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Vermette MJ, Prince F, Bherer L, Messier J. Concentrating to avoid falling: interaction between peripheral sensory and central attentional demands during a postural stability limit task in sedentary seniors. GeroScience 2024; 46:1181-1200. [PMID: 37482601 PMCID: PMC10828328 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests falls and postural instabilities among seniors are attributed to a decline in both the processing of afferent signals (e.g., proprioceptive, vestibular) and attentional resources. We investigated the interaction between the non-visual and attentional demands of postural control in sedentary seniors. Old and young adults performed a postural stability limit task involving a maximal voluntary leaning movement with and without vision as well as a cognitive-attentional subtraction task. These tasks were performed alone (single-task) or simultaneously (dual-task) to vary the sensory-attentional demands. The functional limits of stability were quantified as the maximum center of pressure excursion during voluntary leaning. Seniors showed significantly smaller limits of postural stability compared to young adults in all sensory-attentional conditions. However, surprisingly, both groups of subjects reduced their stability limits by a similar amount when vision was removed. Furthermore, they similarly decreased their anterior-posterior stability limits when concurrently performing the postural and the cognitive-attentional tasks with vision. The overall average cognitive performance of young adults was higher than seniors and was only slightly affected during dual-tasking. In contrast, older adults markedly degraded their cognitive performance from the single- to the dual-task situations, especially when vision was unavailable. Thus, their dual-task costs were higher than those of young adults and increased in the eyes-closed condition, when postural control relied more heavily on non-visual sensory signals. Our findings provide the first evidence that as posture approaches its stability limits, sedentary seniors allot increasingly large cognitive attentional resources to process critical sensory inputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Julie Vermette
- École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'Activité Physique (EKSAP), Université de Montréal, 2100 Boul. Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), 4545 Chemin Queen Mary, Montréal, QC, H3W 1W5, Canada
| | - François Prince
- Département de Chirurgie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, CP6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Louis Bherer
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), 4545 Chemin Queen Mary, Montréal, QC, H3W 1W5, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Institut de Cardiologie de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Julie Messier
- École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'Activité Physique (EKSAP), Université de Montréal, 2100 Boul. Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), 4545 Chemin Queen Mary, Montréal, QC, H3W 1W5, Canada.
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Jabouille F, Billot M, Hermand E, Lemonnier E, Perrochon A. Balance rehabilitation for postural control in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A two-case report study. Physiother Theory Pract 2023; 39:658-666. [PMID: 34939886 DOI: 10.1080/09593985.2021.2017090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the effect of balance rehabilitation on postural control in both low and increased cognitive load conditions in two children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). METHODS Two children diagnosed with ASD participated in a 4-week personalized balance rehabilitation program with two sessions per week. We assessed postural control in two single task (ST) conditions with low cognitive load: Eyes Closed (EC), Eyes Open (EO); and in five increased cognitive load conditions. Those dual task (DT) conditions consisted of presenting images representing a neutral condition, sadness, anger, happiness, and fear. Postural control parameters (surface, velocity, medio-lateral and antero-posterior sway amplitudes of the center of pressure (CoP)) were collected by a posturographic platform before and after the balance rehabilitation. RESULTS The rehabilitation program resulted in a 30-96% improvement of postural control parameters in the ST condition for both participants. In DT, participant 1 progressed on all conditions while participant 2 progressed on 3 of the 5 conditions (sadness, anger and fear). CONCLUSION This suggests that these two children with ASD improved their balance control in both low and increased cognitive load conditions. These encouraging results need to be replicated before recommending balance rehabilitation as standard health rehabilitation in children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Jabouille
- Ilfomer, Institut Limousin de Formation Aux Métiers de La Réadaptation, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Maxime Billot
- Prismatics Lab (Predictive Research in Spine/Neuromodulation Management and Thoracic Innovation/Cardiac Surgery), Poitiers University Hospital, 2 Rue de La Milétrie, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Eric Hermand
- Laboratoire Ea 7369 URePSSS (Unité de Recherche Pluridisciplinaire Sport, Santé, Société), Université Du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque, France.,Laboratoire Ea 6310 Havae (Handicap Autonomie Vieillissement Activité Environnement), Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Eric Lemonnier
- Centre Ressource Autisme, Hôpital Le Cluzeau, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Anaick Perrochon
- Ilfomer, Institut Limousin de Formation Aux Métiers de La Réadaptation, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France.,Laboratoire Ea 6310 Havae (Handicap Autonomie Vieillissement Activité Environnement), Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
