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Medina-Ramirez P, Casas L, Haver MK, Calixte-Civil P, Kim Y, Woodward H, Martinez U, Brandon TH, Simmons VN. Smoking cessation interventions for Hispanic/Latino(a) adults in the USA: protocol for a systematic review and planned meta-analysis. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e065634. [PMID: 36521902 PMCID: PMC9756193 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-065634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hispanic smokers face multiple cultural and socioeconomic barriers to cessation that lead to prominent health disparities, including a lack of language-appropriate, culturally relevant, evidence-based smoking cessation interventions. This systematic review will examine the literature on smoking cessation interventions for Hispanic adults in the USA to assess (1) the availability of interventions, (2) the methodological quality of the studies evaluating the interventions and (3) the efficacy of the interventions. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A systematic literature search will be conducted, in English with no date limits, through the following databases starting at year of inception: Medical Allied Health Literature, Embase, American Psychology Association Psychology Articles, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature Complete, ScienceDirect, Health & Medicine Collection and Web of Science Core Collection. Trial registries and grey literature sources will be searched to identify ongoing or unpublished studies. Literature search will be rerun prior to eventual submission of the review to ensure the inclusion of relevant studies. Quantitative studies evaluating the efficacy of a smoking cessation intervention (ie, smoking cessation as a measured outcome) for Hispanic adult smokers in the USA will be included in the systematic review. Two authors will independently identify relevant studies, extract data and conduct quality and risk of bias assessments. Discrepancies in coding will be discussed between the two reviewers and pending disagreements will be resolved by a third reviewer. First, the quality of all studies will be assessed, then randomised controlled trials (RCTs) will be further evaluated for risk of bias using Cochrane's Risk of Bias Tool. All eligible studies will be summarised descriptively. If data allow, the efficacy of smoking cessation interventions tested in RCTs, with a minimum follow-up of 6 months, will be quantitatively estimated using ORs and 95% CIs. The association between intervention type/modality and efficacy will be assessed via subgroup analyses. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42022291068.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Casas
- Clinical Trials Office, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | | | - Patricia Calixte-Civil
- Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Youngchul Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Honor Woodward
- Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Ursula Martinez
- Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Thomas H Brandon
- Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Vani N Simmons
- Health Outcomes and Behavior, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
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Vismara M, Benatti B, Nicolini G, Cova I, Monfrini E, Di Fonzo A, Fetoni V, Viganò CA, Priori A, Dell'Osso B. Clinical uses of Bupropion in patients with Parkinson's disease and comorbid depressive or neuropsychiatric symptoms: a scoping review. BMC Neurol 2022; 22:169. [PMID: 35513785 PMCID: PMC9069850 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-022-02668-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Bupropion, an antidepressant inhibiting the reuptake of dopamine and noradrenaline, should be useful to treat depressive symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Limited and conflicting literature data questioned its effectiveness and safety in depressed PD patients and extended its use to other neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with this disorder. DESIGN The databases PubMed, Embase, Web of Sciences, Cochrane Library, and the grey literature were searched. Following a scoping review methodology, articles focusing on Bupropion uses in PD patients who manifested depressive or other neuropsychiatric alterations were reviewed. RESULTS Twenty-three articles were selected, including 7 original articles, 3 systematic reviews or meta-analyses, 11 case reports, 1 clinical guideline, and 1 expert opinion. Bupropion showed considerable effectiveness in reducing depressive symptoms, particularly in relation to apathy. Solitary findings showed a restorative effect on compulsive behaviour secondary to treatment with dopamine as well as on anxiety symptoms. The effect on motor symptoms remains controversial. The safety profile of this medication seems positive, but additional precautions should be used in subjects with psychotic symptoms. CONCLUSION The available literature lacks good evidence to support the use of Bupropion in PD patients presenting depressive symptoms. Further investigations are needed to extend and confirm reported findings and to produce accurate clinical guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Vismara
- Department of Mental Health, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 74, 20157, Milan, Italy.
- "Aldo Ravelli" Center for Neurotechnology and Brain Therapeutic, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
| | - Beatrice Benatti
- Department of Mental Health, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 74, 20157, Milan, Italy
- "Aldo Ravelli" Center for Neurotechnology and Brain Therapeutic, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Gregorio Nicolini
- Department of Mental Health, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 74, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cova
- Neurology Unit, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Monfrini
- Dino Ferrari Center, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Di Fonzo
- Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Neurology Unit, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenza Fetoni
- Neurology Department, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina A Viganò
- Department of Mental Health, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 74, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Priori
- "Aldo Ravelli" Center for Neurotechnology and Brain Therapeutic, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Neurology Department of Health Sciences, San Paolo University Hospital, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, University of Milan Medical School, Milan, Italy
| | - Bernardo Dell'Osso
- Department of Mental Health, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences Luigi Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, Via G.B. Grassi, 74, 20157, Milan, Italy
- "Aldo Ravelli" Center for Neurotechnology and Brain Therapeutic, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Bipolar Disorders Clinic, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- "Centro per lo studio dei meccanismi molecolari alla base delle patologie neuro-psico-geriatriche", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Hati S, Hu Q, Huo Z, Lu J, Xing C. In vivo Structure-Activity Relationship of Dihydromethysticin in Reducing Nicotine-Derived Nitrosamine Ketone (NNK)-Induced Lung DNA Damage against Lung Carcinogenesis in A/J Mice. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202100727. [PMID: 35064644 PMCID: PMC9399735 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths and chemoprevention should be developed. We recently identified dihydromethysticin (DHM) as a promising candidate to prevent NNK-induced lung tumorigenesis. To probe its mechanisms and facilitate its future translation, we investigated the structure-activity relationship of DHM on NNK-induced DNA damage in A/J mice. Twenty DHM analogs were designed and synthesized. Their activity in reducing NNK-induced DNA damage in the target lung tissues was evaluated. The unnatural enantiomer of DHM was identified to be more potent than the natural enantiomer. The methylenedioxy functional moiety did not tolerate modifications while the other functional groups (the lactone ring and the ethyl linker) accommodated various modifications. Importantly, analogs of high structural similarity to DHM with distinct efficacy in reducing NNK-induced DNA damage have been identified. They will serve as chemical probes to elucidate the mechanisms of DHM in blocking NNK-induced lung carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Hati
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Qi Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Zhiguang Huo
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Junxuan Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Chengguo Xing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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Okuyemi KS, Ojo-Fati O, Aremu TO, Friedrichsen SC, Grude L, Oyenuga M, Shyne M, Murphy SE, Hatsukami D, Joseph AM. A Randomized Trial of Nicotine versus No-nicotine E-cigarettes Among African American Smokers: Changes in Smoking and Tobacco Biomarkers. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:555-563. [PMID: 34669956 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of this clinical trial was to compare the effects of e-cigarettes with and without nicotine on patterns of combustible cigarette use and biomarkers of exposure to tobacco toxicants among African American smokers. METHODS African American smokers (n = 234) were enrolled in a 12-week, single blind, randomized controlled trial and assigned to ad lib use of nicotine e-cigarettes with or without menthol (2.4% nicotine [equivalent to combustible cigarettes], n = 118), or no-nicotine e-cigarettes (n = 116) for 6 weeks. Surveys were administered at baseline, 2, 6, and 12 weeks, and urinary biomarkers 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and total nicotine equivalents (TNE) were assessed at baseline and 6 weeks. RESULTS Participants smoked an average of 11.4 cigarettes per day (CPD) and 88% used menthol cigarettes at baseline. At Week 6, the nicotine group reported using e-cigarettes 9.1 times per day compared to 11.4 times in the no-nicotine group (p = 0.42). Combustible cigarette smoking decreased 3.0 CPD in the nicotine group compared to 2.7 CPD in the no-nicotine group (p = 0.74). Neither TNE nor NNAL changed significantly between baseline and Week 6. There were no differences in nicotine withdrawal symptoms between treatment groups. Smoking reduction persisted in both groups at Week 12. CONCLUSIONS Contrary to our hypotheses, nicotine e-cigarettes did not significantly reduce the use of combustible cigarettes compared to no-nicotine e-cigarettes in this cohort of African American smokers. Findings suggest e-cigarettes are modestly associated with the decreased use of combustible cigarettes among non-treatment seeking smokers, regardless of nicotine content, but without a reduction in tobacco toxicants. IMPLICATIONS Although e-cigarettes have the potential to reduce harm if substituted for combusted cigarettes (or if they promoted cessation) because of lower levels of tobacco toxicants, this study suggests ad lib use of e-cigarettes among African American smokers, with or without nicotine, results in modest smoking reduction but does not change toxicant exposure in a cohort where smoking cessation or reduction is not the goal. These data suggest that testing future harm reduction interventions using e-cigarettes should include more specific behavioral change coaching, including substituting for or completely stopping combusted cigarettes. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov - NCT03084315.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolawole S Okuyemi
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Olamide Ojo-Fati
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Taiwo O Aremu
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Samantha C Friedrichsen
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lindsay Grude
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Mosunmoluwa Oyenuga
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael Shyne
- Biostatistical Design and Analysis Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sharon E Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Dorothy Hatsukami
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Anne M Joseph
