Loss of the PlagL2 transcription factor affects lacteal uptake of chylomicrons

Genome-wide scans identify biological and metabolic pathways regulating carcass and meat quality traits in beef cattle

Genome association studies (GWAS) provides knowledge about the genetic architecture of beef-related traits that allow linking the target phenotype to genomic information aiding breeding decision. Thus, the present study aims to uncover the genetic mechanism involved in carcass (REA: rib eye area, BF: backfat thickness, and HCW: hot carcass weight) and meat quality traits (SF: shear-force, MARB: marbling score, and IMF: intramuscular fat content) in Nellore cattle. For this, 6910 young bulls with phenotypic information and 23,859 animals genotyped with 435 k markers were used to perform the weighted single-step GBLUP (WssGBLUP) approach, considering two iterations. The top 10 genomic regions explained 8.13, 11.81, and 9.58% of the additive genetic variance, harboring a total of 119, 143, and 95 positional candidate genes for REA, BF, and HCW, respectively. For meat quality traits, the top 10 windows explained a large proportion of the total genetic variance for SF (14.95%), MARB (17.56%), and IMF (21.41%) surrounding 92, 155, and 111 candidate genes, respectively. Relevant candidate genes (CAST, PLAG1, XKR4, PLAGL2, AQP3/AQP7, MYLK2, WWOX, CARTPT, and PLA2G16) are related to physiological aspects affecting growth, carcass, meat quality, feed intake, and reproductive traits by signaling pathways controlling muscle control, key signal metabolic molecules INS / IGF-1 pathway, lipid metabolism, and adipose tissue development. The GWAS results provided insights into the genetic control of the traits studied and the genes found are potential candidates to be used in the improvement of carcass and meat quality traits.

The oncogenic function of PLAGL2 is mediated via ASCL2 and IGF2 and a Wnt-independent mechanism in colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer (CRC) tumorigenesis and progression are linked to common oncogenic mutations, especially in the tumor suppressor APC, whose loss triggers the deregulation of TCF4/β-Catenin activity. CRC tumorigenesis is also driven by multiple epimutational modifiers such as transcriptional regulators. We describe the common (and near-universal) activation of the zinc finger transcription factor and Let-7 target PLAGL2 in CRC and find that it is a key driver of intestinal epithelial transformation. PLAGL2 drives proliferation, cell cycle progression, and anchorage-independent growth in CRC cell lines and nontransformed intestinal cells. Investigating effects of PLAGL2 on downstream pathways revealed very modest effects on canonical Wnt signaling. Alternatively, we find pronounced effects on the direct PLAGL2 target genes IGF2, a fetal growth factor, and ASCL2, an intestinal stem cell-specific bHLH transcription factor. Inactivation of PLAGL2 in CRC cell lines has pronounced effects on ASCL2 reporter activity. Furthermore, ASCL2 expression can partially rescue deficits of proliferation and cell cycle progression caused by depletion of PLAGL2 in CRC cell lines. Thus, the oncogenic effects of PLAGL2 appear to be mediated via core stem cell and onco-fetal pathways, with minimal effects on downstream Wnt signaling.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A Let-7 target called PLAGL2 drives oncogenic transformation via Wnt-independent pathways. This work illustrates the robust effects of this zinc finger transcription factor in colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines and nontransformed intestinal epithelium, with effects mediated, in part, via the direct target genes ASCL2 and IGF2. This has implications for the role of PLAGL2 in activation of onco-fetal and onco-stem cell pathways, contributing to immature and highly proliferative phenotypes in CRC.

New insights into the role of dietary triglyceride absorption in obesity and metabolic diseases

The incidence of obesity and associated metabolic diseases is increasing globally, adversely affecting human health. Dietary fats, especially triglycerides, are an important source of energy for the body, and the intestine absorbs lipids through a series of orderly and complex steps. A long-term high-fat diet leads to intestinal dysfunction, inducing obesity and metabolic disorders. Therefore, regulating dietary triglycerides absorption is a promising therapeutic strategy. In this review, we will discuss diverse aspects of the dietary triglycerides hydrolysis, fatty acid uptake, triglycerides resynthesis, chylomicron assembly, trafficking, and secretion processes in intestinal epithelial cells, as well as potential targets in this process that may influence dietary fat-induced obesity and metabolic diseases. We also mention the possible shortcomings and deficiencies in modulating dietary lipid absorption targets to provide a better understanding of their administrability as drugs in obesity and related metabolic disorders.