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Sugihara Y, Matsuura T, Kubo Y, Ohgomori T. Activation of the Prefrontal Cortex and Improvement of Cognitive Performance with Standing on One Leg. Neuroscience 2021; 477:50-62. [PMID: 34634425 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is involved in attention, motor planning, and executive functions. In addition, it is known that postural control and cognitive performance are affected during dual-task paradigms, suggesting that postural control and cognition use common areas of the brain. Although postural control and cognition have been used as interfering dual tasks, the neuronal mechanisms underlying interference are not fully understood. We simultaneously performed postural and cognitive tasks in healthy young adults and evaluated activity in the PFC using near-infrared spectrometry. The displacement of the center of pressure (COP) is reduced by cognitive tasks. Difficult postural tasks increased the relative proportion and amplitude of postural sway in the high-frequency bandwidth, related to the adjustment of postural sway. Although the cognitive tasks did not affect the relative proportion of each frequency bandwidth, the amplitudes were selectively reduced. The postural task-dependent change in PFC activity was correlated with the relative proportion and amplitude of postural sway in the high-frequency bandwidth of the COP movement. Cognitive task-dependent changes in PFC activity were not correlated with postural sway. Cognitive performance was better in unipedal standing than bipedal standing. These findings suggest that postural tasks affect cognitive performance via the activation of the PFC, but cognitive tasks affect postural control through a different mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuma Sugihara
- Department of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, 158 Mizuma, Kaizuka, Osaka 597-0104, Japan
| | - Tomoki Matsuura
- Department of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, 158 Mizuma, Kaizuka, Osaka 597-0104, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kubo
- Department of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, 158 Mizuma, Kaizuka, Osaka 597-0104, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ohgomori
- Department of Rehabilitation, Osaka Kawasaki Rehabilitation University, 158 Mizuma, Kaizuka, Osaka 597-0104, Japan.
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Bayot M, Dujardin K, Dissaux L, Tard C, Defebvre L, Bonnet CT, Allart E, Allali G, Delval A. Can dual-task paradigms predict Falls better than single task? - A systematic literature review. Neurophysiol Clin 2020; 50:401-440. [PMID: 33176988 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
With about one third of adults aged 65 years and older being reported worldwide to fall each year, and an even higher prevalence with advancing age, aged-related falls and the associated disabilities and mortality are a major public health concern. In this context, identification of fall risk in healthy older adults is a key component of fall prevention. Since dual-task outcomes rely on the interaction between cognition and motor control, some studies have demonstrated the role of dual-task walking performance or costs in predicting future fallers. However, based on previous reviews on the topic, (1) discriminative and (2) predictive powers of dual tasks involving gait and a concurrent task are still a matter of debate, as is (3) their superiority over single tasks in terms of fall-risk prediction. Moreover, less attention has been paid to dual tasks involving postural control and transfers (such as gait initiation and turns) as motor tasks. In the present paper, we therefore systematically reviewed recent literature over the last 7 years in order to answer the three above mentioned questions regarding the future of lab-based dual tasks (involving posture, gait initiation, gait and turning) as easily applicable tests for identifying healthy older adult fallers. Despite great heterogeneity among included studies, we emphasized, among other things, the promising added value of dual tasks including turns and other transfers, such as in the Timed Up and Go test, for prediction of falls. Further investigation of these is thus warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madli Bayot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Kathy Dujardin
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Lucile Dissaux
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Céline Tard
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Luc Defebvre
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Department of Neurology and Movement Disorders, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Cédrick T Bonnet
- Univ. Lille, UMR 9193 - SCALab - Sciences Cognitives et Sciences Affectives, CNRS UMR 9193, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Etienne Allart
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Neurorehabilitation Unit, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Gilles Allali
- Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland, Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive and Motor Aging, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY, US
| | - Arnaud Delval
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, F-59000 Lille, France.
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Dual-Task Conditions on Static Postural Control in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Aging Phys Act 2020; 29:162-177. [PMID: 32788414 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2019-0474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dual-task (DT) consists of the performance of two tasks simultaneously. An index of DT difficulty has been linked to decreased postural control. Because a wide range of DT is employed, this study aimed to evaluate its effects in static balance in older adults. PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus were screened, and the secondary tasks were grouped as manual, reaction time, discrimination and decision making, mental tracking, verbal fluency, working memory, or "other" tasks. A total of 66 studies have been included. The meta-analysis was conducted on 28 effects and showed a significant mean effect size of d = 0.24 (p = .02, SE = 0.10; confidence interval [0.04, 0.44]), indicating a worsening in stability during DT. In conclusion, postural control was worsened by the Stroop test and the arithmetic tasks improved it. The results do not underpin any conclusive statement on the impact of DT, and a standard operating procedure was created.