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Kim DY, Jang Y, Heo DW, Jo S, Kim HC, Lee JH. Electronic Cigarette Vaping Did Not Enhance the Neural Process of Working Memory for Regular Cigarette Smokers. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:817538. [PMID: 35250518 PMCID: PMC8894252 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.817538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) as substitute devices for regular tobacco cigarettes (r-cigs) have been increasing in recent times. We investigated neuronal substrates of vaping e-cigs and smoking r-cigs from r-cig smokers. Methods Twenty-two r-cig smokers made two visits following overnight smoking cessation. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were acquired while participants watched smoking images. Participants were then allowed to smoke either an e-cig or r-cig until satiated and fMRI data were acquired. Their craving levels and performance on the Montreal Imaging Stress Task and a 3-back alphabet/digit recognition task were obtained and analyzed using two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance. Regions-of-interest (ROIs) were identified by comparing the abstained and satiated conditions. Neuronal activation within ROIs was regressed on the craving and behavioral data separately. Results Craving was more substantially reduced by smoking r-cigs than by vaping e-cigs. The response time (RT) for the 3-back task was significantly shorter following smoking r-cigs than following vaping e-cigs (interaction: F (1, 17) = 5.3, p = 0.035). Neuronal activations of the right vermis (r = 0.43, p = 0.037, CI = [-0.05, 0.74]), right caudate (r = 0.51, p = 0.015, CI = [0.05, 0.79]), and right superior frontal gyrus (r = −0.70, p = 0.001, CI = [−0.88, −0.34]) were significantly correlated with the RT for the 3-back task only for smoking r-cigs. Conclusion Our findings suggest that insufficient satiety from vaping e-cigs for r-cigs smokers may be insignificant effect on working memory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Youl Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Virginia Tech, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Yujin Jang
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Da-Woon Heo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sungman Jo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Chul Kim
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Jong-Hwan Lee,
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6
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Jao NC, Tan MM, Matthews PA, Simon MA, Schnoll R, Hitsman B. Menthol Cigarettes, Tobacco Dependence, and Smoking Persistence: The Need to Examine Enhanced Cognitive Functioning as a Neuropsychological Mechanism. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 22:466-472. [PMID: 30551213 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the overall decline in the prevalence of cigarette use in the United States, menthol cigarette use among smokers is rising, and evidence shows that it may lead to more detrimental effects on public health than regular cigarette use. One of the mechanisms by which nicotine sustains tobacco use and dependence is due to its cognitive enhancing properties, and basic science literature suggests that menthol may also enhance nicotine's acute effect on cognition. AIMS AND METHODS The purpose of this review is to suggest that the cognitive enhancing effects of menthol may be a potentially important neuropsychological mechanism that has yet to be examined. In this narrative review, we provide an overview of basic science studies examining neurobiological and cognitive effects of menthol and menthol cigarette smoking. We also review studies examining menthol essential oils among humans that indicate menthol alone has acute cognitive enhancing properties. Finally, we present factors influencing the rising prevalence of menthol cigarette use among smokers and the importance of this gap in the literature to improve public health and smoking cessation treatment. CONCLUSIONS Despite the compelling evidence for menthol's acute cognitive enhancing and reinforcing effects, this mechanism for sustaining tobacco dependence and cigarette use has yet to be examined and validated among humans. On the basis of the basic science evidence for menthol's neurobiological effects on nicotinic receptors and neurotransmitters, perhaps clarifying menthol's effect on cognitive performance can help to elucidate the complicated literature examining menthol and tobacco dependence. IMPLICATIONS Menthol cigarette use has continued to be a topic of debate among researchers and policy makers, because of its implications for understanding menthol's contribution to nicotine dependence and smoking persistence, as well as its continued use as a prevalent flavoring in tobacco and nicotine products in the United States and internationally. As international tobacco regulation policies have begun to target menthol cigarettes, research studies need to examine how flavoring additives, specifically menthol, may acutely influence neurobiological and cognitive functioning as a potential mechanism of sustained smoking behavior to develop more effective treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy C Jao
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Marcia M Tan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Phoenix A Matthews
- Department of Health Systems Science, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Melissa A Simon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.,Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Robert Schnoll
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Brian Hitsman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
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Pavia CS, Plummer MM. Clinical implications of nicotine as an antimicrobial agent and immune modulator. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 129:110404. [PMID: 32603888 PMCID: PMC7320263 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine is perhaps the most important and potent, pharmacologically active substance in tobacco products. This commentary examines the possible effects that nicotine has on microbial viability and also on the host's immune system as it responds to the indigenous microflora (the microbiome) due to nicotine-induced changes to the indigenous microbial environment and any associated antigenic stimulation / immunization that may occur. To our knowledge, the analysis of such profound microbiologic changes attributable to a tobacco-related product, such as nicotine, has not been fully explored in the context of its consequences on the viability of the microbiome/microbiota and on some of the host's basic physiologic processes, such as the immune response, and its possible association on the induction and persistence of certain immunologically related diseases. Future studies should be aimed at uncovering the molecular mechanisms involved in such interactions, especially in the context of manipulating them for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Pavia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA.
| | - Maria M Plummer
- Department of Clinical Specialties, NYIT College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY, USA.
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Zyambo CM, Hendricks PS, Cropsey KL, Willig JH, Wilson CM, Gakumo CA, Ashutosh T, Westfall AO, Burkholder GA. Racial disparities and factors associated with prescription for smoking cessation medications among smokers receiving routine clinical care for HIV. AIDS Care 2020; 32:1207-1216. [PMID: 32530307 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2020.1776821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Factors associated with prescription of smoking cessation medication (SCM), including the impact of race, have not been well described among a large population of people living with HIV (PLWH) engaged in routine clinical care. Our study investigated whether there are racial differences between African-American and White PLWH regarding SCM prescription and sought to identify other factors associated with these prescriptions at a large HIV clinic in the Southeastern United States. Among 1899 smokers, 38.8% of those prescribed SCMs were African-American and 61.2% were White. Factors associated with lower odds of SCM prescription included African-American race (AOR, 0.63 [95% CI: 0.47, 0.84]) or transferring care from another HIV provider during the study period (AOR, 0.63 [95% CI: 0.43, 0.91]). Whereas major depression (AOR, 1.54 [95% CI: 1.10, 2.15]), anxiety symptoms (AOR, 1.43 [95% CI: 1.05, 1.94]), and heavy smoking (>20 cigarettes/day) (OR, 3.50 [95% CI: 2.11, 5.98]) were associated with increased likelihood of SCM prescription. There were racial disparities in the prescription of SCM in African Americans with HIV. These findings underscore the need to increase pharmacotherapy use among African Americans to improve smoking cessation outcomes across racial groups among PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cosmas M Zyambo
- Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.,Department of Community and Family Medicine, School of Public Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Peter S Hendricks
- Department of Health Behavior, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Karen L Cropsey
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - James H Willig
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Craig M Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - C Ann Gakumo
- Department of Nursing, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tamhane Ashutosh
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Andrew O Westfall
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Greer A Burkholder
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Wang Y, Narayanapillai SC, Tessier KM, Strayer LG, Upadhyaya P, Hu Q, Kingston R, Salloum RG, Lu J, Hecht SS, Hatsukami DK, Fujioka N, Xing C. The Impact of One-week Dietary Supplementation with Kava on Biomarkers of Tobacco Use and Nitrosamine-based Carcinogenesis Risk among Active Smokers. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2020; 13:483-492. [PMID: 32102948 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-19-0501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is the primary risk factor for lung cancer, driven by the addictive nature of nicotine and the indisputable carcinogenicity of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) as well as other compounds. The integration of lung cancer chemoprevention with smoking cessation is one potential approach to reduce this risk and mitigate lung cancer mortality. Experimental data from our group suggest that kava, commonly consumed in the South Pacific Islands as a beverage to promote relaxation, may reduce lung cancer risk by enhancing NNK detoxification and reducing NNK-derived DNA damage. Building upon these observations, we conducted a pilot clinical trial to evaluate the effects of a 7-day course of kava on NNK metabolism in active smokers. The primary objective was to compare urinary total 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL plus its glucuronides, major metabolites of NNK) before and after kava administration as an indicator of NNK detoxification. Secondary objectives included determining kava's safety, its effects on DNA damage, tobacco use, and cortisol (a biomarker of stress). Kava increased urinary excretion of total NNAL and reduced urinary 3-methyladenine in participants, suggestive of its ability to reduce the carcinogenicity of NNK. Kava also reduced urinary total nicotine equivalents, indicative of its potential to facilitate tobacco cessation. Plasma cortisol and urinary total cortisol equivalents were reduced upon kava use, which may contribute to reductions in tobacco use. These results demonstrate the potential of kava intake to reduce lung cancer risk among smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Katelyn M Tessier
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Lori G Strayer
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Pramod Upadhyaya
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Qi Hu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Rick Kingston
- College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ramzi G Salloum
- Department of Health Outcome & Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Junxuan Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Institute, Penn State, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen S Hecht
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Naomi Fujioka
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. .,Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Chengguo Xing
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida.
