College, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India
| | - Goo-Bo Jeong
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, 155 Getbeol-ro Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21999, Republic of Korea
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5
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Li H, Yang YG, Sun T. Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Induction of Tolerance and Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:889291. [PMID: 35464732 PMCID: PMC9019755 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.889291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune disease is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by disorders of immune regulation. Antigen-specific immunotherapy has the potential to inhibit the autoreactivity of inflammatory T cells and induce antigen-specific immune suppression without impairing normal immune function, offering an ideal strategy for autoimmune disease treatment. Tolerogenic dendritic cells (Tol DCs) with immunoregulatory functions play important roles in inducing immune tolerance. However, the effective generation of tolerogenic DCs in vivo remains a great challenge. The application of nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems in autoimmune disease treatment can increase the efficiency of inducing antigen-specific tolerance in vivo. In this review, we discuss multiple nanoparticles, with a focus on their potential in treatment of autoimmune diseases. We also discuss how the physical properties of nanoparticles influence their therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yong-Guang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianmeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of Ministry of Education, Institute of Immunology, The First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- National-local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Changchun, China
- International Center of Future Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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6
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Montaño J, Garnica J, Santamaria P. Immunomodulatory and immunoregulatory nanomedicines for autoimmunity. Semin Immunol 2021; 56:101535. [PMID: 34969600 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, caused by cellularly and molecularly complex immune responses against self-antigens, are largely treated with broad-acting, non-disease-specific anti-inflammatory drugs. These compounds can attenuate autoimmune inflammation, but tend to impair normal immunity against infection and cancer, cannot restore normal immune homeostasis and are not curative. Nanoparticle (NP)- and microparticle (MP)-based delivery of immunotherapeutic agents affords a unique opportunity to not only increase the specificity and potency of broad-acting immunomodulators, but also to elicit the formation of organ-specific immunoregulatory cell networks capable of inducing bystander immunoregulation. Here, we review the various NP/MP-based strategies that have so far been tested in models of experimental and/or spontaneous autoimmunity, with a focus on mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Montaño
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Josep Garnica
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, 08036, Spain
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, 08036, Spain; Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Marchini T, Abogunloko T, Wolf D. Modulating Autoimmunity against LDL: Development of a Vaccine against Atherosclerosis. Hamostaseologie 2021; 41:447-457. [PMID: 34942658 PMCID: PMC8702296 DOI: 10.1055/a-1661-1908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractAtherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall that leads to the build-up of occluding atherosclerotic plaques. Its clinical sequelae, myocardial infarction and stroke, represent the most frequent causes of death worldwide. Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial pathology that involves traditional risk factors and chronic low-grade inflammation in the atherosclerotic plaque and systemically. This process is accompanied by a strong autoimmune response that involves autoreactive T cells in lymph nodes and atherosclerotic plaques, as well as autoantibodies that recognize low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and its main protein component apolipoprotein B (ApoB). In the past 60 years, numerous preclinical observations have suggested that immunomodulatory vaccination with LDL, ApoB, or its peptides has the potential to specifically dampen autoimmunity, enhance tolerance to atherosclerosis-specific antigens, and protect from experimental atherosclerosis in mouse models. Here, we summarize and discuss mechanisms, challenges, and therapeutic opportunities of immunomodulatory vaccination and other strategies to enhance protective immunity in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timoteo Marchini
- Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center and Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Instituto de Bioquímica y Medicina Molecular (IBIMOL), Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tijani Abogunloko
- Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center and Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Wolf
- Cardiology and Angiology I, University Heart Center and Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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8
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Yang Y, Santamaria P. Evolution of nanomedicines for the treatment of autoimmune disease: From vehicles for drug delivery to inducers of bystander immunoregulation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 176:113898. [PMID: 34314782 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the nanomedicine field has witnessed an explosive growth of research on the development of nanoparticle/microparticle (NP/MP)-based compounds for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Studies have evaluated compounds generated with a broad range of materials with different shapes, sizes, surface chemistries and structures. A number of active pharmaceutical ingredients, including immunosuppressants, cytokines, nucleotides, peptides, proteins and immunomodulators of various types have been encapsulated into or incorporated onto the surface of these compounds, either individually or in combination, and delivered to animal models of autoimmune inflammation via different administration routes. These NP/MP-based compounds can be categorized into four different groups based on their intended mechanisms of action. Here, we review the engineering designs, the pharmacodynamic and therapeutic correlates and the disease specificity of nanomedicines belonging to each of these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1, Canada.
| | - Pere Santamaria
- Julia McFarlane Diabetes Research Centre (JMDRC) and Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta T2N 4N1 Canada; Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona 08036, Spain.
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9
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Passeri L, Marta F, Bassi V, Gregori S. Tolerogenic Dendritic Cell-Based Approaches in Autoimmunity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8415. [PMID: 34445143 PMCID: PMC8395087 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) dictate the outcomes of tissue-specific immune responses. In the context of autoimmune diseases, DCs instruct T cells to respond to antigens (Ags), including self-Ags, leading to organ damage, or to becoming regulatory T cells (Tregs) promoting and perpetuating immune tolerance. DCs can acquire tolerogenic properties in vitro and in vivo in response to several stimuli, a feature that opens the possibility to generate or to target DCs to restore tolerance in autoimmune settings. We present an overview of the different subsets of human DCs and of the regulatory mechanisms associated with tolerogenic (tol)DC functions. We review the role of DCs in the induction of tissue-specific autoimmunity and the current approaches exploiting tolDC-based therapies or targeting DCs in vivo for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Finally, we discuss limitations and propose future investigations for improving the knowledge on tolDCs for future clinical assessment to revert and prevent autoimmunity. The continuous expansion of tolDC research areas will lead to improving the understanding of the role that DCs play in the development and treatment of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Passeri
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (L.P.); (F.M.); (V.B.)