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Morris AJ, Christie AD. The effect of a mentally fatiguing task on postural balance control in young and older women. Exp Gerontol 2020; 132:110840. [PMID: 31935440 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of a mentally fatiguing task on postural responses to unexpected backward perturbations in sixteen young and sixteen older women. Postural responses were characterized by center of pressure (COP) displacement, corrective COP peak velocity, and electromyography (EMG) of the medial gastrocnemius. Older women had slower reaction time (p = .002), longer EMG onset times (p = .03), larger COP displacement (p = .001), and faster COP velocity (p = .02) than younger women overall. However, only young women experienced mental fatigue (slower reaction times; p = .001) and this was accompanied by significantly faster COP velocity during the mental fatigue condition (p = .02) than the control condition. Performance of mental fatigue task, not necessarily the development of mental fatigue, affects neuromuscular activation in young women only, but does not affect the magnitude of postural response to perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Morris
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, United States of America
| | - Anita D Christie
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, United States of America; School of Kinesiology, Western University, Canada.
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Chow VWK, Ellmers TJ, Young WR, Mak TCT, Wong TWL. Revisiting the Relationship Between Internal Focus and Balance Control in Young and Older Adults. Front Neurol 2019; 9:1131. [PMID: 30687212 PMCID: PMC6333651 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Research highlights the detrimental effect that directing too much conscious attention toward movement can have on postural control. While this concept has received support from many studies, recent evidence demonstrates that this principle does not always translate to aging clinical populations. Given the increasing clinical interest in this topic, the current study evaluated if the original notion (that an internal focus results in compromised balance performance) is upheld in young and older adults during a challenging balance task where we are able to objectively corroborate changes in attentional focus; using an electroencephalography (EEG) method previously identified as an objective indicator of conscious movement control. This method assesses the neural coherence, or "communication," between T3 (verbal-analytical) and Fz (motor-planning) regions of the brain. Thirty-nine young and 40 older adults performed a challenging balance task while holding a 2-meter pole under two randomized conditions: Baseline and Internal focus of attention (directing attention internally toward movement production). Results showed that young adults demonstrated increased EEG T3-Fz coherence in conjunction with increased sway path during the Internal focus condition. However, no significant differences were observed in older adults between conditions for any measure. The current study provides supporting evidence for the detrimental effect that adopting an Internal focus can have on postural control-especially in populations able to govern these processes in a relatively "automatic" manner (e.g., young adults). However, this work illustrates that such observations may not readily translate between populations and are not robust to age-related changes. Further work is necessary to examine mechanisms underlying this clear translational issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria W. K. Chow
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Toby J. Ellmers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - William R. Young
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute for Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Toby C. T. Mak
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Thomson W. L. Wong
- Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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The Effect of a Cognitive Dual Task on the Control of Minimum Toe Clearance While Walking. Motor Control 2019; 23:344-353. [PMID: 30599803 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2018-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of a cognitive dual task on minimum toe clearance (MTC) variability while walking. In a randomized cross-over design, gait kinematics of 25 older (70 ± 6 years) and 45 younger adults (25 ± 2 years) were captured during normal walking and dual-task walking. Variability of stride time, stride length, and MTC were calculated. Differences between normal versus dual-task walking were assessed using Wilcoxon tests. Compared with normal walking, dual-task walking caused an increase in stride time variability (older adults: p < .001 and younger adults: p < .001), while the variability of MTC decreased (older adults: p = .032 and younger adults: p = .012). MTC seems to be a task-relevant gait parameter that is controlled with high priority to preserve its variability under challenging conditions.