Effect of the First Feeding on Enterocytes of Newborn Rats

The transcytosis of lipids through enterocytes occurs through the delivery of lipid micelles to the microvilli of enterocytes, consumption of lipid derivates by the apical plasma membrane (PM) and then their delivery to the membrane of the smooth ER attached to the basolateral PM. The SER forms immature chylomicrons (iChMs) in the ER lumen. iChMs are delivered at the Golgi complex (GC) where they are subjected to additional glycosylation resulting in maturation of iChMs. ChMs are secreted into the intercellular space and delivered into the lumen of lymphatic capillaries (LCs). The overloading of enterocytes with lipids induces the formation of lipid droplets inside the lipid bilayer of the ER membranes and transcytosis becomes slower. Here, we examined components of the enterocyte-to-lymphatic barriers in newly born rats before the first feeding and after it. In contrast to adult animals, enterocytes of newborns rats exhibited apical endocytosis and a well-developed subapical endosomal tubular network. These enterocytes uptake membranes from amniotic fluid. Then these membranes are transported across the polarized GC and secreted into the intercellular space. The enterocytes did not contain COPII-coated buds on the granular ER. The endothelium of blood capillaries situated near the enterocytes contained only a few fenestrae. The LCs were similar to those in adult animals. The first feeding induced specific alterations of enterocytes, which were similar to those observed after the lipid overloading of enterocytes in adult rats. Enlarged chylomicrons were stopped at the level of the LAMP2 and Neu1 positive post-Golgi structures, secreted, fused, delivered to the interstitial space, captured by the LCs and transported to the lymph node, inducing the movement of macrophages from lymphatic follicles into its sinuses. The macrophages captured the ChMs, preventing their delivery into the blood.

Lymphatics - not just a chylomicron conduit

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Lymphatics are known to have active, regulated pumping by smooth muscle cells that enhance lymph flow, but whether active regulation of lymphatic pumping contributes significantly to the rate of appearance of chylomicrons (CMs) in the blood circulation (i.e., CM production rate) is not currently known. In this review, we highlight some of the potential mechanisms by which lymphatics may regulate CM production.

RECENT FINDINGS

Recent data from our lab and others are beginning to provide clues that suggest a more active role of lymphatics in regulating CM appearance in the circulation through various mechanisms. Potential contributors include apolipoproteins, glucose, glucagon-like peptide-2, and vascular endothelial growth factor-C, but there are likely to be many more.

SUMMARY

The digested products of dietary fats absorbed by the small intestine are re-esterified and packaged by enterocytes into large, triglyceride-rich CM particles or stored temporarily in intracellular cytoplasmic lipid droplets. Secreted CMs traverse the lamina propria and are transported via lymphatics and then the blood circulation to liver and extrahepatic tissues, where they are stored or metabolized as a rich energy source. Although indirect data suggest a relationship between lymphatic pumping and CM production, this concept requires more experimental evidence before we can be sure that lymphatic pumping contributes significantly to the rate of CM appearance in the blood circulation.

When fat meets the gut-focus on intestinal lipid handling in metabolic health and disease

The regular overconsumption of energy‐dense foods (rich in lipids and sugars) results in elevated intestinal nutrient absorption and consequently excessive accumulation of lipids in the liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscles, and other organs. This can eventually lead to obesity and obesity‐associated diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cardiovascular disease, and certain types of cancer, as well as aggravate inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therefore, targeting the pathways that regulate intestinal nutrient absorption holds significant therapeutic potential. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms controlling intestinal lipid handling, their relevance to the development of metabolic diseases, and emerging therapeutic strategies.