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute IRCCS, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Fortunato Marta
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (L.P.); (F.M.); (V.B.)
| | - Virginia Bassi
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (L.P.); (F.M.); (V.B.)
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute IRCCS, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Gregori
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy; (L.P.); (F.M.); (V.B.)
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10
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Horwitz DA, Bickerton S, La Cava A. Strategies to Use Nanoparticles to Generate CD4 and CD8 Regulatory T Cells for the Treatment of SLE and Other Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol 2021; 12:681062. [PMID: 34211471 PMCID: PMC8239238 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.681062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are disorders of immune regulation where the mechanisms responsible for self-tolerance break down and pathologic T cells overcome the protective effects of T regulatory cells (Tregs) that normally control them. The result can be the initiation of chronic inflammatory diseases. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and other autoimmune diseases are generally treated with pharmacologic or biological agents that have broad suppressive effects. These agents can halt disease progression, yet rarely cure while carrying serious adverse side effects. Recently, nanoparticles have been engineered to correct homeostatic regulatory defects and regenerate therapeutic antigen-specific Tregs. Some approaches have used nanoparticles targeted to antigen presenting cells to switch their support from pathogenic T cells to protective Tregs. Others have used nanoparticles targeted directly to T cells for the induction and expansion of CD4+ and CD8+ Tregs. Some of these T cell targeted nanoparticles have been formulated to act as tolerogenic artificial antigen presenting cells. This article discusses the properties of these various nanoparticle formulations and the strategies to use them in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The restoration and maintenance of Treg predominance over effector cells should promote long-term autoimmune disease remission and ultimately prevent them in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Horwitz
- General Nanotherapeutics, LLC, Santa Monica, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Sean Bickerton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Antonio La Cava
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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11
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Phillips BE, Garciafigueroa Y, Engman C, Liu W, Wang Y, Lakomy RJ, Meng WS, Trucco M, Giannoukakis N. Arrest in the Progression of Type 1 Diabetes at the Mid-Stage of Insulitic Autoimmunity Using an Autoantigen-Decorated All- trans Retinoic Acid and Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 Single Microparticle Formulation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:586220. [PMID: 33763059 PMCID: PMC7982719 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.586220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a disorder of impaired glucoregulation due to lymphocyte-driven pancreatic autoimmunity. Mobilizing dendritic cells (DC) in vivo to acquire tolerogenic activity is an attractive therapeutic approach as it results in multiple and overlapping immunosuppressive mechanisms. Delivery of agents that can achieve this, in the form of micro/nanoparticles, has successfully prevented a number of autoimmune conditions in vivo. Most of these formulations, however, do not establish multiple layers of immunoregulation. all-trans retinoic acid (RA) together with transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1), in contrast, has been shown to promote such mechanisms. When delivered in separate nanoparticle vehicles, they successfully prevent the progression of early-onset T1D autoimmunity in vivo. Herein, we show that the approach can be simplified into a single microparticle formulation of RA + TGFβ1 with surface decoration with the T1D-relevant insulin autoantigen. We show that the onset of hyperglycemia is prevented when administered into non-obese diabetic mice that are at the mid-stage of active islet-selective autoimmunity. Unexpectedly, the preventive effects do not seem to be mediated by increased numbers of regulatory T-lymphocytes inside the pancreatic lymph nodes, at least following acute administration of microparticles. Instead, we observed a mild increase in the frequency of regulatory B-lymphocytes inside the mesenteric lymph nodes. These data suggest additional and potentially-novel mechanisms that RA and TGFβ1 could be modulating to prevent progression of mid-stage autoimmunity to overt T1D. Our data further strengthen the rationale to develop RA+TGFβ1-based micro/nanoparticle “vaccines” as possible treatments of pre-symptomatic and new-onset T1D autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett E Phillips
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yesica Garciafigueroa
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Carl Engman
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Wen Liu
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Yiwei Wang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Robert J Lakomy
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Wilson S Meng
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Massimo Trucco
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Nick Giannoukakis
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny Health Network, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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12
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Bassin EJ, Piganelli JD, Little SR. Auto-antigen and Immunomodulatory Agent-Based Approaches for Antigen-Specific Tolerance in NOD Mice. Curr Diab Rep 2021; 21:9. [PMID: 33547977 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-021-01376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Type 1 diabetes (T1D) can be managed by insulin replacement, but it is still associated with an increased risk of microvascular/cardiovascular complications. There is considerable interest in antigen-specific approaches for treating T1D due to their potential for a favorable risk-benefit ratio relative to non-specific immune-based treatments. Here we review recent antigen-specific tolerance approaches using auto-antigen and/or immunomodulatory agents in NOD mice and provide insight into seemingly contradictory findings. RECENT FINDINGS Although delivery of auto-antigen alone can prevent T1D in NOD mice, this approach may be prone to inconsistent results and has not demonstrated an ability to reverse established T1D. Conversely, several approaches that promote presentation of auto-antigen in a tolerogenic context through cell/tissue targeting, delivery system properties, or the delivery of immunomodulatory agents have had success in reversing recent-onset T1D in NOD mice. While initial auto-antigen based approaches were unable to substantially influence T1D progression clinically, recent antigen-specific approaches have promising potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan J Bassin
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Jon D Piganelli
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, 6125 Rangos Research Center, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA.