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Kosiba JD, Hughes MT, LaRowe LR, Zvolensky MJ, Norton PJ, Smits JAJ, Buckner JD, Ditre JW. Menthol cigarette use and pain reporting among African American adults seeking treatment for smoking cessation. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2019; 27:276-282. [PMID: 30688504 PMCID: PMC6733399 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine has acute pain-relieving properties, and tobacco smokers often report using cigarettes to cope with pain. The proportion of smokers using menthol cigarettes has increased in recent years, and there is reason to suspect that menthol may enhance the analgesic effects of nicotine. Up to 90% of African American smokers report using menthol cigarettes, and African Americans tend to report more severe pain and greater difficulty quitting. Yet no known research has examined the relationship between menthol cigarette use and pain reporting. Thus, the goal of the current study was to test associations between menthol (vs. nonmenthol) cigarette use and pain among a sample of African American smokers. Current daily cigarette smokers (N = 115; 70% male; Mage = 47.05; MCPD = 15.2) were recruited to participate in a smoking cessation study. These data were collected at the baseline session. Daily menthol (vs. nonmenthol) cigarette use was associated with lower current pain intensity, lower average and worst pain over the past 3 months, and less pain-related physical impairment over the past 3 months. This study demonstrates that menthol (vs. nonmenthol) cigarette use is associated with less pain and pain-related functional interference among African American smokers seeking tobacco cessation treatment. Future research is needed to examine the potential acute analgesic effects of menthol versus nonmenthol cigarette use, examine temporal covariation between menthol cigarette use and pain reporting, and test whether pain-relevant processes contribute to the maintenance of menthol cigarette smoking among those with and without chronic pain. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).
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Lunden SE, Pittman JC, Prashad N, Malhotra R, Sheffer CE. Cognitive, Behavioral, and Situational Influences on Relapse to Smoking After Group Treatment for Tobacco Dependence. Front Psychol 2019; 9:2756. [PMID: 30761059 PMCID: PMC6363657 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Socioeconomic disparities in treatment failure rates for evidence-based tobacco dependence treatment are well-established. Adapted cognitive behavioral treatments are extensively tailored to meet the needs of lower socioeconomic status (SES) smokers and dramatically improve early treatment success, but there is little understanding of why treatment failure occurs after a longer period of abstinence than with standard treatment, why early treatment success is not sustained, and why long-term treatment failure rates are no different from standard treatments. We sought to understand the causes of treatment failure from the perspective of diverse participants who relapsed after receiving standard or adapted treatment in a randomized control trial. We used a qualitative approach and a cognitive-behavioral framework to examine themes in responses to a semi-structured post-relapse telephone interview. The primary causes of relapse were familiar (i.e., habit, stress, unanticipated precipitating events). The adapted treatment appeared to improve the management of habits and stress short-term, but did not adequately prepare respondents for unanticipated events. Respondents reported that they would have benefited from continued support. New therapeutic targets might include innovative methods to reduce long-term treatment failure by delivering extended relapse prevention interventions to support early treatment success. Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02785536.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara E. Lunden
- Department of Community Health and Social Medicine, City University of New York School of Medicine, City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jami C. Pittman
- Department of Community Health and Social Medicine, City University of New York School of Medicine, City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Neelam Prashad
- Department of Community Health and Social Medicine, City University of New York School of Medicine, City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ria Malhotra
- Department of Community Health and Social Medicine, City University of New York School of Medicine, City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
| | - Christine E. Sheffer
- Department of Community Health and Social Medicine, City University of New York School of Medicine, City College of New York, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, United States
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12
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Cardiovascular Health Disparities in Underserved Populations. PHYSICIAN ASSISTANT CLINICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpha.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Montgomery L, Robinson C, Seaman EL, Haeny AM. A scoping review and meta-analysis of psychosocial and pharmacological treatments for cannabis and tobacco use among African Americans. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2018; 31:922-943. [PMID: 29199844 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The rates of co-occurring cannabis and tobacco use are higher among African Americans relative to other racial/ethnic groups. One plausible approach to treating co-use among African Americans is to examine the effectiveness of treatments for the sole use of cannabis and tobacco to identify effective approaches that might be combined to treat the dual use of these substances. The current meta-analysis sought to include studies that reported cannabis and/or tobacco use outcomes from randomized clinical trials (RCTs) with 100% African American samples. A total of 843 articles were considered for inclusion, 29 were reviewed by independent qualitative coders, and 22 were included in the review. There were no articles on cannabis use treatment with a 100% African American sample, resulting in a need to lower the threshold (60%) and conduct a scoping review of cannabis studies. Preliminary evidence from a small number of studies (k = 7) supports the use of Motivational Interviewing and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy to treat cannabis use among African Americans, but not Contingency Management. Results from a meta-analysis of 15 tobacco studies found higher rates of smoking abstinence in the treatment condition relative to control conditions overall and across short and long-term follow-up periods. Significant differences in smoking abstinence were also found when examining the effects of pharmacological treatments relative to their control conditions. The clinical and research implications of these findings for future psychosocial and pharmacological trials for cannabis and tobacco use and co-use among African Americans are described. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- LaTrice Montgomery
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine
| | - Cendrine Robinson
- Division Cancer Prevention, Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute
| | - Elizabeth L Seaman
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health
| | - Angela M Haeny
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri
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Sheffer CE, Bickel WK, Franck CT, Panissidi L, Pittman JC, Stayna H, Evans S. Improving tobacco dependence treatment outcomes for smokers of lower socioeconomic status: A randomized clinical trial. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 181:177-185. [PMID: 29065390 PMCID: PMC7780926 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence-based treatments for tobacco dependence are significantly less effective for smokers of lower socioeconomic status which contributes to socioeconomic disparities in smoking prevalence rates and health. We aimed to reduce the socioeconomic gradient in treatment outcomes by systematically adapting evidence-based, cognitive-behavioral treatment for tobacco dependence for diverse lower socioeconomic smokers. METHODS Participants were randomized to adapted or standard treatment, received six 1-h group treatment sessions, and were followed for six months. We examined the effectiveness of the adapted treatment to improve treatment outcomes for lower socioeconomic groups. RESULTS Participants (n=227) were ethnically, racially, and socioeconomically diverse. The adapted treatment significantly reduced the days to relapse for the two lowest socioeconomic groups: SES1: M=76.6 (SD 72.9) vs. 38.3 (SD 60.1) days to relapse (RR=0.63 95% CI, 0.45, 0.88, p=0.0013); SES2: M=88.2 (SD 67.3) vs. 40.1 (SD 62.6 days to relapse (RR=0.57 95% CI, 0.18, 0.70, p=0.0024). Interactions between socioeconomic status and condition were significant for initial abstinence (OR=1.26, 95% CI 1.09, 1.46, p=0.002), approached significance for 3-month abstinence (OR=0.90, 95% CI 0.80, 1.01, p<0.071), and were not significant for 6-month abstinence (OR=0.99 95% CI 0.88, 1.10, p=0.795). No significant differences in long-term abstinence were observed. CONCLUSION Systematic adaption of evidence-based treatment for tobacco dependence can significantly improve initial and short-term treatment outcomes for diverse lower socioeconomic smokers and reduce inequities in days to relapse. Novel methods of providing targeted extended support are needed to improve long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Sheffer
- City University of New York School of Medicine, City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY 10031, United States.
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Advanced Recovery Research Center, Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, United States
| | | | - Luana Panissidi
- City University of New York School of Medicine, City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY 10031, United States
| | - Jami C Pittman
- City University of New York School of Medicine, City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY 10031, United States
| | - Helen Stayna
- City University of New York School of Medicine, City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY 10031, United States
| | - Shenell Evans
- City University of New York School of Medicine, City College of New York, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY 10031, United States
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Factors Associated with Recent Use of Nicotine Replacement Therapy Among Multiethnic Smokers Residing in Public Housing. J Smok Cessat 2017. [DOI: 10.1017/jsc.2017.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction:Understanding factors associated with increased use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) is critical to implementing cessation interventions for low-income individuals yet the factors associated with NRT use among low-income smokers are poorly understood.Aims:Assess factors associated with NRT use among low-income public housing residents.Methods: ‘Kick it for Good’ was a randomised smoking cessation intervention study conducted among residents of public housing sites in Boston, MA. Secondary, cross-sectional analyses were conducted on smokers from a community-based intervention cessation intervention who reported making a quit attempt and use of NRT in the past 12 months (n= 234).Results:Among smokers who made a quit attempt in the past year, 29% reported using NRT. Black (prevalence ratio, PR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.38–0.71) and Hispanic (PR = 0.52, 95% CI: 0.31–0.88) participants were less likely to report use of NRT compared with Whites. The prevalence of recent NRT use was greatest among those both asking for and receiving provider advice (PR = 1.90, 95% CI: 0.96–3.78).Conclusions:Minority race and ethnicity and low provider engagement on NRT use were associated with lower NRT use. Providing barrier-free access to NRT and facilitating provider engagement with smokers regarding NRT use can increase NRT use among low-income populations.