The role of lymphatics in intestinal inflammation

The lymphatic vasculature returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays a major role in lipid absorption and immune cell trafficking. Lymphatic vascular defects have been revealed in inflammatory diseases, Crohn's disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss lymphatic structure and function within the gut, such as dietary lipid absorption, the transport of antigens and immune cells to lymph nodes, peripheral tolerance, and lymphocyte migration from secondary lymphoid tissues to the lymphatics and the immune systems. We also discuss the potential roles of these lymphatics on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease and as new targets for therapeutic management.

The role of lymphatics in intestinal inflammation

The lymphatic vasculature returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays a major role in lipid absorption and immune cell trafficking. Lymphatic vascular defects have been revealed in inflammatory diseases, Crohn's disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss lymphatic structure and function within the gut, such as dietary lipid absorption, the transport of antigens and immune cells to lymph nodes, peripheral tolerance, and lymphocyte migration from secondary lymphoid tissues to the lymphatics and the immune systems. We also discuss the potential roles of these lymphatics on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease and as new targets for therapeutic management.

The role of lymphatics in intestinal inflammation

The lymphatic vasculature returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays a major role in lipid absorption and immune cell trafficking. Lymphatic vascular defects have been revealed in inflammatory diseases, Crohn's disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss lymphatic structure and function within the gut, such as dietary lipid absorption, the transport of antigens and immune cells to lymph nodes, peripheral tolerance, and lymphocyte migration from secondary lymphoid tissues to the lymphatics and the immune systems. We also discuss the potential roles of these lymphatics on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease and as new targets for therapeutic management.

The role of lymphatics in intestinal inflammation

The lymphatic vasculature returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays a major role in lipid absorption and immune cell trafficking. Lymphatic vascular defects have been revealed in inflammatory diseases, Crohn's disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss lymphatic structure and function within the gut, such as dietary lipid absorption, the transport of antigens and immune cells to lymph nodes, peripheral tolerance, and lymphocyte migration from secondary lymphoid tissues to the lymphatics and the immune systems. We also discuss the potential roles of these lymphatics on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease and as new targets for therapeutic management.

The role of lymphatics in intestinal inflammation

The lymphatic vasculature returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays a major role in lipid absorption and immune cell trafficking. Lymphatic vascular defects have been revealed in inflammatory diseases, Crohn's disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss lymphatic structure and function within the gut, such as dietary lipid absorption, the transport of antigens and immune cells to lymph nodes, peripheral tolerance, and lymphocyte migration from secondary lymphoid tissues to the lymphatics and the immune systems. We also discuss the potential roles of these lymphatics on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease and as new targets for therapeutic management.

The role of lymphatics in intestinal inflammation

The lymphatic vasculature returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays a major role in lipid absorption and immune cell trafficking. Lymphatic vascular defects have been revealed in inflammatory diseases, Crohn's disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss lymphatic structure and function within the gut, such as dietary lipid absorption, the transport of antigens and immune cells to lymph nodes, peripheral tolerance, and lymphocyte migration from secondary lymphoid tissues to the lymphatics and the immune systems. We also discuss the potential roles of these lymphatics on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease and as new targets for therapeutic management.

The role of lymphatics in intestinal inflammation

The lymphatic vasculature returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays a major role in lipid absorption and immune cell trafficking. Lymphatic vascular defects have been revealed in inflammatory diseases, Crohn's disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss lymphatic structure and function within the gut, such as dietary lipid absorption, the transport of antigens and immune cells to lymph nodes, peripheral tolerance, and lymphocyte migration from secondary lymphoid tissues to the lymphatics and the immune systems. We also discuss the potential roles of these lymphatics on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease and as new targets for therapeutic management.

The role of lymphatics in intestinal inflammation

The lymphatic vasculature returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays a major role in lipid absorption and immune cell trafficking. Lymphatic vascular defects have been revealed in inflammatory diseases, Crohn's disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss lymphatic structure and function within the gut, such as dietary lipid absorption, the transport of antigens and immune cells to lymph nodes, peripheral tolerance, and lymphocyte migration from secondary lymphoid tissues to the lymphatics and the immune systems. We also discuss the potential roles of these lymphatics on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease and as new targets for therapeutic management.