| | - Steven R Little
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 3700 O'Hara Street, 940 Benedum Hall, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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13
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Cifuentes-Rius A, Desai A, Yuen D, Johnston APR, Voelcker NH. Inducing immune tolerance with dendritic cell-targeting nanomedicines. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:37-46. [PMID: 33349685 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-00810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Induced tolerogenic dendritic cells are a powerful immunotherapy for autoimmune disease that have shown promise in laboratory models of disease and early clinical trials. In contrast to conventional immunosuppressive treatments, tolerogenic immunotherapy leverages the cells and function of the immune system to quell the autoreactive lymphocytes responsible for damage and disease. The principle techniques of isolating and reprogramming dendritic cells (DCs), central to this approach, are well characterized. However, the broader application of this technology is limited by its high cost and bespoke nature. Nanomedicine offers an alternative route by performing this reprogramming process in situ. Here, we review the challenges and opportunities in using nanoparticles as a delivery mechanism to target DCs and induce immunomodulation, emphasizing their versatility. We then highlight their potential to solve critical problems in organ transplantation and increasingly prevalent autoimmune disorders such as type 1 diabetes mellitus and multiple sclerosis, where new immunotherapy approaches have begun to show promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Cifuentes-Rius
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Campus, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Anal Desai
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Campus, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel Yuen
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Campus, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Angus P R Johnston
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Campus, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nicolas H Voelcker
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Campus, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
- Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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14
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Passerini L, Gregori S. Induction of Antigen-Specific Tolerance in T Cell Mediated Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2194. [PMID: 33133064 PMCID: PMC7550404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of novel approaches to control unwanted immune responses represents an ambitious goal in the management of a number of clinical conditions, including autoimmunity, autoinflammatory diseases, allergies and replacement therapies, in which the T cell response to self or non-harmful antigens threatens the physiological function of tissues and organs. Current treatments for these conditions rely on the use of non-specific immunosuppressive agents and supportive therapies, which may efficiently dampen inflammation and compensate for organ dysfunction, but they require lifelong treatments not devoid of side effects. These limitations induced researchers to undertake the development of definitive and specific solutions to these disorders: the underlying principle of the novel approaches relies on the idea that empowering the tolerogenic arm of the immune system would restore the immune homeostasis and control the disease. Researchers effort resulted in the development of cell-free strategies, including gene vaccination, protein-based approaches and nanoparticles, and an increasing number of clinical trials tested the ability of adoptive transfer of regulatory cells, including T and myeloid cells. Here we will provide an overview of the most promising approaches currently under development, and we will discuss their potential advantages and limitations. The field is teaching us that the success of these strategies depends primarily on our ability to dampen antigen-specific responses without impairing protective immunity, and to manipulate directly or indirectly the immunomodulatory properties of antigen presenting cells, the ultimate in vivo mediators of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Passerini
- Mechanisms of Peripheral Tolerance Unit, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Gregori
- Mechanisms of Peripheral Tolerance Unit, San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-Tiget), IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
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15
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Stabler CL, Li Y, Stewart JM, Keselowsky BG. Engineering immunomodulatory biomaterials for type 1 diabetes. NATURE REVIEWS. MATERIALS 2019; 4:429-450. [PMID: 32617176 PMCID: PMC7332200 DOI: 10.1038/s41578-019-0112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
A cure for type 1 diabetes (T1D) would help millions of people worldwide, but remains elusive thus far. Tolerogenic vaccines and beta cell replacement therapy are complementary therapies that seek to address aberrant T1D autoimmune attack and subsequent beta cell loss. However, both approaches require some form of systematic immunosuppression, imparting risks to the patient. Biomaterials-based tools enable localized and targeted immunomodulation, and biomaterial properties can be designed and combined with immunomodulatory agents to locally instruct specific immune responses. In this Review, we discuss immunomodulatory biomaterial platforms for the development of T1D tolerogenic vaccines and beta cell replacement devices. We investigate nano- and microparticles for the delivery of tolerogenic agents and autoantigens, and as artificial antigen presenting cells, and highlight how bulk biomaterials can be used to provide immune tolerance. We examine biomaterials for drug delivery and as immunoisolation devices for cell therapy and islet transplantation, and explore synergies with other fields for the development of new T1D treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- CL Stabler
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Y Li
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - JM Stewart
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - BG Keselowsky
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- University of Florida Diabetes Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
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16
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Funda DP, Palová-Jelínková L, Goliáš J, Kroulíková Z, Fajstová A, Hudcovic T, Špíšek R. Optimal Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells in Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) Therapy: What Can We Learn From Non-obese Diabetic (NOD) Mouse Models? Front Immunol 2019; 10:967. [PMID: 31139178 PMCID: PMC6527741 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs) are explored as a promising standalone or combination therapy in type 1 diabetes (T1D). The therapeutic application of tolDCs, including in human trials, has been tested also in other autoimmune diseases, however, T1D displays some unique features. In addition, unlike in several disease-induced animal models of autoimmune diseases, the prevalent animal model for T1D, the NOD mouse, develops diabetes spontaneously. This review compares evidence of various tolDCs approaches obtained from animal (mainly NOD) models of T1D with a focus on parameters of this cell-based therapy such as protocols of tolDC preparation, antigen-specific vs. unspecific approaches, doses of tolDCs and/or autoantigens, application schemes, application routes, the migration of tolDCs as well as their preventive, early pre-onset intervention or curative effects. This review also discusses perspectives of tolDC therapy and areas of preclinical research that are in need of better clarification in animal models in a quest for effective and optimal tolDC therapies of T1D in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Funda
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Prague, Czechia
| | - Lenka Palová-Jelínková
- SOTIO a s., Prague, Czechia.,Department of Immunology, 2nd Medical School, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jaroslav Goliáš
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Prague, Czechia
| | - Zuzana Kroulíková
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Prague, Czechia
| | - Alena Fajstová
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Prague, Czechia
| | - Tomáš Hudcovic
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Prague, Czechia
| | - Radek Špíšek
- SOTIO a s., Prague, Czechia.,Department of Immunology, 2nd Medical School, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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17
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Design of Poly(lactic- co-glycolic Acid) (PLGA) Nanoparticles for Vaginal Co-Delivery of Griffithsin and Dapivirine and Their Synergistic Effect for HIV Prophylaxis. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:pharmaceutics11040184. [PMID: 30995761 PMCID: PMC6523646 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11040184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-acting topical products for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) that combine antiretrovirals (ARVs) inhibiting initial stages of infection are highly promising for prevention of HIV sexual transmission. We fabricated core-shell poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles, loaded with two potent ARVs, griffithsin (GRFT) and dapivirine (DPV), having different physicochemical properties and specifically targeting the fusion and reverse transcription steps of HIV replication, as a potential long-acting microbicide product. The nanoparticles were evaluated for particle size and zeta potential, drug release, cytotoxicity, cellular uptake and in vitro bioactivity. PLGA nanoparticles, with diameter around 180–200 nm, successfully encapsulated GRFT (45% of initially added) and DPV (70%). Both drugs showed a biphasic release with initial burst phase followed by a sustained release phase. GRFT and DPV nanoparticles were non-toxic and maintained bioactivity (IC50 values of 0.5 nM and 4.7 nM, respectively) in a cell-based assay. The combination of drugs in both unformulated and encapsulated in nanoparticles showed strong synergistic drug activity at 1:1 ratio of IC50 values. This is the first study to co-deliver a protein (GRFT) and a hydrophobic small molecule (DPV) in PLGA nanoparticles as microbicides. Our findings demonstrate that the combination of GRFT and DPV in nanoparticles is highly potent and possess properties critical to the design of a sustained release microbicide.