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Langhanns C, Müller H. Effects of trying 'not to move' instruction on cortical load and concurrent cognitive performance. PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2017; 82:167-176. [PMID: 29052758 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-017-0928-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Motor and cognitive tasks often interfere when performed concurrently. The amount of interference typically scales with difficulty of the tasks involved. Thus, supposedly 'easy' motor tasks with restricted movement amplitude, like sitting on a chair, should show little or no interference with cognitive tasks at all. We measured the processing load induced by different postural tasks and their effect on cognitive performance under cognitive-motor dual-task conditions. Sixteen subjects performed postural motor tasks in three different positions: 'Lying in a sun lounger', 'Sitting on a bike saddle', and 'Upright on feet'. In each position, three different movement instructions were given; 'Stay stock-still', 'Relax', 'Move easily'. Each combination of position and instruction was performed as single task but also in a dual-task condition with a concurrent calculation task. Brain activity in the right prefrontal cortex was monitored using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. The instruction to 'Stay stock-still' produced higher cortical loads in single-task conditions for all positions compared to all other instructions. The calculation task induced additional brain activity in the same prefrontal area as the motor task. Calculation performance tended to be reduced in the 'Lying'-'Stay stock-still' condition. We discuss the relevance of these findings for learning scenarios in school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Langhanns
- Institute of Sport Science, Justus Liebig University, Kugelberg 58, 35394, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Hermann Müller
- Institute of Sport Science, Justus Liebig University, Kugelberg 58, 35394, Giessen, Germany
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Bermejo JL, García-Massó X, Paillard T, Noé F. Fatigue does not conjointly alter postural and cognitive performance when standing in a shooting position under dual-task conditions. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:429-435. [PMID: 28368719 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1313443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of fatigue on balance control and cognitive performance in a standing shooting position. Nineteen soldiers were asked to stand while holding a rifle (single task - ST). They also had to perform this postural task while simultaneously completing a cognitive task (dual task - DT). Both the ST and DT were performed in pre- and post-fatigue conditions. In pre-fatigue, participants achieved better balance control in the DT than in the ST, thus suggesting that the increased cognitive activity associated with the DT improves balance control by shifting the attentional focus away from a highly automatised activity. In post-fatigue, balance control was degraded in both the ST and DT, while reaction time was enhanced in the first minutes following the fatiguing exercise without affecting the accuracy of response in the cognitive task, which highlights the relative independent effects of fatigue on balance control and cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Bermejo
- a Department of physical activity and sport sciences , University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain
| | - Xavier García-Massó
- b Department of Teaching of Musical, Visual and Corporal Expression , University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain
| | - Thierry Paillard
- c Laboratoire Mouvement, Equilibre, Performance, Santé (EA 4445) , Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Département STAPS , Tarbes , France
| | - Frédéric Noé
- c Laboratoire Mouvement, Equilibre, Performance, Santé (EA 4445) , Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Département STAPS , Tarbes , France
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Martínez-Pernía D, Huepe D, Huepe-Artigas D, Correia R, García S, Beitia M. Enactive Approach and Dual-Tasks for the Treatment of Severe Behavioral and Cognitive Impairment in a Person with Acquired Brain Injury: A Case Study. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1712. [PMID: 27847494 PMCID: PMC5088209 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important sequela in persons who suffer from acquired brain injury is a behavioral disorder. To date, the primary approaches for the rehabilitation of this sequela are Applied Behavior Analysis, Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, and Comprehensive-Holistic Rehabilitation Programs. Despite this theoretical plurality, none of these approaches focuses on rehabilitating behavioral disorders considering the relation between affordance and environmental adaptation. To introduce this therapeutic view to neurorehabilitation, we apply the theoretical tenets of the enactive paradigm to the rehabilitation of a woman with severe behavioral and cognitive impairment. Over seventeen sessions, her behavioral and cognitive performance was assessed in relation to two seated affordances (seated on a chair and seated on a ball 65 cm in diameter) and the environmental adaptation while she was working on various cognitive tasks. These two seated affordances allowed to incorporate the theoretical assumptions of the enactive approach and to know how the behavior and the cognition were modified based on these two postural settings and the environmental adaptation. The findings indicate that the subject exhibited better behavioral (physical and verbal) and cognitive (matching success and complex task) performances when the woman worked on the therapeutic ball than when the woman was on the chair. The enactive paradigm applied in neurorehabilitation introduces a level of treatment that precedes behavior and cognition. This theoretical consideration allowed the discovery of a better relation between a seated affordance and the environmental adaptation for the improvement behavioral and cognitive performance in our case study.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Martínez-Pernía
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo IbáñezSantiago, Chile; Experiential Neurorehabilitation Research Department, Fundación PolibeaMadrid, Spain; Laboratory of Experimental Psychology and Neuroscience, Institute of Cognitive and Translational Neuroscience, INECO Foundation, Favaloro UniversityBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - David Huepe