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Weinberger AH, Platt JM, Smith PH, Goodwin RD. Racial/Ethnic Differences in Self-reported Withdrawal Symptoms and Quitting Smoking Three Years Later: A Prospective, Longitudinal Examination of US Adults. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:373-378. [PMID: 27613908 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Racial/ethnic groups appear to differ on quit success and withdrawal is a key factor in cessation failure, yet little is known about racial/ethnic differences in withdrawal symptoms. This study of US adults examined racial/ethnic differences in current smokers' report of withdrawal symptoms and the relationship between withdrawal symptoms and quitting smoking 3 years later. Methods Using data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (Wave 1, 2001-2001; Wave 2, 2004-2005), analyses were conducted on participants who identified as non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, or Hispanic; reported current cigarette smoking at Wave 1; and provided smoking status information at Wave 2 (n = 7981). Withdrawal symptoms during past quit attempts were assessed at Wave 1. Results Among Wave 1 current smoking adults, non-Hispanic White respondents were more likely than non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic respondents to report experiencing at least one withdrawal symptom, seven out of eight withdrawal symptoms, withdrawal-related discomfort, and withdrawal-related distress (ps < .0001). While withdrawal symptoms were associated with a lower odds of quitting smoking for all groups, a stronger relationship between number of symptoms and lower odds of quitting was evident among non-Hispanic White compared to non-Hispanic Black respondents (interaction β = 0.065, p = .0001). For non-Hispanic White participants, each additional withdrawal symptom was associated with a 6% decrease in the odds of quitting. Conclusions Withdrawal symptoms were more commonly reported by non-Hispanic White adults than non-Hispanic Black and Hispanic adults and appeared to have a greater impact on failure to quit smoking for non-Hispanic White compared to non-Hispanic Black adults. Implications To our knowledge, this is the first study to use prospective, longitudinal data to examine the relationship between race and withdrawal symptoms and the impact of withdrawal symptoms on quitting smoking among adults in the United States. Non-Hispanic White adults were more likely to report withdrawal symptoms and there was a stronger relationship between greater number of withdrawal symptoms and lower odds of quitting for non-Hispanic White adults compared to non-Hispanic Black adults. Developing a better understanding of racial/ethnic differences in withdrawal and cessation can help to tailor efforts to improve outcomes for smokers in various racial/ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea H Weinberger
- Ferkauf Graduate School of Psychology, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY.,Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Jonathan M Platt
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | | | - Renee D Goodwin
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY.,Department of Psychology, Queens College and The Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY), Queens, NY
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King JL, Merten JW, Wong TJ, Pomeranz JL. Applying a Social–Ecological Framework to Factors Related to Nicotine Replacement Therapy for Adolescent Smoking Cessation. Am J Health Promot 2017; 32:1291-1303. [DOI: 10.1177/0890117117718422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: This systematic review synthesizes factors related to nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) use among adolescents seeking to quit smoking, using the social–ecological model as a guiding framework. Data Source: Searches of PubMED, ProQuest, EBSCOhost, and ERIC were conducted in July 2016. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria: Original studies of cigarette smokers younger than 18 years that discussed NRT were included. Data Extraction: Two reviewers individually extracted study purpose, sample, design, and results. Data Synthesis: Factors were categorized by social–ecological model level and summarized. Results: A total of 103 907 articles were identified during initial search. After narrowing to peer-reviewed articles in English and eliminating reviews and adult-only studies, we reviewed 51 articles. These 51 articles identified factors from studies at each level of the social–ecological model: intrapersonal ( k = 20), interpersonal ( k = 2), organizational ( k = 7), community ( k = 11), and public policy ( k = 14). Conclusion: Findings provide insight into the applicability of NRT for adolescent smoking cessation, and factors by social–ecological model level highlight areas for additional research. Future adolescent NRT studies should assess factors at the interpersonal, organizational, and community levels, as well as the interactions between levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. King
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Community Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Julie W. Merten
- Department of Public Health, University of North Florida, Jacksonville, FL, USA. King is now with the Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Tzu-Jung Wong
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Community Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jamie L. Pomeranz
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Community Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Mouton CP, Hayden M, Southerland JH. Cardiovascular Health Disparities in Underserved Populations. Prim Care 2017; 44:e37-e71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2016.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Vujcich D, Rayner M, Allender S, Fitzpatrick R. When There Is Not Enough Evidence and When Evidence Is Not Enough: An Australian Indigenous Smoking Policy Study. Front Public Health 2016; 4:228. [PMID: 27812523 PMCID: PMC5071375 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Indigenous Tobacco Control Initiative and Tackling Indigenous Smoking Measure were both announced by the Australian Government at a time when its rhetoric around the importance of evidence-based policy making was strong. This article will (1) examine how the Rudd Government used evidence in Indigenous tobacco control policy making and (2) explore the facilitators of and barriers to the use of evidence. METHODS Data were collected through (1) a review of primary documents largely obtained under the Freedom of Information Act 1982 (Commonwealth of Australia) and (2) interviews with senior politicians, senior bureaucrats, government advisors, Indigenous health advocates, and academics. Through the Freedom of Information Act process, 24 previously undisclosed government documents relevant to the making of Indigenous tobacco control policies were identified. Interviewees (n = 31, response rate 62%) were identified through both purposive and snowball recruitment strategies. The Framework Analysis method was used to analyze documentary and interview data. RESULTS Government policy design was heavily influenced by the recommendations presented in government authored/commissioned literature reviews. Resulting policies were led by equivocal evidence for improved tobacco control outcomes among Indigenous Australians. Many of the cited studies had methodological limitations. In the absence of high-quality evidence, some policy makers supported policy recommendations that were perceived to be popular among the Indigenous community. Other policy makers recognized that there were barriers to accumulating rigorous, generalizable evidence; in the absence of such evidence, the policy makers considered that the "need for action" could be combined with the "need for research" by introducing innovative strategies and evaluating them. DISCUSSION Despite the absence of high-quality evidence, the formulation and adoption of Indigenous tobacco policy was neither irrational nor reckless. The decision to adopt an innovate and evaluate strategy was justifiable given (a) the potential for the gap between Indigenous and non-Indigenous health outcomes to worsen in the absence of an imminent policy response; (b) the existence of circumstances, which made it difficult to obtain high-quality evidence to guide policy; and (c) the need for policy solutions to reflect community preferences, given sociohistorical sensitivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Vujcich
- Western Australian Department of Health, Public Health Division, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mike Rayner
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Steven Allender
- School of Health and Social Development, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Ray Fitzpatrick
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Simmons VN, Pineiro B, Hooper MW, Gray JE, Brandon TH. Tobacco-Related Health Disparities Across the Cancer Care Continuum. Cancer Control 2016; 23:434-441. [PMID: 27842333 PMCID: PMC5972388 DOI: 10.1177/107327481602300415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Use of tobacco is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. Racial/ethnic minorities and individuals of low socioeconomic status disproportionately experience tobacco-related disease and illness. Unique challenges and circumstances exist at each point in the cancer care continuum that may contribute to the greater cancer burden experienced by these groups. METHODS We reviewed tobacco-related disparities from cancer prevention to cancer survivorship. We also describe research that seeks to reduce tobacco-related disparities. RESULTS Racial/ethnic minorities and low-income individuals experience unique social and environmental contextual challenges such as greater environmental cues to smoke and greater levels of perceived stress and social discrimination. Clinical practice guidelines support the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy and behavioral counseling for racial and ethnic minorities, yet smoking cessation rates are lower in this group when compared with non-Hispanic whites. Superior efficacy for culturally adapted interventions has not yet been established. CONCLUSIONS To reduce health disparities in this population, a comprehensive strategy is needed with efforts directed at each point along the cancer care continuum. Strategies are needed to reduce the impact of contextual factors such as targeted tobacco marketing and social discrimination on smoking initiation and maintenance. Future efforts should focus on increasing the use of evidence-based cessation treatment methods and studying its effectiveness in these populations. Attention must also be focused on improving treatment outcomes by reducing smoking in diverse racial and ethnic patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vani Nath Simmons
- Health Outcomes and Behavior Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA.