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18
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Ni Q, Pham NB, Meng WS, Zhu G, Chen X. Advances in immunotherapy of type I diabetes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 139:83-91. [PMID: 30528629 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease affecting 3 million individuals in the U.S. The pathogenesis of T1DM is driven by immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, the source of glucose regulator insulin. While T1DM can be successfully managed with insulin replacement therapy, approaches that can modify the underlying immuno-pathology of β cell destruction has been long sought after. Immunotherapy can attenuate T cell responses against β cell antigens. Given the detailed cellular and molecular definitions of T1DM immune responses, rational immunomodulation can be and have been developed in mouse models, and in some instances, tested in humans. The possibility of identifying individuals who are predisposed to T1DM through genotyping lend to the possibility of preventive vaccines. While much has been accomplished in delineating the mechanisms of immunotherapies, some of which are being tested in humans, long-term preservation of β cells and insulin independency has not been achieved. In this regard, the drug delivery field has much to offer in maximizing the benefits of immune modulators by optimizing spatiotemporal presentation of antigens and costimulatory signals. In this review, we attempt to capture the current state of T1DM immunotherapy by highlighting representative studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Ni
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210002, China
| | - Ngoc B Pham
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Wilson S Meng
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Guizhi Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy; The Developmental Therapeutics Program, Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA.
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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19
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Kroger CJ, Clark M, Ke Q, Tisch RM. Therapies to Suppress β Cell Autoimmunity in Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1891. [PMID: 30166987 PMCID: PMC6105696 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that is generally considered to be T cell-driven. Accordingly, most strategies of immunotherapy for T1D prevention and treatment in the clinic have targeted the T cell compartment. To date, however, immunotherapy has had only limited clinical success. Although certain immunotherapies have promoted a protective effect, efficacy is often short-term and acquired immunity may be impacted. This has led to the consideration of combining different approaches with the goal of achieving a synergistic therapeutic response. In this review, we will discuss the status of various T1D therapeutic strategies tested in the clinic, as well as possible combinatorial approaches to restore β cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Kroger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Matthew Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Qi Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Roland M Tisch
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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20
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Abstract
Antigen-specific immune tolerance has been a long-standing goal for immunotherapy for the treatment of autoimmune diseases and allergies and for the prevention of allograft rejection and anti-drug antibodies directed against biologic therapies. Nanoparticles have emerged as powerful tools to initiate and modulate immune responses due to their inherent capacity to target antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and deliver coordinated signals that can elicit an antigen-specific immune response. A wide range of strategies have been described to create tolerogenic nanoparticles (tNPs) that fall into three broad categories. One strategy includes tNPs that provide antigen alone to harness natural tolerogenic processes and environments, such as presentation of antigen in the absence of costimulatory signals, oral tolerance, the tolerogenic environment of the liver, and apoptotic cell death. A second strategy includes tNPs that carry antigen and simultaneously target tolerogenic receptors, such as pro-tolerogenic cytokine receptors, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, FAS receptor, and the CD22 inhibitory receptor. A third strategy includes tNPs that carry a payload of tolerogenic pharmacological agents that can “lock” APCs into a developmental or metabolic state that favors tolerogenic presentation of antigens. These diverse strategies have led to the development of tNPs that are capable of inducing antigen-specific immunological tolerance, not just immunosuppression, in animal models. These novel tNP technologies herald a promising approach to specifically prevent and treat unwanted immune reactions in humans. The first tNP, SEL-212, a biodegradable synthetic vaccine particle encapsulating rapamycin, has reached the clinic and is currently in Phase 2 clinical trials.
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21
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22
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Immature Dendritic Cell Therapy Confers Durable Immune Modulation in an Antigen-Dependent and Antigen-Independent Manner in Nonobese Diabetic Mice. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:5463879. [PMID: 29651443 PMCID: PMC5832131 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5463879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC) immunotherapy has been effective for prevention of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in NOD mice but fails to protect if initiated after active autoimmunity. As autoreactivity expands inter- and intramolecularly during disease progression, we investigated whether DCs unpulsed or pulsed with β cell antigenic dominant determinants (DD), subdominant determinants (SD), and ignored determinants (ID) could prevent T1D in mice with advanced insulitis. We found that diabetes was significantly delayed by DC therapy. Of interest, DCs pulsed with SD or ID appeared to provide better protection. T lymphocytes from DC-treated mice acquired spontaneous proliferating capability during in vitro culture, which could be largely eliminated by IL-2 neutralizing antibodies. This trend maintained even 29 weeks after discontinuing DC therapy and appeared antigen-independent. Furthermore, CD4+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) from DC-treated mice proliferated more actively in vitro compared to the controls, and Tregs from DC-treated mice showed significantly enhanced immunosuppressive activities in contrast to those from the controls. Our study demonstrates that DC therapy leads to long-lasting immunomodulatory effects in an antigen-dependent and antigen-independent manner and provides evidence for peptide-based intervention during a clinically relevant window to guide DC-based immunotherapy for autoimmune diabetes.