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Huepe-Artigas
- Center for Social and Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez Santiago, Chile
| | - Rut Correia
- Faculty of Education, Universidad Diego Portales Santiago, Chile
| | - Sergio García
- Experiential Neurorehabilitation Research Department, Fundación Polibea Madrid, Spain
| | - María Beitia
- Experiential Neurorehabilitation Research Department, Fundación Polibea Madrid, Spain
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Possibility of Using Entropy Method to Evaluate the Distracting Effect of Mobile Phones on Pedestrians. ENTROPY 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/e18110390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Ruffieux J, Keller M, Lauber B, Taube W. Changes in Standing and Walking Performance Under Dual-Task Conditions Across the Lifespan. Sports Med 2016; 45:1739-58. [PMID: 26253187 PMCID: PMC4656695 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-015-0369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous performance of a postural and a concurrent task is rather unproblematic as long as the postural task is executed in an automatic way. However, in situations where postural control requires more central processing, cognitive resources may be exceeded by the addition of an attentionally demanding task. This may lead to interference between the two tasks, manifested in a decreased performance in one or both tasks (dual-task costs). Owing to changes in attentional demands of postural tasks as well as processing capacities across the lifespan, it might be assumed that dual-task costs are particularly pronounced in children and older adults probably leading to a U-shaped pattern for dual-task costs as a function of age. However, these changes in the ability of dual-tasking posture from childhood to old age have not yet been systematically reviewed. Therefore, Web of Science and PubMed databases were searched for studies comparing dual-task performance with one task being standing or walking in healthy groups of young adults and either children or older adults. Seventy-nine studies met inclusion criteria. For older adults, the expected increase in dual-task costs could be confirmed. In contrast, in children there was only feeble evidence for a trend towards enlarged dual-task costs. More good-quality studies comparing dual-task ability in children, young, and, ideally, also older adults within the same paradigm are needed to draw unambiguous conclusions about lifespan development of dual-task performance in postural tasks. There is evidence that, in older adults, dual-task performance can be improved by training. For the other age groups, these effects have yet to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Ruffieux
- Department of Medicine, Movement and Sport Sciences, University of Fribourg, Bd de Pérolles 95, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Keller
- Department of Medicine, Movement and Sport Sciences, University of Fribourg, Bd de Pérolles 95, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Benedikt Lauber
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, University of Freiburg, Schwarzwaldstr. 175, 79117, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Taube
- Department of Medicine, Movement and Sport Sciences, University of Fribourg, Bd de Pérolles 95, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Cattagni T, Scaglioni G, Laroche D, Gremeaux V, Martin A. The involvement of ankle muscles in maintaining balance in the upright posture is higher in elderly fallers. Exp Gerontol 2016; 77:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Rougier PR, Bonnet CT. How providing more or less time to solve a cognitive task interferes with upright stance control; a posturographic analysis on healthy young adults. Hum Mov Sci 2016; 47:106-115. [PMID: 26949920 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2016.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Contrasted postural effects have been reported in dual-task protocols associating balance control and cognitive task that could be explained by the nature and the relative difficulty of the cognitive task and the biomechanical significance of the force platform data. To better assess their respective role, eleven healthy young adults were required to stand upright quietly on a force platform while concomitantly solving mental-calculation or mental-navigation cognitive tasks. Various levels of difficulty were applied by adjusting the velocity rate at which the instructions were provided to the subject according to his/her maximal capacities measured beforehand. A condition without any concomitant cognitive task was added to constitute a baseline behavior. Two basic components, the horizontal center-of-gravity movements and the horizontal difference between center-of-gravity and center-of-pressures were computed from the complex center-of-pressure recorded movements. It was hypothesized that increasing the delay should infer less interaction between postural control and task solution. The results indicate that both mental-calculation and mental-navigation tasks induce reduced amplitudes for the center-of-pressure minus center-of-gravity movements, only along the mediolateral axis, whereas center-of-gravity movements were not affected, suggesting that different circuits are involved in the central nervous system to control these two movements. Moreover, increasing the delays task does not infer any effect for both movements. Since center-of-pressure minus center-of-gravity expresses the horizontal acceleration communicated to the center-of-gravity, one may assume that the control of the latter should be facilitated in dual-tasks conditions, inferring reduced center-of-gravity movements, which is not seen in our results. This lack of effect should be thus interpreted as a modification in the control of these center-of-gravity movements. Taken together, these results emphasized how undisturbed upright stance control can be impacted by mental tasks requiring attention, whatever their nature (calculation or navigation) and their relative difficulty. Depending on the provided instructions, i.e. focusing our attention on body movements or on the opposite diverting this attention toward other objectives, the evaluation of upright stance control capacities might be drastically altered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice R Rougier
- Laboratoire de Physiologie de l'Exercice, EA4338, Université de Savoie, Domaine Scientifique de Savoie-Technolac, 73376 Le Bourget du Lac cedex, France.