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King JL, Pomeranz JL, Merten JW. A systematic review and meta-evaluation of adolescent smoking cessation interventions that utilized nicotine replacement therapy. Addict Behav 2016; 52:39-45. [PMID: 26355397 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Koyuncu O, Turhanoglu S, Tuzcu K, Karcıoglu M, Davarcı I, Akbay E, Cevik C, Ozer C, Sessler DI, Turan A. Effect of carboxyhemoglobin on postoperative complications and pain in pediatric tonsillectomy patients. Paediatr Anaesth 2015; 25:247-52. [PMID: 25251189 DOI: 10.1111/pan.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbon monoxide (CO) is a product of burning solid fuel in stoves and smoking. Exposure to CO may provoke postoperative complications. Furthermore, there appears to be an association between COHb concentrations and pain. We thus tested the primary hypothesis that children with high preoperative carboxyhemoglobin (COHb) concentrations have more postoperative complications and pain after tonsillectomies, and secondarily that high-COHb concentrations are associated with more pain and analgesic use. METHODS 100 children scheduled for elective tonsillectomy were divided into low and high carbon monoxide (CO) exposure groups: COHb ≤3 or ≥4 g·dl(-1) . We considered a composite of complications during the 7 days after surgery which included bronchospasm, laryngospasm, persistent coughing, desaturation, re-intubation, hypotension, postoperative bleeding, and reoperation. Pain was evaluated with Wong-Baker Faces pain scales, and supplemental tramadol use recorded for four postoperative hours. RESULTS There were 36 patients in the low-exposure group COHb [1.8 ± 1.2 g·dl(-1) ], and 64 patients were in the high-exposure group [6.4 ± 2.1 g·dl(-1) ]. Indoor coal-burning stoves were reported more often by families of the high- than low-COHb children (89% vs 72%, P < 0.001). Second-hand cigarette smoke exposure was reported by 54% of the families with children with high COHb, but only by 24% of the families of children with low COHb. Composite complications were more common in patients with high COHb [47% vs 14%, P = 0.0001, OR:7.4 (95% Cl, lower = 2.5-upper = 21.7)], with most occurring in the postanesthesia care unit. Pain scores in postanesthesia care unit and one hour after surgery were statistically significantly lower in the low-exposure group [respectively, P = 0.020 (95%CI, lower = -1.21-upper = -0.80), P = 0.026 (95% CI, lower = -0.03-upper = 0.70)], and tramadol use increased at 4 h (3.5 (interquartile range: 0-8) vs 6 (5-9) mg, P = 0.012) and 24 h (3.5 (0-8) vs 6 (5-9) mg, P = 0.008). CONCLUSION High preoperative COHb concentrations are associated with increased postoperative complications and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onur Koyuncu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Outcomes Research, Tayfur Ata Sokmen Medicine Faculty, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
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FitzGerald JM, Poureslami I, Shum J. Assessing beliefs and risk perceptions on smoking and smoking cessation in immigrant Chinese adult smokers residing in Vancouver, Canada: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2015; 5:e006435. [PMID: 25649211 PMCID: PMC4322197 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to conduct culturally-based participatory research to assess cultural and belief contexts for smoking behaviours within Mandarin and Cantonese communities. Outcome variables were smoking-related knowledge, smoking patterns, attitudes and beliefs, and perceived barriers and facilitators to successful cessation. DESIGN A community-based approach was applied involving smokers, community key-informants and professionals in study design and implementation. Initially, focus groups were conducted and findings were used to develop study instrument. Participants responded once to study questionnaire after informed consent. SETTING Community based in the Greater Vancouver Area, Canada. PARTICIPANTS 16 Chinese smokers participated in focus groups and subsequently, 167 current Chinese immigrant (137 males and 30 females) smokers from Mandarin and Cantonese communities, recruited with the help of community agencies and collaborating physicians, were enrolled in a cross-sectional study. RESULTS We found that a majority believed smoking was harmful on their health. Younger smokers (<35 years of age) did not mind smoking in front of young children compared to older smokers (≥35 years of age) (p<0.001). People with high school or lower levels of education believed that they would benefit more from smoking than suffering from withdrawal symptoms compared to better educated smokers (p<0.05). Mandarin smokers were significantly more likely to encourage others to quit than Cantonese smokers (p<0.05). Many indicated not receiving adequate support from care providers and lack of access to culturally and linguistically appropriate cessation programmes impacted on their ability to quit smoking. CONCLUSIONS Our study highlighted the importance of tobacco beliefs and perceptions among Mandarin and Cantonese speaking immigrants with limited access to healthcare information and for younger smokers whose attention to health consequences of smoking may be limited as well. Study participants were generally aware of the health risks and were willing to quit. Access to appropriate cessation programmes would fulfil their willingness.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mark FitzGerald
- The Lung Centre, Gordon and Leslie Diamond Health Care Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Iraj Poureslami
- Faculty of Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Division, UBC, Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation (C2E2), Vancouver General Hospital—Research Pavilion, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jessica Shum
- Faculty of Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Division, UBC, Centre for Clinical Epidemiology and Evaluation (C2E2), Vancouver General Hospital—Research Pavilion, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Melton KD, Foli KJ, Yehle KS, Griggs RR. Heart Failure in Hispanic Americans: Improving Cultural Awareness. J Nurse Pract 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nurpra.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Burgess DJ, van Ryn M, Noorbaloochi S, Clothier B, Taylor BC, Sherman S, Joseph AM, Fu SS. Smoking cessation among African American and white smokers in the Veterans Affairs health care system. Am J Public Health 2014; 104 Suppl 4:S580-7. [PMID: 25100424 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2014.302023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined whether a proactive care smoking cessation intervention designed to overcome barriers to treatment would be especially effective at increasing cessation among African Americans receiving care in the Veterans Health Administration. METHODS We analyzed data from a randomized controlled trial, the Veterans Victory over Tobacco study, involving a population-based electronic registry of current smokers (702 African Americans, 1569 whites) and assessed 6-month prolonged smoking abstinence at 1 year via a follow-up survey of all current smokers. We also examined candidate risk adjustors for the race effect on smoking abstinence. RESULTS The interaction between patient race and intervention condition (proactive care vs. usual care) was not significant. Overall, African Americans had higher quit rates than Whites (13% vs. 9%; P < .006) regardless of condition. CONCLUSIONS African Americans quit at higher rates than Whites. These findings may be a result of the large number of veterans receiving smoking cessation services and the lack of racial differences in receipt of these services as well as racial differences in smoking history, self-efficacy, and motivation to quit that favor African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana J Burgess
- Diana J. Burgess, Siamak Noorbaloochi, Barbara Clothier, Brent C. Taylor, and Steven S. Fu are with the Center for Chronic Disease Outcomes Research, a VA Health Services Research and Development Center of Innovation, Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN. Michelle van Ryn is with Health Services Research, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN. Scott Sherman is with VA New York, Harbor Healthcare System and the Department of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY. Anne M. Joseph is with the Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis
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Cornelius ME, Cummings KM, Fong GT, Hyland A, Driezen P, Chaloupka FJ, Hammond D, O'Connor RJ, Bansal-Travers M. The prevalence of brand switching among adult smokers in the USA, 2006-2011: findings from the ITC US surveys. Tob Control 2014; 24:609-15. [PMID: 25260750 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2014-051765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have suggested that about 1 in 5 smokers report switching brands per year. However, these studies only report switching between brands. The current study estimated the rates of switching both within and between brand families and examining factors associated with brand and brand style switching. METHODS Data for this analysis are from the International Tobacco Control 2006-2011 US adult smoker cohort survey waves 5-8 (N=3248). A switch between brands was defined as reporting two different cigarette brand names for two successive waves, while switching within brand was defined as reporting the same brand name, but a different brand style. Repeated measures regression was used to determine factors associated with both switch types. RESULTS A total of 1475 participants reported at least two successive waves of data with complete information on brand name and style. Overall switching increased from 44.9% in 2007-2008 to 58.4% in 2010-2011. Switching between brand names increased from 16% to 29%, while switches within the same brand name to a different style ranged from 29% to 33%. Between-brand switching was associated with younger age, lower income, non-white racial group and use of a discount brand, whereas, within-brand switching was associated with younger age and the use of a premium brand cigarette. CONCLUSIONS Nearly half of smokers in the USA switched their cigarette brand or brand style within a year. Switching between brands may be more price motivated, while switching within brands may be motivated by price and other brand characteristics such as product length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica E Cornelius
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - K Michael Cummings
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Geoffrey T Fong
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Hyland
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Pete Driezen
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frank J Chaloupka
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - David Hammond
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard J O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Maansi Bansal-Travers
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, USA
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Okeke PI, Ross AJ, Esterhuizen T, Van Wyk JM. Tobacco and alcohol use among healthcare workers in three public hospitals in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. S Afr Fam Pract (2004) 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/20786204.2012.10874177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- PI Okeke
- Department of Family Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban
| | - AJ Ross
- Department of Family Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban
| | - T Esterhuizen
- Programme of Biostatistics, Research Ethics and Medical Law, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban
| | - JM Van Wyk
- School of Undergraduate Medical Education, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban
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Delijewski M, Wrześniok D, Otręba M, Beberok A, Rok J, Buszman E. Nicotine impact on melanogenesis and antioxidant defense system in HEMn-DP melanocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 395:109-16. [PMID: 24942236 PMCID: PMC4131136 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2116-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine is a compound of tobacco plants and is responsible for addictive properties of tobacco which is used by about one billion of smokers all over the world. Recently, nicotine has drawn even more attention due to its presumed neuroprotective and antioxidant features as far as common use in various forms of smoking cessation therapies. It is suggested that nicotine may be accumulated in human tissues containing melanin. This may in turn influence biochemical processes in human cells producing melanin. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of nicotine on melanogenesis and antioxidant defense system in cultured normal human melanocytes (HEMn-DP). Nicotine induced concentration-dependent loss in melanocytes viability. The value of EC50 was determined to be 2.52 mM. Nicotine modulated melanin biosynthesis in normal human melanocytes. Significant changes in hydrogen peroxide content and cellular antioxidant enzymes: SOD, CAT, and GPx activities were stated in melanocytes exposed to nicotine, which indicates alterations of antioxidant defense system. The results obtained in vitro may explain a potential influence of nicotine on biochemical processes in melanocytes in vivo during long-term exposition to nicotine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Delijewski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland