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23
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Sun C, Ding Y, Zhou L, Shi D, Sun L, Webster TJ, Shen Y. Noninvasive nanoparticle strategies for brain tumor targeting. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:2605-2621. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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24
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In vitro and in vivo anti-tumor efficiency comparison of phosphorylcholine micelles with PEG micelles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 157:268-279. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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25
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Yu Q, Xie A, Huang F, Li S, Xiao Y, Shen Y. Photosensitive multifunctional poly(vinyl alcohol) micelles for enhanced antitumor effect. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2017; 76:918-924. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2017.03.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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Baekkeskov S, Hubbell JA, Phelps EA. Bioengineering strategies for inducing tolerance in autoimmune diabetes. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017. [PMID: 28625830 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease marked by the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreatic islets. Strategies to delay onset or prevent the autoimmune recognition of beta cell antigens or T cell-mediated killing of beta cells have mainly focused on systemic immunomodulation and antigen-specific immunotherapy. To bridge the fields of type 1 diabetes immunology and biomaterials engineering, this article will review recent trends in the etiology of type 1 diabetes immunopathology and will focus on the contributions of emerging bioengineered strategies in the fight against beta cell autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steinunn Baekkeskov
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Building SV 3826, Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Departments of Medicine and Microbiology/Immunology, Diabetes Center, 513 Parnassus Ave, 20159, Box 0534, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Hubbell
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Building SV 3826, Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S Ellis Avenue, Chicago, IL 60615, USA
| | - Edward A Phelps
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Building SV 3826, Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, P.O. Box 116131, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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27
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Combinatorial drug delivery approaches for immunomodulation. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 114:161-174. [PMID: 28532690 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been widely explored for applications to both augment and suppress intrinsic host immunity. Clinical achievements have seen a number of immunotherapeutic drugs displace established strategies like chemotherapy in treating immune-associated diseases. However, single drug approaches modulating an individual arm of the immune system are often incompletely effective. Imperfect mechanistic understanding and heterogeneity within disease pathology have seen monotherapies inadequately equipped to mediate complete disease remission. Recent success in applications of combinatorial immunotherapy has suggested that targeting multiple biological pathways simultaneously may be critical in treating complex immune pathologies. Drug delivery approaches through engineered biomaterials offer the potential to augment desired immune responses while mitigating toxic side-effects by localizing immunotherapy. This review discusses recent advances in immunotherapy and highlights newly explored combinatorial drug delivery approaches. Furthermore, prospective future directions for immunomodulatory drug delivery to exploit are provided.
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28
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Yu Z, Cai Z, Chen Q, Liu M, Ye L, Ren J, Liao W, Liu S. Engineering β-sheet peptide assemblies for biomedical applications. Biomater Sci 2017; 4:365-74. [PMID: 26700207 DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00472a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels have been widely studied in various biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, cell culture, immunotherapy and vaccines, and drug delivery. Peptide-based nanofibers represent a promising new strategy for current drug delivery approaches and cell carriers for tissue engineering. This review focuses on the recent advances in the use of self-assembling engineered β-sheet peptide assemblies for biomedical applications. The applications of peptide nanofibers in biomedical fields, such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, immunotherapy, and vaccines, are highlighted. The current challenges and future perspectives for self-assembling peptide nanofibers in biomedical applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Zheng Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Qiling Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Menghua Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Ling Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Jiaoyan Ren
- Department of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wenzhen Liao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shuwen Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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29
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Zhang TT, Li W, Meng G, Wang P, Liao W. Strategies for transporting nanoparticles across the blood-brain barrier. Biomater Sci 2017; 4:219-29. [PMID: 26646694 DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00383k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The existence of blood-brain barrier (BBB) hampers the effective treatment of central nervous system (CNS) diseases. Almost all macromolecular drugs and more than 98% of small molecule drugs cannot pass the BBB. Therefore, the BBB remains a big challenge for delivery of therapeutics to the central nervous system. With the structural and mechanistic elucidation of the BBB under both physiological and pathological conditions, it is now possible to design delivery systems that could cross the BBB effectively. Because of their advantageous properties, nanoparticles have been widely deployed for brain-targeted delivery. This review paper presents the current understanding of the BBB under physiological and pathological conditions, and summarizes strategies and systems for BBB crossing with a focus on nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems. In summary, with wider applications and broader prospection the treatment of brain targeted therapy, nano-medicines have proved to be more potent, more specific and less toxic than traditional drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wen Li
- IHRC, Inc., 2 Ravinia Dr NE, Atlanta, GA 30346, USA
| | - Guanmin Meng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, 234 Gucui Road, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Pei Wang
- Center for Excellence in Post-Harvest Technologies, North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina Research Campus, 500 Laureate Way, Kannapolis, North Carolina 28081, USA
| | - Wenzhen Liao
- Department of Food Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Wushan Road 381, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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30
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Teng B, Ma P, Yu C, Zhang X, Feng Q, Wen L, Li C, Cheng Z, Jin D, Lin J. Upconversion nanoparticles loaded with eIF4E siRNA and platinum(iv) prodrug to sensitize platinum based chemotherapy for laryngeal cancer and bioimaging. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:307-317. [PMID: 32263549 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb02360f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) 4E is a valuable marker in cancer prognostics in many human cancers.