| | - Cédrick T Bonnet
- Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et de Sciences Affectives, UMR CNRS 9193, Faculté de Médecine, pôle recherche, 59045 Lille, France
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16
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Bernard PL, Blain H, Tallon G, Ninot G, Jaussent A, Ramdani S. Influence of repeated effort induced by a 6-min walk test on postural response in older sedentary women. Aging Clin Exp Res 2015; 27:695-701. [PMID: 25762158 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-015-0338-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
According to the latest recommendations, adults should exercise regularly at moderate intensity to improve aerobic fitness and body composition. However, it is unknown whether aerobic exercise at submaximal intensity has detrimental effects on balance in older sedentary adults. We explored the effects of two 6-min walk tests (6MWTs) on the postural responses in 49 sedentary women between 60 and 76 years old. We assumed that an increase in the center of pressure (COP) fluctuations or a loss in the complexity of the COP time series would be a sign of a deleterious effect on balance. We used kinematic stabilometric parameters, recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) and the central tendency measure (CTM). We refer to the measures obtained through RQA and CTM methods by dynamical measures. Repeated-measures analysis of variance showed no significant differences between the three sets of postural kinematic measures (before vs. after the first vs. after the second 6MWT). However, we observed significant differences between the three sets for the CTM measure in the antero-posterior direction (p < 0.002), RQA determinism in the medio-lateral (ML) direction (p < 0.0001), and RQA entropy in the ML direction (F = 5.93; p < 0.004).Our results indicate that the effects of moderate-intensity walking exercise on posture are not revealed by classical postural kinematic measures but only by dynamical measures. The loss of complexity in the COP time series observed after both the first and second 6MWTs may indicate presymptomatic deterioration in the postural adaptive capabilities of sedentary older women.
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Cattagni T, Scaglioni G, Laroche D, Van Hoecke J, Gremeaux V, Martin A. Ankle muscle strength discriminates fallers from non-fallers. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:336. [PMID: 25566068 PMCID: PMC4271599 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that center of pressure (CoP) displacement correlates negatively with the maximal isometric torque (MIT) of ankle muscles. This relationship has never been investigated in elderly fallers (EF). The purpose of this study was thus to analyze the relationship between the MIT of ankle muscles and CoP displacement in upright stance in a sample aged between 18 and 90 years old that included EF. The aim was to identify a threshold of torque below which balance is compromised. The MIT of Plantar flexors (PFs) and dorsal flexors (DFs) and CoP were measured in 90 volunteers: 21 healthy young adults (YA) (age: 24.1 ± 5.0), 12 healthy middle-aged adults (MAA) (age: 50.2 ± 4.5), 27 healthy elderly non-fallers (ENF) (age: 75.5 ± 7.0) and 30 EF (age: 78.8 ± 6.7). The MIT of PF and DF were summed to obtain the overall maximal ankle muscle strength. Body weight and height were used to normalize MIT (nMIT) and CoP (nCoP), respectively. nCoP correlated negatively with nMIT. 90% of EF generated an nMIT <3.1 N·m·kg−1, whereas 85% of non-fallers generated an nMIT >3.1 N·m·kg−1. The relationship between nMIT and nCoP implies that ankle muscle weakness contributes to increased postural instability and the risk of falling. We observed that below the threshold of 3.1 N·m·kg−1, postural stability was dramatically diminished and balance was compromised. Our results suggest that measuring ankle torque could be used in routine clinical practice to identify potential fallers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cattagni
- Faculté des sciences du sport—UFR STAPS, Université de BourgogneDijon, France
- INSERM unité 1093, Cognition, action et plasticité sensorimotriceDijon, France
- *Correspondence: Thomas Cattagni, Faculté des sciences du sport—UFR STAPS, Université de Bourgogne, Campus universitaire Montmuzard, BP 27 877 – 21078 Dijon, Cedex, France e-mail:
| | - Gil Scaglioni
- Faculté des sciences du sport—UFR STAPS, Université de BourgogneDijon, France
- INSERM unité 1093, Cognition, action et plasticité sensorimotriceDijon, France
| | - Davy Laroche
- INSERM unité 1093, Cognition, action et plasticité sensorimotriceDijon, France