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Green PM, Guerrier-Adams S, Okunji PO, Schiavone D, Smith JE. African American Health Disparities in Lung Cancer. Clin J Oncol Nurs 2013; 17:180-6. [DOI: 10.1188/13.cjon.180-186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Faseru B, Nollen NL, Mayo MS, Krebill R, Choi WS, Benowitz NL, Tyndale RF, Okuyemi KS, Ahluwalia JS, Sanderson Cox L. Predictors of cessation in African American light smokers enrolled in a bupropion clinical trial. Addict Behav 2013; 38:1796-803. [PMID: 23254230 PMCID: PMC3558614 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is the first study to examine predictors of successful cessation in African American (AA) light smokers treated within a placebo-controlled trial of bupropion. METHODS We analyzed data from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of bupropion and health education for 540 African American light smokers. African American light smokers (≤10 cigarettes per day, cpd) were randomly assigned to receive 150mg bid bupropion SR (n=270) or placebo (n=270) for 7weeks. All participants received health education counseling at weeks 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7. Using chi-square tests, two sample t-tests, and multiple logistic regression analyses, we examined baseline psychosocial and smoking characteristics as predictors of cotinine-verified 7-day point prevalence smoking abstinence among study participants at the end treatment (Week 7) and at the end of follow-up (Week 26). RESULTS Participants who received bupropion were significantly more likely to quit smoking compared to those who received placebo (OR=2.72, 95% CI=1.60-4.62, P=0.0002). Greater study session attendance (OR=2.47, 95% CI=1.76-3.46, P=0.0001), and smoking non-menthol cigarettes increased the likelihood of quitting (OR=1.84, 95% CI=1.01-3.36, P=0.05); while longer years of smoking (OR=0.98, 95% CI=0.96-1.00, P=0.05) and higher baseline cotinine (OR=0.97, 95% CI=0.95-0.99, P=0.002) significantly reduced the odds of quitting at Week 7. Conversely, at the end of follow-up (Week 26), treatment with bupropion vs. placebo (OR=1.14, 95% CI=0.65-2.02, P=0.64) was not significantly associated with quitting and type of cigarette smoked (menthol vs. non-menthol) did not appear in the final logistic regression model. Greater study session attendance (OR=1.96, 95% CI=1.44-2.66, P=0.0001); BMI (OR=1.03, 95% CI=1.00-1.07, P=0.04); and weight efficacy (OR=1.03, 95% CI=1.01-1.05, P=0.01) increased the likelihood of quitting at Week 26. Similar to our findings at Week 7, longer years of smoking (OR=0.96, 95% CI=0.94-0.99, P=0.01) and higher baseline cotinine (OR=0.97, 95% CI=0.95-0.99, P=0.02) significantly reduced the odds of quitting at Week 26. CONCLUSIONS Baseline cotinine levels, number of years smoked and study session attendance are associated with both short- and long-term smoking cessation, while bupropion and the type of cigarette smoked were associated with quitting on short term only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babalola Faseru
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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Xu J, Fregni F, Brody AL, Rahman AS. Transcranial direct current stimulation reduces negative affect but not cigarette craving in overnight abstinent smokers. Front Psychiatry 2013; 4:112. [PMID: 24065930 PMCID: PMC3778370 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can enhance cognitive control functions including attention and top-down regulation over negative affect and substance craving in both healthy and clinical populations, including early abstinent (∼1.5 h) smokers. The aim of this study was to assess whether tDCS modulates negative affect, cigarette craving, and attention of overnight abstinent tobacco dependent smokers. In this study, 24 smokers received a real and a sham session of tDCS after overnight abstinence from smoking on two different days. We applied anode to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and cathode to the right supra-orbital area for 20 min with a current of 2.0 mA. We used self-report questionnaires Profile of Mood States (POMS) to assess negative affect and Urge to Smoke (UTS) Scale to assess craving for cigarette smoking, and a computerized visual target identification task to assess attention immediately before and after each tDCS. Smokers reported significantly greater reductions in POMS scores of total mood disturbance and scores of tension-anxiety, depression-dejection, and confusion-bewilderment subscales after real relative to sham tDCS. Furthermore, this reduction in negative affect positively correlated with the level of nicotine dependence as assessed by Fagerström scale. However, reductions in cigarette craving after real vs. sham tDCS did not differ, nor were there differences in reaction time or hit rate change on the visual task. Smokers did not report significant side effects of tDCS. This study demonstrates the safety of tDCS and its promising effect in ameliorating negative affect in overnight abstinent smokers. Its efficacy in treating tobacco dependence deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansong Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale Medical School , New Haven, CT , USA
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Carpenter MJ, Ford ME, Cartmell K, Alberg AJ. Misperceptions of nicotine replacement therapy within racially and ethnically diverse smokers. J Natl Med Assoc 2012; 103:885-94. [PMID: 22364057 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-9684(15)30444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Underuse of evidence-based treatment for smoking cessation, including use of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), is widespread, particularly among minority smokers. This paper examines perceptions of NRT among and between racially and ethnically diverse groups of smokers. Nine focus groups were held among homogenous groups of African American, European American, and Hispanic smokers (N = 70). Specific themes included perceptions of: (a) the mechanism by which NRT works; (b) NRT development and regulation (ie, purpose and methods of clinical trials, Food and Drug Administration oversight, etc); (c) efficacy; (d) safety; and (e) overall cost effectiveness. Across all groups, there was a general lack of knowledge of NRT effects and its efficacy, with only moderate knowledge of the mechanism by which NRT works. Concerns about NRT safety were expressed in all groups, with particular apprehension about addictive potential and possible interactions with other medications. Among African American smokers in particular, there was strong suspicion of pharmaceutical industry and government oversight, which coincided with the consensus view that there are too many unknowns about NRT. Among Hispanic smokers, there was less suspicion of NRT but a strong cultural belief in personal responsibility for smoking cessation. Results highlight enduring misperceptions about NRT that likely undermine usage. More education about NRT is needed, not only about its efficacy and safety, but also with regard to its development and regulation. Health care professionals, many of whom are viewed as trustworthy sources of health information, have a particularly important role to promote wider use of proven cessation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Carpenter
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Abstract
Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) for up to 12 weeks is well established, safe and efficacious for fostering smoking cessation. Some smokers at a high risk of relapse may benefit from long-term use, and so long-term NRT safety and efficacy have become a paramount question for the FDA and others. Laboratory studies have indicated a carcinogenic potential of nicotine. Animal model studies reported in this issue of the journal by Maier and colleagues (beginning on page 1743) and Murphy and colleagues (beginning on page 1752), however, provide additional reassurance that NRT does not promote lung cancer. Very long-term studies of NRT effects do not yet exist and would be needed to definitively answer the question about NRT efficacy and cancer risk and some decision making will need to be made based on limited human data and experimental studies. The overall NRT safety question is complex and requires consideration of three contexts and comparator groups (long-term NRT/abstinence vs. smoking, long-term intermittent NRT/reduced smoking vs. smoking, and long-term NRT/abstinence vs. abstinence without long-term NRT). Although the data on these issues are insufficient, the first comparison seems intuitive and may be compelling enough to allow the FDA to approve a long-term indication for NRT. An important public health goal is to help smokers and their health care providers understand the implications of potential long-term NRT risks in the context of its potential benefits and the far greater risks of continued smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Shields
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University Medical Center, 300 W. 10th Avenue, Suite 519, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Alberg AJ, Carpenter MJ. Enhancing the effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions: a cancer prevention imperative. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012; 104:260-2. [PMID: 22282541 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djr558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Stuart-Shor EM, Berra KA, Kamau MW, Kumanyika SK. Behavioral strategies for cardiovascular risk reduction in diverse and underserved racial/ethnic groups. Circulation 2012; 125:171-84. [PMID: 22215892 PMCID: PMC3293182 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.968495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eileen M Stuart-Shor
- ANP, FAHA, FAAN, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA 02125, USA.
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Cox LS, Okuyemi K, Choi WS, Ahluwalia JS. A review of tobacco use treatments in U.S. ethnic minority populations. Am J Health Promot 2011; 25:S11-30. [PMID: 21510783 DOI: 10.4278/ajhp.100610-lit-177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of disease and death in the United States. Among racial and ethnic minorities, disparities in tobacco use, knowledge of health risks and treatment resources, and access to and utilization of treatment contribute to a disproportionate disease burden from tobacco use. Furthermore, racial and ethnic minorities have been underrepresented within tobacco treatment studies. PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE This paper provides a review of published studies examining tobacco treatment interventions among ethnic and minority populations in the United States. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS Literature searches were used to identify smoking cessation interventions involving racial/ethnic minority populations. Identified studies were published between 1985 and 2009 involving African-American, Latino, Native American, and Asian or Pacific Islander smokers. Studies included in the review (1) targeted one or more ethnic minority group or had at least 10% of study participants from ethnic minority groups and (2) reported abstinence outcomes. RESULTS Sixty-four studies were included in this review. Of studies meeting inclusion criteria, 28 included a primary focus on African-Americans, 10 focused on Latinos, 4 focused on Native Americans, and 3 focused on Asian-American smokers. An additional 19 studies reported samples including participants from more than one minority group. Sample inclusion criteria, intervention content and duration, follow-up, abstinence assessment, and limitations of these studies were reviewed. CONCLUSIONS Individuals from racial and ethnic minority populations are interested in stopping smoking and willing to participate in treatment research. Variations in the content of treatment intervention and study design produced a range of abstinence outcomes across studies. Additional research is needed for all groups, including African-American smokers, and special attention is warranted for Latino, Native American, and Asian groups given the paucity of published studies. Although there were limited evaluations of pharmacotherapy, the existing data support use of pharmacotherapy in addition to counseling for enhancing abstinence outcomes. Further attention to level of individual smoking, variability in smoking patterns, and use of other tobacco products is needed, given known variation within and between racial and ethnic groups. Overall, findings are consistent with recommendations from the 2008 Clinical Practice Guidelines calling for increased research devoted to evaluating and enhancing tobacco use treatment interventions among racial and ethnic minority populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sanderson Cox
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, Kansas 66160, USA.