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31
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Dáňová K, Grohová A, Strnadová P, Funda DP, Šumník Z, Lebl J, Cinek O, Průhová Š, Koloušková S, Obermannová B, Petruželková L, Šedivá A, Fundová P, Buschard K, Špíšek R, Palová-Jelínková L. Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells from Poorly Compensated Type 1 Diabetes Patients Have Decreased Ability To Induce Stable Antigen-Specific T Cell Hyporesponsiveness and Generation of Suppressive Regulatory T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:729-740. [PMID: 27927966 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs) may offer an interesting intervention strategy to re-establish Ag-specific tolerance in autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes (T1D). T1D results from selective destruction of insulin-producing β cells leading to hyperglycemia that, in turn, specifically affects a patient's immune system. In this study, we prepared monocyte-derived tolDCs modulated by dexamethasone and vitamin D2 from 31 T1D patients with optimal glycemic control and 60 T1D patients with suboptimal glycemic control and assessed their tolerogenic properties in correlation with metabolic state of patients. tolDCs differentiated from both groups of patients acquired a regulatory phenotype and an anti-inflammatory profile. Interestingly, tolDCs from well-controlled patients expressed higher levels of inhibitory molecules IL-T3 and PD-L1. Additionally, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)65-loaded tolDCs from well-controlled patients decreased significantly primary Th1/Th17 responses, induced stable GAD65-specific T cell hyporesponsiveness, and suppressed markedly control DC-induced GAD65-specific T cell activation compared with poorly controlled patients. The ability of tolDCs from poorly controlled patients to induce durable GAD65-specific T cell hyporesponsiveness was reversed once the control of glycemia improved. In both groups of patients, tolDCs were able to induce regulatory T cells from autologous naive CD4+ T cells. However, regulatory T cells from well-controlled patients had better suppressive abilities. The functionality of tolDCs was confirmed in the adoptive transfer model of NOD-SCID mice where tolDCs delayed diabetes onset. These results suggest that metabolic control of T1D affects the functional characteristics of tolDCs and subsequent effector T cell responses. Metabolic control may be relevant for refining inclusion criteria of clinical trials in the settings of T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Dáňová
- Sotio a.s., 170 00 Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Immunology, Charles University in Prague, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Grohová
- Sotio a.s., 170 00 Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Immunology, Charles University in Prague, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - David P Funda
- Department of Immunology and Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Šumník
- Department of Pediatrics, Charles University in Prague, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; and
| | - Jan Lebl
- Department of Pediatrics, Charles University in Prague, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; and
| | - Ondřej Cinek
- Department of Pediatrics, Charles University in Prague, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; and
| | - Štěpánka Průhová
- Department of Pediatrics, Charles University in Prague, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; and
| | - Stanislava Koloušková
- Department of Pediatrics, Charles University in Prague, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; and
| | - Barbora Obermannová
- Department of Pediatrics, Charles University in Prague, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; and
| | - Lenka Petruželková
- Department of Pediatrics, Charles University in Prague, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic; and
| | - Anna Šedivá
- Department of Immunology, Charles University in Prague, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Fundová
- Department of Immunology and Gnotobiology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karsten Buschard
- The Bartholin Institute, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Radek Špíšek
- Sotio a.s., 170 00 Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Immunology, Charles University in Prague, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Palová-Jelínková
- Sotio a.s., 170 00 Prague, Czech Republic; .,Department of Immunology, Charles University in Prague, Second Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Motol, 150 06 Prague, Czech Republic
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32
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Arginine modified polymeric micelles as a novel drug delivery system with enhanced endocytosis efficiency. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 148:181-192. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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33
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Yin H, Ding G, Shi X, Guo W, Ni Z, Fu H, Fu Z. A bioengineered drug-Eluting scaffold accelerated cutaneous wound healing In diabetic mice. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2016; 145:226-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2016.04.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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34
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Marrero I, Aguilera C, Hamm DE, Quinn A, Kumar V. High-throughput sequencing reveals restricted TCR Vβ usage and public TCRβ clonotypes among pancreatic lymph node memory CD4(+) T cells and their involvement in autoimmune diabetes. Mol Immunol 2016; 74:82-95. [PMID: 27161799 PMCID: PMC6301078 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Islet-reactive memory CD4(+) T cells are an essential feature of type 1 diabetes (T1D) as they are involved in both spontaneous disease and in its recurrence after islet transplantation. Expansion and enrichment of memory T cells have also been shown in the peripheral blood of diabetic patients. Here, using high-throughput sequencing, we investigated the clonal diversity of the TCRβ repertoire of memory CD4(+) T cells in the pancreatic lymph nodes (PaLN) of non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice and examined their clonal overlap with islet-infiltrating memory CD4T cells. Both prediabetic and diabetic NOD mice exhibited a restricted TCRβ repertoire dominated by clones expressing TRBV13-2, TRBV13-1 or TRBV5 gene segments. There is a limited degree of TCRβ overlap between the memory CD4 repertoire of PaLN and pancreas as well as between the prediabetic and diabetic group. However, public TCRβ clonotypes were identified across several individual animals, some of them with sequences similar to the TCRs from the islet-reactive T cells suggesting their antigen-driven expansion. Moreover, the majority of the public clonotypes expressed TRBV13-2 (Vβ8.2) gene segment. Nasal vaccination with an immunodominat peptide derived from the TCR Vβ8.2 chain led to protection from diabetes, suggesting a critical role for Vβ8.2(+) CD4(+) memory T cells in T1D. These results suggest that memory CD4(+) T cells bearing limited dominant TRBV genes contribute to the autoimmune diabetes and can be potentially targeted for intervention in diabetes. Furthermore, our results have important implications for the identification of public T cell clonotypes as potential novel targets for immune manipulation in human T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idania Marrero
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Carlos Aguilera
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - David E Hamm
- Adaptive Biotechnologies, 1551 Eastlake Ave E #200, Seattle, WA 98102, USA
| | - Anthony Quinn
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, 3550 General Atomics Court, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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35
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Liu W, Saunders MJ, Bagia C, Freeman EC, Fan Y, Gawalt ES, Waggoner AS, Meng WS. Local retention of antibodies in vivo with an injectable film embedded with a fluorogen-activating protein. J Control Release 2016; 230:1-12. [PMID: 27038493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report an injectable film by which antibodies can be localized in vivo. The system builds upon a bifunctional polypeptide consisting of a fluorogen-activating protein (FAP) and a β-fibrillizing peptide (βFP). The FAP domain generates fluorescence that reflects IgG binding sites conferred by Protein A/G (pAG) conjugated with the fluorogen malachite green (MG). A film is generated by mixing these proteins with molar excess of EAK16-II, a βFP that forms β-sheet fibrils at high salt concentrations. The IgG-binding, fluorogenic film can be injected in vivo through conventional needled syringes. Confocal microscopic images and dose-response titration experiments showed that loading of IgG into the film was mediated by pAG(MG) bound to the FAP. Release of IgG in vitro was significantly delayed by the bioaffinity mechanism; 26% of the IgG were released from films embedded with pAG(MG) after five days, compared to close to 90% in films without pAG(MG). Computational simulations indicated that the release rate of IgG is governed by positive cooperativity due to pAG(MG). When injected into the subcutaneous space of mouse footpads, film-embedded IgG were retained locally, with distribution through the lymphatics impeded. The ability to track IgG binding sites and distribution simultaneously will aid the optimization of local antibody delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Matthew J Saunders
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Christina Bagia
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States
| | - Eric C Freeman
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Yong Fan
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Ellen S Gawalt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Alan S Waggoner
- Molecular Biosensor and Imaging Center and Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States; Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, United States
| | - Wilson S Meng
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, United States.