- INSERM CIC 1432, Plateforme d’Investigation Technologique, CHU de DijonDijon, France
| | - Jacques Van Hoecke
- Faculté des sciences du sport—UFR STAPS, Université de BourgogneDijon, France
- INSERM unité 1093, Cognition, action et plasticité sensorimotriceDijon, France
| | - Vincent Gremeaux
- INSERM unité 1093, Cognition, action et plasticité sensorimotriceDijon, France
- INSERM CIC 1432, Plateforme d’Investigation Technologique, CHU de DijonDijon, France
- Pôle rééducation-réadaptation, CHU de DijonDijon, France
| | - Alain Martin
- Faculté des sciences du sport—UFR STAPS, Université de BourgogneDijon, France
- INSERM unité 1093, Cognition, action et plasticité sensorimotriceDijon, France
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A cognitive dual task affects gait variability in patients suffering from chronic low back pain. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:3509-13. [PMID: 25059910 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-4039-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain and gait variability in a dual-task situation are both associated with higher risk of falling. Executive functions regulate (dual-task) gait variability. A possible cause explaining why chronic pain increases risk of falling in an everyday dual-task situation might be that pain interferes with executive functions and results in a diminished dual-task capability with performance decrements on the secondary task. The main goal of this experiment was to evaluate the specific effects of a cognitive dual task on gait variability in chronic low back pain (CLBP) patients. Twelve healthy participants and twelve patients suffering from CLBP were included. The subjects were asked to perform a cognitive single task, a walking single task and a motor-cognitive dual task. Stride variability of trunk movements was calculated. A two-way ANOVA was performed to compare single-task walking with dual-task walking and the single cognitive task performance with the motor-cognitive dual-task performance. We did not find any differences in both of the single-task performances between groups. However, regarding single-task walking and dual-task walking, we observed an interaction effect indicating that low back pain patients show significantly higher gait variability in the dual-task condition as compared to controls. Our data suggest that chronic pain reduces motor-cognitive dual-task performance capability. We postulate that the detrimental effects are caused by central mechanisms where pain interferes with executive functions which, in turn, might contribute to increased risk of falling.
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Bourlon C, Lehenaff L, Batifoulier C, Bordier A, Chatenet A, Desailly E, Fouchard C, Marsal M, Martinez M, Rastelli F, Thierry A, Bartolomeo P, Duret C. Dual-tasking postural control in patients with right brain damage. Gait Posture 2014; 39:188-93. [PMID: 23916691 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The control of dual-tasking effects is a daily challenge in stroke neurorehabilitation. It maybe one of the reasons why there is poor functional prognosis after a stroke in the right hemisphere, which plays a dominant role in posture control. The purpose of this study was to explore cognitive motor interference in right brain-lesioned and healthy subjects maintaining a standing position while performing three different tasks: a control task, a simple attentional task and a complex attentional task. We measured the sway area of the subjects on a force platform, including the center of pressure and its displacements. Results showed that stroke patients presented a reduced postural sway compared to healthy subjects, who were able to maintain their posture while performing a concomitant attentional task in the same dual-tasking conditions. Moreover, in both groups, the postural sway decreased with the increase in attentional load from cognitive tasks. We also noticed that the stability of stroke patients in dual-tasking conditions increased together with the weight-bearing rightward deviation, especially when the attentional load of the cognitive tasks and lower limb motor impairments were high. These results suggest that stroke patients and healthy subjects adopt a similar postural regulation pattern aimed at maintaining stability in dual-tasking conditions involving a static standing position and different attention-related cognitive tasks. Our results indicate that attention processes might facilitate static postural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Bourlon
- Service de Rééducation et de Réadaptation Fonctionnelle, Clinique Les Trois Soleils, Boissise le Roi, France.