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King AC, Cao D, Southard CC, Matthews A. Racial differences in eligibility and enrollment in a smoking cessation clinical trial. Health Psychol 2011; 30:40-8. [PMID: 21299293 DOI: 10.1037/a0021649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to compare the recruitment, eligibility screening, and enrollment of African American and White smokers into an intensive smoking cessation intervention trial [The Chicago STOP Smoking Trial (C-STOP)]. METHODS We compared demographic, smoking, substance use, and medical/psychiatric screening data from the recruitment records of 1,189 non-Hispanic, African American and White smokers screened for eligibility in the last year of a randomized pharmacological and behavioral smoking cessation trial. The study took place at a large urban medical center and two satellite locations within the Chicago metropolitan area. RESULTS Interest levels in the study were high among African American smokers, with twice as many African Americans as Whites contacting study staff for information and an initial screening. However, African Americans were nearly three times as likely not to be enrolled in the trial as Whites, because of higher ineligibility rates, failure to attend a screening session, and lower participation rates even among those meeting eligibility requirements. CONCLUSIONS Racial differences were observed nearly at all levels of enrollment determination. These critical barriers to inclusion of African Americans in smoking cessation research limit our understanding of treatment efficacy and ultimately the ability to reduce the health disparities in tobacco-related disease experienced by African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C King
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Zinser MC, Pampel FC, Flores E. Distinct beliefs, attitudes, and experiences of Latino smokers: relevance for cessation interventions. Am J Health Promot 2011; 25:eS1-15. [PMID: 21510796 PMCID: PMC3166215 DOI: 10.4278/ajhp.100616-quan-200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Determine the extent to which Latino smokers are using effective interventions for smoking cessation, with particular focus on nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Related aims were to explore cultural, attitudinal, knowledge, and socioeconomic variables associated with treatment use. DESIGN Cross-sectional telephone survey of two groups of Colorado adult smokers: Latinos (n = 1010) and non-Latino whites (n = 519). SETTING Colorado. METHODS Computer-assisted telephone survey in either Spanish or English. Survey addressed sociodemographic variables; smoking and cessation history; knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about smoking and quitting; and experiences in and attitudes toward the health care setting. PARTICIPANTS Latino and non-Latino white adult Colorado residents who reported being regular smokers. RESULTS Colorado Latinos report using NRT substantially less often than do non-Latino whites residing in the state. This and other differences in the study were more pronounced in Latinos characterized as low acculturation on the basis of a language preference variable. Latinos smoke somewhat less than non-Latino whites and report lower levels of dependence. They appear to be motivated to quit but endorse attitudes and beliefs antithetical to NRT use. Health care access was lower among Latinos, and this was related to lower reports of lifetime NRT use. Receipt of recommended practitioner intervention (the "five As") did not differ by ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS Results suggested that use of effective cessation interventions among Latinos may be enhanced by education about nicotine addiction and NRT. Policy change to increase health care access also showed promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Zinser
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, Campus Box 173, PO Box 173364, Denver, CO 80217-3364, USA.
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Abstract
Promoting smoking cessation is among the key medical interventions aimed at reducing worldwide morbidity and mortality in this century. Both behavioural counselling and pharmacotherapy have been shown to significantly increase long-term abstinence rates, and combining the two treatment modalities is recommended. This article provides an update on pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation in the general population. Current first-line agents used to support quit attempts are nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), bupropion and varenicline. Research suggests that abstinence rates can be increased by combining different forms of NRT or simultaneously administering NRT and non-nicotine medications. New treatments targeting the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor as well as other pathophysiological pathways involved in nicotine addiction are being developed, with nicotine vaccines now being tested in phase III clinical trials. Among the numerous research topics currently addressed, pharmacogenetics and tailoring therapy to specific groups of smokers look most promising. However, substantial progress is unlikely to be made unless social gradients impeding effective treatment of all smokers are overcome. In addition, public smoking bans and reimbursement of medication costs are crucial in reducing the future burden of disease caused by smoking on a global level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Raupach
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Hospital Gttingen, Gttingen, Germany.
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Ryan KK, Garrett-Mayer E, Alberg AJ, Cartmell KB, Carpenter MJ. Predictors of cessation pharmacotherapy use among black and non-Hispanic white smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2011; 13:646-52. [PMID: 21464200 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntr051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Use of pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation improves quit rates, but these treatments are underutilized, particularly among Black smokers. Attitudes toward pharmacotherapy may differ between racial/ethnic minorities and Caucasian smokers. It was hypothesized that Black and non-Hispanic White smokers would differ in their attitudes toward pharmacotherapy and that the association between attitudes toward and actual use of pharmacotherapy would differ by race. METHODS The study consisted of a single, cross-sectional telephone-based survey of current smokers (N = 697), which examined the relationship between race, attitudes toward pharmacotherapy, and pharmacotherapy usage in a representative bi-racial sample (39% Black). RESULTS Black smokers were significantly less likely to report ever use of pharmacotherapy (23%) than Caucasians (39%; odds ratio [OR] = 0.46; 95% CI: 0.33-0.66). Compared with Caucasians, Blacks had significantly less favorable attitudes toward pharmacotherapy, including disbelief about efficacy (p = .03), addiction concerns (p = .03), harmfulness of pharmacotherapy (p = .008), and need for treatment of any kind to quit smoking (p = .004). In a multiple logistic regression, racial group (Caucasian is referent: OR = 0.55, p = .003), addiction concerns (OR = 0.80, p < .01), and need for treatment of any kind to quit smoking (OR = 1.52, p < .001) were predictive of pharmacotherapy use. CONCLUSIONS These findings replicate and build upon previous research demonstrating underutilization of pharmacotherapy and enduring misconceptions about pharmacotherapy, particularly among Black smokers. Regardless of racial group, misconceptions about pharmacotherapy are related to lower rates of use. Efforts to improve understanding about the efficacy and safety of these products are needed to boost utilization and impact cessation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine K Ryan
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, 86 Jonathan Lucas Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Omole OB, Ogunbanjo GA, Ayo-Yusuf OA. Review of alternative practices to cigarette smoking and nicotine replacement therapy: how safe are they? S Afr Fam Pract (2004) 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/20786204.2011.10874077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- OB Omole
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - GA Ogunbanjo
- Department of Family Medicine and Primary Health Care, University of Limpopo (Medunsa Campus), Pretoria South Africa
| | - OA Ayo-Yusuf
- c Department of Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Pretoria, Tshwane, South Africa
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Trinidad DR, Pérez-Stable EJ, White MM, Emery SL, Messer K. A nationwide analysis of US racial/ethnic disparities in smoking behaviors, smoking cessation, and cessation-related factors. Am J Public Health 2011; 101:699-706. [PMID: 21330593 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2010.191668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We used nationally representative data to examine racial/ethnic disparities in smoking behaviors, smoking cessation, and factors associated with cessation among US adults. METHODS We analyzed data on adults aged 20 to 64 years from the 2003 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey, and we examined associations by fitting adjusted logistic regression models to the data. RESULTS Compared with non-Hispanic Whites, smaller proportions of African Americans, Asian Americans/Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics/Latinos had ever smoked. Significantly fewer African Americans reported long-term quitting. Racial/ethnic minorities were more likely to be light and intermittent smokers and less likely to smoke within 30 minutes of waking. Adjusted models revealed that racial/ethnic minorities were not less likely to receive advice from health professionals to quit smoking, but they were less likely to use nicotine replacement therapy. CONCLUSIONS Specific needs and ideal program focuses for cessation may vary across racial/ethnic groups, such that approaches tailored by race/ethnicity might be optimal. Traditional conceptualizations of cigarette addiction and the quitting process may need to be revised for racial/ethnic minority smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis R Trinidad
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, San Dimas, CA, USA.