The role of lymphatics in intestinal inflammation

The lymphatic vasculature returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays a major role in lipid absorption and immune cell trafficking. Lymphatic vascular defects have been revealed in inflammatory diseases, Crohn's disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss lymphatic structure and function within the gut, such as dietary lipid absorption, the transport of antigens and immune cells to lymph nodes, peripheral tolerance, and lymphocyte migration from secondary lymphoid tissues to the lymphatics and the immune systems. We also discuss the potential roles of these lymphatics on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease and as new targets for therapeutic management.

The role of lymphatics in intestinal inflammation

The lymphatic vasculature returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays a major role in lipid absorption and immune cell trafficking. Lymphatic vascular defects have been revealed in inflammatory diseases, Crohn's disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss lymphatic structure and function within the gut, such as dietary lipid absorption, the transport of antigens and immune cells to lymph nodes, peripheral tolerance, and lymphocyte migration from secondary lymphoid tissues to the lymphatics and the immune systems. We also discuss the potential roles of these lymphatics on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease and as new targets for therapeutic management.

The role of lymphatics in intestinal inflammation

The lymphatic vasculature returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays a major role in lipid absorption and immune cell trafficking. Lymphatic vascular defects have been revealed in inflammatory diseases, Crohn's disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss lymphatic structure and function within the gut, such as dietary lipid absorption, the transport of antigens and immune cells to lymph nodes, peripheral tolerance, and lymphocyte migration from secondary lymphoid tissues to the lymphatics and the immune systems. We also discuss the potential roles of these lymphatics on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease and as new targets for therapeutic management.

The role of lymphatics in intestinal inflammation

The lymphatic vasculature returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays a major role in lipid absorption and immune cell trafficking. Lymphatic vascular defects have been revealed in inflammatory diseases, Crohn’s disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer’s disease. In this review, we discuss lymphatic structure and function within the gut, such as dietary lipid absorption, the transport of antigens and immune cells to lymph nodes, peripheral tolerance, and lymphocyte migration from secondary lymphoid tissues to the lymphatics and the immune systems. We also discuss the potential roles of these lymphatics on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease and as new targets for therapeutic management.

The role of lymphatics in intestinal inflammation

The lymphatic vasculature returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays a major role in lipid absorption and immune cell trafficking. Lymphatic vascular defects have been revealed in inflammatory diseases, Crohn's disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss lymphatic structure and function within the gut, such as dietary lipid absorption, the transport of antigens and immune cells to lymph nodes, peripheral tolerance, and lymphocyte migration from secondary lymphoid tissues to the lymphatics and the immune systems. We also discuss the potential roles of these lymphatics on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease and as new targets for therapeutic management.

The role of lymphatics in intestinal inflammation

The lymphatic vasculature returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays a major role in lipid absorption and immune cell trafficking. Lymphatic vascular defects have been revealed in inflammatory diseases, Crohn's disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss lymphatic structure and function within the gut, such as dietary lipid absorption, the transport of antigens and immune cells to lymph nodes, peripheral tolerance, and lymphocyte migration from secondary lymphoid tissues to the lymphatics and the immune systems. We also discuss the potential roles of these lymphatics on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease and as new targets for therapeutic management.

The role of lymphatics in intestinal inflammation

The lymphatic vasculature returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays a major role in lipid absorption and immune cell trafficking. Lymphatic vascular defects have been revealed in inflammatory diseases, Crohn's disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss lymphatic structure and function within the gut, such as dietary lipid absorption, the transport of antigens and immune cells to lymph nodes, peripheral tolerance, and lymphocyte migration from secondary lymphoid tissues to the lymphatics and the immune systems. We also discuss the potential roles of these lymphatics on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease and as new targets for therapeutic management.