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36
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Wang S, Wang W, Lv H, Zhou J, Shen L, Yin L, Ding Y. Preparation and Evaluation of Long-Circulating Deoxypodophyllotoxin-Loaded Liposomes Using Poly(Ethylene Glycol)-Distearoylphosphatidylethanolamine. J Pharm Innov 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-016-9246-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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37
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Zhou X, Lin A, Yuan X, Li H, Ma D, Xue W. Glucose-sensitive and blood-compatible nanogels for insulin controlled release. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes; Department of Biomedical Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Anhua Lin
- Department of Endocrinology; Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital; Nanchang 330006 China
| | - Xinxin Yuan
- Department of Endocrinology; Jiangxi Provincial People's Hospital; Nanchang 330006 China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes; Department of Biomedical Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Dong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes; Department of Biomedical Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
| | - Wei Xue
- Key Laboratory of Biomaterials of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes; Department of Biomedical Engineering; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
- Institute of Life and Health Engineering Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
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38
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Sun W, Jiao C, Xiao Y, Wang L, Yu C, Liu J, Yu Y, Wang L. Salt-Dependent Aggregation and Assembly of E coli-Expressed Ferritin. Dose Response 2016; 14:1559325816632102. [PMID: 26977139 PMCID: PMC4773902 DOI: 10.1177/1559325816632102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferritin, with the primary function of iron storage, is a nearly ubiquitous protein found in most living organisms. Our recent investigations suggest that ferritin can assemble nanoparticles. So we use ferritin as a novel type of delivery vehicle for recombinant epitope vaccines. And, we found that ferritin form nonnative aggregates depended sensitively on NaCl concentrations. Here, we report that ferritin is an ion-sensitive protein and has the attribute of salt-dependent aggregation. Our results indicate that recombinant ferritin can be released as a soluble form from Escherichia coli at low NaCl concentrations (≤50 mmol/L). Moreover, this result affords us to confirm a proper self-assembling solution for soluble ferritin or other ferritin-based fusion proteins to assemble nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chengfeng Jiao
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Xiao
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Luowei Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Cheng Yu
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jialin Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yongli Yu
- Department of Immunology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liying Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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39
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Abstract
The undesired destruction of healthy cells, either endogenous or transplanted, by the immune system results in the loss of tissue function or limits strategies to restore tissue function. Current therapies typically involve nonspecific immunosuppression that may prevent the appropriate response to an antigen, thereby decreasing humoral immunity and increasing the risks of patient susceptibility to opportunistic infections, viral reactivation, and neoplasia. The induction of antigen-specific immunological tolerance to block undesired immune responses to self- or allogeneic antigens, while maintaining the integrity of the remaining immune system, has the potential to transform the current treatment of autoimmune disease and serve as a key enabling technology for therapies based on cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunrong Luo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; ,
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109;
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40
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Yang L, Li W, Kirberger M, Liao W, Ren J. Design of nanomaterial based systems for novel vaccine development. Biomater Sci 2016; 4:785-802. [PMID: 26891972 DOI: 10.1039/c5bm00507h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
With lower cell toxicity and higher specificity, novel vaccines have been greatly developed and applied to emerging infectious and chronic diseases. However, due to problems associated with low immunogenicity and complicated processing steps, the development of novel vaccines has been limited. With the rapid development of bio-technologies and material sciences, nanomaterials are playing essential roles in novel vaccine design. Incorporation of nanomaterials is expected to improve delivery efficiency, to increase immunogenicity, and to reduce the administration dosage. The purpose of this review is to discuss the employment of nanomaterials, including polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, virus-like particles, peptide amphiphiles micelles, peptide nanofibers and microneedle arrays, in vaccine design. Compared to traditional methods, vaccines made from nanomaterials display many appealing benefits, including precise stimulation of immune responses, effective targeting to certain tissue or cells, and desirable biocompatibility. Current research suggests that nanomaterials may improve our approach to the design and delivery of novel vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Yang
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Uangzhou 510640, China.