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Makris GC, Nicolaides A, Geroulakos G. The Management of Asymptomatic Carotid Plaque Disease: Our Assumptions When We are Less Radical. Angiology 2011; 62:455-6. [DOI: 10.1177/0003319710394162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The management of asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis (CAS) has been the subject of extensive debate. Current evidence suggests that the annual risk of stroke in patients with CAS and without previous cerebrovascular symptoms is 1% which makes carotid endarterectomy unjustifiable. Conservative treatment with statins and antiplatelets, the identification of the high risk individuals as well as aggressive life style modifications are considered sufficient measures for the protection of these patients. However, there are reasons to believe that this approach may be less effective than we think. Best medical treatment is only effective when compliance is adequate and lipid or blood pressure target levels are achieved. However this is not always the case and the same applies regarding life style modification changes such as smoking. In addition, there is no consensus regarding the identification of the high risk individuals despite recent encouraging evidence. The introduction of a structured network of risk factor modification clinics in conjunction with the vascular clinics and the identification of ways to objectively risk-stratify patients with asymptomatic CAS could enable us to optimize the management of these patients when we decide to be less radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory C. Makris
- Imperial College of London, Division of Surgery, UK, Ealing and Charing Cross Hospital, Department of Vascular Surgery, London, UK, Alfa Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Marousi, Athens, Greece, Cardiovascular disease education and research (CDER) Trust, London, UK,
| | - Andrew Nicolaides
- Imperial College of London, Division of Surgery, UK, Cardiovascular disease education and research (CDER) Trust, London, UK
| | - George Geroulakos
- Imperial College of London, Division of Surgery, UK, Ealing and Charing Cross Hospital, Department of Vascular Surgery, London, UK, Cardiovascular disease education and research (CDER) Trust, London, UK
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Gryczynski J, Johnson JL. Challenges in public health research with American Indians and other small ethnocultural minority populations. Subst Use Misuse 2011; 46:1363-71. [PMID: 21810071 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2011.592427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
As a result of the historical legacy of conquest, colonization, and cultural destruction, indigenous peoples often represent just a small segment of the population in many countries throughout the world. In the United States, American Indians/Alaska Natives are not only one of the smallest minority groups in the nation, but are also very culturally diverse. Disparities in health outcomes often occur along racial and ethnic lines, and culture can play an important role in shaping health behavior. Research on the distribution and patterning of disease and risk behaviors among population subgroups is critical for advancing evidence-based public health policy and practice. This article provides a brief overview of key challenges in conducting behavioral health research with American Indians at both community and population levels. Many of the issues raised also apply to other small ethnocultural minority groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Gryczynski
- Friends Research Institute, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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Benincasa D, Pellicano C, Fanciulli A, Pontieri FE. Bupropion abates dopamine agonist-mediated compulsive behaviors in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2010; 26:355-7. [DOI: 10.1002/mds.23395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Smoking-cessation strategies for American Indians: should smoking-cessation treatment include a prescription for a complete home smoking ban? Am J Prev Med 2010; 39:S56-65. [PMID: 21074679 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 08/13/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of cigarette smoking is particularly high among American Indian communities in the Upper Midwest. PURPOSE To evaluate the predictors of smoking cessation among a population-based sample of American Indians in the Upper Midwest during a quit attempt aided with nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). METHODS This study used the subsample of American Indian adults (n = 291, response rate = 55.4%) from a cohort study of smokers engaging in an aided NRT quit attempt. Eligible participants filled an NRT prescription between July 2005 and September 2006 through the Minnesota Health Care Programs (e.g., Medicaid). Administrative records and follow-up survey data were used to assess outcomes approximately 8 months after the NRT fill date. This analysis was conducted in 2009-2010. RESULTS Approximately 33% of American Indian respondents trying to quit smoking reported complete home smoking bans. Adoption of a complete home smoking ban and greater perceived advantages of NRT were cross-sectionally associated with 7-day smoking abstinence in univariate and multivariate analyses. Consistent with previous research, older age was a significant predictor of 7-day abstinence. Having a history of clinician-diagnosed anxiety in the past year was associated with decreased likelihood of 7-day abstinence in the unadjusted analysis, but not significant in multivariate analyses. CONCLUSIONS Results of this study suggest potential modifiable targets of interventions for future research to help American Indians quit smoking: (1) improved delivery of behavioral interventions to increase the intensity of smoking cessation treatment; (2) promotion and adoption of complete home smoking bans; and (3) education to increase awareness of the benefits of NRT.
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Lawrence D, Rose A, Fagan P, Moolchan ET, Gibson JT, Backinger CL. National patterns and correlates of mentholated cigarette use in the United States. Addiction 2010; 105 Suppl 1:13-31. [PMID: 21059133 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03203.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM To examine the patterns and correlates of mentholated cigarette smoking among adult smokers in the United States. DESIGN Cross-sectional data on adult current smokers (n = 63,193) were pooled from the 2003 and 2006/07 Tobacco Use Supplements to the Current Population Survey. MEASUREMENTS The associations between socio-demographic and smoking variables were examined with gender- and race/ethnicity-stratified multivariate logistic regression models predicting current use of mentholated cigarettes. FINDINGS Multivariate logistic regression analyses demonstrated that black smokers were 10-11 times more likely to smoke mentholated cigarettes than white smokers men: odds ratio (OR): 11.59, 99% confidence interval (CI): 9.79-13.72; women: OR: 10.12, 99% CI: 8.45-12.11). With the exception of American Indian/Aleut/Eskimo smokers, non-white smokers were significantly more likely to smoke mentholated cigarettes than were white smokers. Additional significant factors associated with mentholated cigarette smoking included being unmarried (never married: OR: 1.21, 99% CI: 1.09-1.34; divorced/separated: OR: 1.13, 99% CI: 1.03-1.23), being born in a US territory (OR: 2.01, 99% CI: 1.35-3.01), living in a non-metropolitan area (OR: 0.87, 99% CI: 0.80-0.96), being unemployed (OR: 1.24, 99% CI: 1.06-1.44) and lower levels of education. Race/ethnicity-stratified analyses showed that women were more likely than men to smoke mentholated cigarettes. Among black smokers, young adults (aged 18-24 years) were four times more likely to smoke mentholated cigarettes compared with individuals aged 65+. CONCLUSIONS Race/ethnicity, gender and age are significant correlates of mentholated cigarette smoking among current smokers. Given the importance of menthol in the cigarette market and the potential untoward health effects of this additive, continued surveillance of the prevalence and correlates of mentholated cigarette use among diverse socio-demographic groups is warranted to inform appropriate interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre Lawrence
- National Cancer Institute, Tobacco Control Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Webb MS, Rodríguez-Esquivel D, Baker EA. Smoking Cessation Interventions among Hispanics in the United States: A Systematic Review and Mini Meta-Analysis. Am J Health Promot 2010; 25:109-18. [DOI: 10.4278/ajhp.090123-lit-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose. The leading causes of mortality among Hispanics living in the United States are smoking related. This study sought to systematically review smoking cessation interventions targeting healthy Hispanic adults living in the United States, to conduct a “mini” meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, and to offer recommendations for future research. Data Sources. Studies were identified through computerized bibliographic databases (PsychINFO, PsycARTICLES, PsycFirst, MEDLINE, Science Direct, and Dissertation Abstracts Online), article reference lists, conference abstracts, and unpublished data through October 2008. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria. Evaluation of a smoking cessation intervention among healthy U.S. Hispanic adults. Studies included in the meta-analysis were also required to be randomized controlled trials. Data Extraction. Twelve studies were eligible for the systematic review and five studies for the meta-analysis. Two independent raters coded each study. Data Synthesis. Interventions consisted of self-help, nicotine replacement therapy, and community-based interventions, as well as individual, group, and telephone counseling. There was evidence for the efficacy of smoking cessation interventions at the end of treatment (odds ratio, 1.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.09–2.16), which was attenuated in the longer term. Conclusions. Tobacco use among U.S. Hispanics is a growing public health concern. Smoking cessation interventions demonstrate promise among Hispanic adults living in the United States. More randomized trials evaluating tobacco interventions in this special population are warranted, with examination of the effect of cultural specificity and acculturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica S. Webb
- Monica S. Webb, PhD; Denise Rodríguez-Esquivel, MA; and Elizabeth A. Baker, BA, are with the Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Denise Rodríguez-Esquivel
- Monica S. Webb, PhD; Denise Rodríguez-Esquivel, MA; and Elizabeth A. Baker, BA, are with the Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Elizabeth A. Baker
- Monica S. Webb, PhD; Denise Rodríguez-Esquivel, MA; and Elizabeth A. Baker, BA, are with the Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
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Robson N. Nicotine-replacement therapy: a proven treatment for smoking cessation. S Afr Fam Pract (2004) 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/20786204.2010.10873993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Piper ME, Cook JW, Schlam TR, Jorenby DE, Smith SS, Bolt DM, Loh WY. Gender, race, and education differences in abstinence rates among participants in two randomized smoking cessation trials. Nicotine Tob Res 2010; 12:647-57. [PMID: 20439385 PMCID: PMC2878731 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntq067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Smoking is the leading preventable cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States, but this burden is not distributed equally among smokers. Women, Blacks, and people with low socioeconomic status are especially vulnerable to the health risks of smoking and are less likely to quit. METHODS This research examined cessation rates and treatment response among 2,850 participants (57.2% women, 11.7% Blacks, and 9.0% with less than a high school education) from two large cessation trials evaluating: nicotine patch, nicotine lozenge, bupropion, bupropion + lozenge, and nicotine patch + lozenge. RESULTS Results revealed that women, Blacks, and smokers with less education were less likely to quit smoking successfully than men, Whites, and smokers with more education, respectively. Women did not appear to benefit more from bupropion than from nicotine replacement therapy, but women and smokers with less education benefited more from combination pharmacotherapy than from monotherapy. DISCUSSION Women, Blacks, and smokers with less education are at elevated risk for cessation failure, and research is needed to understand this risk and develop pharmacological and psychosocial interventions to improve their long-term cessation rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Piper
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
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