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Lion A, Spada RS, Bosser G, Gauchard GC, Anello G, Bosco P, Calabrese S, Iero A, Stella G, Elia M, Perrin PP. "Postural first" principle when balance is challenged in elderly people. Int J Neurosci 2013; 124:558-66. [PMID: 24205810 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2013.864288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Human cognitive processing limits can lead to difficulties in performing two tasks simultaneously. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of cognitive load on both simple and complex postural tasks. Postural control was evaluated in 128 noninstitutionalized elderly people (mean age = 73.6 ± 5.6 years) using a force platform on a firm support in control condition (CC) and mental counting condition (MCC) with eyes open (EO) and eyes closed (EC). Then, the same tests were performed on a foam support. Sway path traveled and area covered by the center of foot pressure were recorded, low values indicating efficient balance. On firm support, sway path was higher in MCC than in CC both in EO and EC conditions (p < 0.001). On foam support, sway path was higher in CC than in MCC in EC condition (p < 0.001), area being higher in CC than in MCC both in EO (p < 0.05) and EC (p < 0.001) conditions. The results indicate that cognitive load alters balance control in a simple postural task (i.e. on firm support), which is highlighted by an increase of energetic expenditure (i.e. increase of the sway path covered) to balance. Awareness may not be increased and the attentional demand may be shared between balance and mental task. Conversely, cognitive load does not perturb the realization of a new complex postural task. This result showed that postural control is prioritized ("postural first" principle) when seriously challenged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Lion
- 1INSERM U 954, Nutrition-Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux, Faculty of Medicine, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Makizako H, Furuna T, Ihira H, Shimada H. Age-related Differences in the Influence of Cognitive Task Performance on Postural Control Under Unstable Balance Conditions. INT J GERONTOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijge.2013.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Baudry S, Gaillard V. Cognitive demand does not influence the responsiveness of homonymous Ia afferents pathway during postural dual task in young and elderly adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 114:295-303. [PMID: 24248857 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2775-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was designed to investigate the influence of a cognitive task on the responsiveness of the homonymous Ia afferents pathway during upright standing in young and elderly adults. METHODS Twelve young and twelve elderly adults stood upright on a foam surface positioned over a force platform, and performed a colour-naming test (cognitive task) with two cognitive loads: congruent and incongruent colour conditions. The rate of correct response in naming colour (accuracy) and associated reaction time (RT) were recorded for the cognitive task. The excursion of the centre of pressure and surface electromyogramme (EMG) of leg muscles were measured. Modulation in the efficacy of homonymous Ia afferents to discharge spinal motor neurones was assessed by means of the Hoffmann (H) reflex method. RESULTS The accuracy and RT were similar in the congruent condition between young and elderly adults (p > 0.05), and increased for both age groups in the incongruent condition, but more so for elderly adults (p = 0.014). In contrast, the H reflex amplitude did not change with the cognitive load. The excursions of the centre of pressure in the sagittal plane and muscle EMG did not vary with colour conditions in both groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION This study indicates a lack of modulation in the efficacy of group Ia afferent to activate soleus motor neurones with the cognitive demand of a concurrent task during upright standing in young and elderly adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Baudry
- Laboratory of Applied Biology and Research Unit in Neurophysiology, Faculty for Motor Sciences, ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 808, route de Lennik, CP 640, 1070, Brussels, Belgium,
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Boisgontier MP, Beets IAM, Duysens J, Nieuwboer A, Krampe RT, Swinnen SP. Age-related differences in attentional cost associated with postural dual tasks: increased recruitment of generic cognitive resources in older adults. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1824-37. [PMID: 23911924 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dual-task designs have been used widely to study the degree of automatic and controlled processing involved in postural stability of young and older adults. However, several unexplained discrepancies in the results weaken this literature. To resolve this problem, a careful selection of dual-task studies that met certain methodological criteria are considered with respect to reported interactions of age (young vs. older adults)×task (single vs. dual task) in stable and unstable postural conditions. Our review shows that older adults are able to perform a postural dual task as well as younger adults in stable conditions. However, when the complexity of the postural task is increased by dynamic conditions (surface and surround), performance in postural, concurrent, or both tasks is more affected in older relative to young adults. In light of neuroimaging studies and new conceptual frameworks, these results demonstrate an age-related increase of controlled processing of standing associated with greater intermittent adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu P Boisgontier
- Motor Control Laboratory, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Tervuurse vest 101, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Shim S, Yu J, Jung J, Kang H, Cho K. Effects of Dual-task Performance on Postural Sway of Stroke Patients with Experience of Falls. J Phys Ther Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1589/jpts.24.975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sunhwa Shim
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Graduate School of Health Science, Yonsei University
| | - Jaeho Yu
- Department of Physical Therapy, Kangwon National University
| | - Jinhwa Jung
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Semyung University
| | | | - Kihun Cho
- Department of Physical Therapy, Seoul BukBu Hospital
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Age-related relative increases in electromyography activity and torque according to the maximal capacity during upright standing. Eur J Appl Physiol 2010; 109:669-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-010-1397-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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