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41
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Wang Y, Sun T, Zhang Y, Chaurasiya B, Huang L, Liu X, Tu J, Xiong Y, Sun C. Exenatide loaded PLGA microspheres for long-acting antidiabetic therapy: preparation, characterization, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra02994a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein fabricated the exenatide-loaded microspheres by a water in oil in oil (W/O/O) method, which presented great effect on glycemic control with low initial burst release and reduced risk of gastrointestinal intolerance and hypoglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
| | - Ting Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
| | - Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
| | - Birendra Chaurasiya
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
| | - Liping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
| | - Xi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
| | - Jiasheng Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
| | - Yerong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
| | - Chunmeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
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42
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Chen Y, Zhang YX, Wu ZF, Peng XY, Su T, Cao J, He B, Li S. Biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol)–poly(ε-carprolactone) polymeric micelles with different tailored topological amphiphilies for doxorubicin (DOX) drug delivery. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra06040d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-assembly and drug release of the three PEG–PCL copolymers with different topologies but identical molar ratio between PEG to PCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Chen
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Y. X. Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - Z. F. Wu
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
| | - X. Y. Peng
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - T. Su
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - J. Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - B. He
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- China
| | - S. Li
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- China
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43
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Wang C, Wang X, Lu T, Liu F, Guo B, Wen N, Du Y, Lin H, Tang J, Zhang L. Multi-functionalized graphene oxide complex as a plasmid delivery system for targeting hepatocellular carcinoma therapy. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra21475k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel and efficient graphene-based gene delivery vector was prepared, the effect of changing the PEI content on the size, stability and transfection efficiency were investigated.
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44
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Kang X, Xiao HH, Song HQ, Jing XB, Yan LS, Qi RG. Advances in drug delivery system for platinum agents based combination therapy. Cancer Biol Med 2015; 12:362-74. [PMID: 26779373 PMCID: PMC4706518 DOI: 10.7497/j.issn.2095-3941.2015.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based anticancer agents are widely used as first-line drugs in cancer chemotherapy for various solid tumors. However, great side effects and occurrence of resistance remain as the major drawbacks for almost all the platinum drugs developed. To conquer these problems, new strategies should be adopted for platinum drug based chemotherapy. Modern nanotechnology has been widely employed in the delivery of various therapeutics and diagnostic. It provides the possibility of targeted delivery of a certain anticancer drug to the tumor site, which could minimize toxicity and optimize the drug efficacy. Here, in this review, we focused on the recent progress in polymer based drug delivery systems for platinum-based combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Kang
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China ; 2 State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China ; 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China ; 4 Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China ; 5 Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hai-Hua Xiao
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China ; 2 State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China ; 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China ; 4 Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China ; 5 Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Hai-Qin Song
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China ; 2 State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China ; 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China ; 4 Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China ; 5 Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xia-Bin Jing
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China ; 2 State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China ; 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China ; 4 Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China ; 5 Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Le-San Yan
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China ; 2 State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China ; 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China ; 4 Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China ; 5 Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ruo-Gu Qi
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China ; 2 State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China ; 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China ; 4 Department of General Surgery, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China ; 5 Shanghai Minimally Invasive Surgery Center, Shanghai 200025, China
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45
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Vives-Pi M, Pujol-Autonell I. Innovative immunological strategies for type 1 diabetes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 62:419-21. [PMID: 26342847 DOI: 10.1016/j.endonu.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vives-Pi
- Servei d'Immunologia, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, España; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, España.
| | - Irma Pujol-Autonell
- Servei d'Immunologia, Institut de Recerca Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, España
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46
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Liu X, Wei D, Zhong J, Ma M, Zhou J, Peng X, Ye Y, Sun G, He D. Electrospun Nanofibrous P(DLLA-CL) Balloons as Calcium Phosphate Cement Filled Containers for Bone Repair: in Vitro and in Vivo Studies. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:18540-18552. [PMID: 26258872 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b04868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The spinal surgeon community has expressed significant interest in applying calcium phosphate cement (CPC) for the treatment of vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) and minimizing its disadvantages, such as its water-induced collapsibility and poor mechanical properties, limiting its clinical use. In this work, novel biodegradable electrospun nanofibrous poly(d,l-lactic acid-ϵ-caprolactone) balloons (ENPBs) were prepared, and the separation, pressure, degradation, and new bone formation behaviors of the ENPBs when used as CPC-filled containers in vitro and in vivo were systematically analyzed and compared. CPC could be separated from surrounding bone tissues by ENPBs in vitro and in vivo. ENPB-CPCs (ENPBs serving as CPC-filled containers) exerted pressure on the surrounding bone microenvironment, which was enough to crush trabecular bone. Compared with the CPC implantation, ENPB-CPCs delayed the degradation of CPC (i.e., its water-induced collapsilibity). Finally, possible mechanisms behind the in vivo effects caused by ENPB-CPCs implanted into rabbit thighbones and pig vertebrae were proposed. This work suggests that ENPBs can be potentially applied as CPC-filled containers in vivo and provides an experimental basis for the clinical application of ENPBs for the treatment of VCFs. In addition, this work will be of benefit to the development of polymer-based medical implants in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunwei Liu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinan Military General Hospital , No. 25 Shifan Road, Jinan 200050, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Daixu Wei
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology , No. 28 East Jiangchuang Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhong
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology , No. 28 East Jiangchuang Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengjia Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , No. 800 Dongchuang Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology , No. 28 East Jiangchuang Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangtao Peng
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinan Military General Hospital , No. 25 Shifan Road, Jinan 200050, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Ye
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinan Military General Hospital , No. 25 Shifan Road, Jinan 200050, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Sun
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinan Military General Hospital , No. 25 Shifan Road, Jinan 200050, Shandong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dannong He
- National Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology , No. 28 East Jiangchuang Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , No. 800 Dongchuang Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
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47
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Ling X, Zhao C, Huang L, Wang Q, Tu J, Shen Y, Sun C. Synthesis and characterization of hyaluronic acid–platinum(iv) nanoconjugate with enhanced antitumor response and reduced adverse effects. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16757d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HA–EDA–Pt(iv) nanoconjugates were constructed, characterized, and proved as an safe formulation with better blood compatibility and less systemic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
| | - Chunyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines
- Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College
- Beijing 100050
- China
| | - Liping Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
| | - Qiyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
| | - Jiasheng Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
| | - Yan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
| | - Chunmeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
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