The role of lymphatics in intestinal inflammation

The lymphatic vasculature returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays a major role in lipid absorption and immune cell trafficking. Lymphatic vascular defects have been revealed in inflammatory diseases, Crohn's disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss lymphatic structure and function within the gut, such as dietary lipid absorption, the transport of antigens and immune cells to lymph nodes, peripheral tolerance, and lymphocyte migration from secondary lymphoid tissues to the lymphatics and the immune systems. We also discuss the potential roles of these lymphatics on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease and as new targets for therapeutic management.

The role of lymphatics in intestinal inflammation

The lymphatic vasculature returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays a major role in lipid absorption and immune cell trafficking. Lymphatic vascular defects have been revealed in inflammatory diseases, Crohn's disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss lymphatic structure and function within the gut, such as dietary lipid absorption, the transport of antigens and immune cells to lymph nodes, peripheral tolerance, and lymphocyte migration from secondary lymphoid tissues to the lymphatics and the immune systems. We also discuss the potential roles of these lymphatics on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease and as new targets for therapeutic management.

The role of lymphatics in intestinal inflammation

The lymphatic vasculature returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays a major role in lipid absorption and immune cell trafficking. Lymphatic vascular defects have been revealed in inflammatory diseases, Crohn's disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss lymphatic structure and function within the gut, such as dietary lipid absorption, the transport of antigens and immune cells to lymph nodes, peripheral tolerance, and lymphocyte migration from secondary lymphoid tissues to the lymphatics and the immune systems. We also discuss the potential roles of these lymphatics on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease and as new targets for therapeutic management.

The role of lymphatics in intestinal inflammation

The lymphatic vasculature returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays a major role in lipid absorption and immune cell trafficking. Lymphatic vascular defects have been revealed in inflammatory diseases, Crohn's disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss lymphatic structure and function within the gut, such as dietary lipid absorption, the transport of antigens and immune cells to lymph nodes, peripheral tolerance, and lymphocyte migration from secondary lymphoid tissues to the lymphatics and the immune systems. We also discuss the potential roles of these lymphatics on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease and as new targets for therapeutic management.

The role of lymphatics in intestinal inflammation

The lymphatic vasculature returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays a major role in lipid absorption and immune cell trafficking. Lymphatic vascular defects have been revealed in inflammatory diseases, Crohn's disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss lymphatic structure and function within the gut, such as dietary lipid absorption, the transport of antigens and immune cells to lymph nodes, peripheral tolerance, and lymphocyte migration from secondary lymphoid tissues to the lymphatics and the immune systems. We also discuss the potential roles of these lymphatics on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease and as new targets for therapeutic management.

The role of lymphatics in intestinal inflammation

The lymphatic vasculature returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays a major role in lipid absorption and immune cell trafficking. Lymphatic vascular defects have been revealed in inflammatory diseases, Crohn's disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss lymphatic structure and function within the gut, such as dietary lipid absorption, the transport of antigens and immune cells to lymph nodes, peripheral tolerance, and lymphocyte migration from secondary lymphoid tissues to the lymphatics and the immune systems. We also discuss the potential roles of these lymphatics on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease and as new targets for therapeutic management.

The role of lymphatics in intestinal inflammation

The lymphatic vasculature returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays a major role in lipid absorption and immune cell trafficking. Lymphatic vascular defects have been revealed in inflammatory diseases, Crohn's disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss lymphatic structure and function within the gut, such as dietary lipid absorption, the transport of antigens and immune cells to lymph nodes, peripheral tolerance, and lymphocyte migration from secondary lymphoid tissues to the lymphatics and the immune systems. We also discuss the potential roles of these lymphatics on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease and as new targets for therapeutic management.

The role of lymphatics in intestinal inflammation

The lymphatic vasculature returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays a major role in lipid absorption and immune cell trafficking. Lymphatic vascular defects have been revealed in inflammatory diseases, Crohn's disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss lymphatic structure and function within the gut, such as dietary lipid absorption, the transport of antigens and immune cells to lymph nodes, peripheral tolerance, and lymphocyte migration from secondary lymphoid tissues to the lymphatics and the immune systems. We also discuss the potential roles of these lymphatics on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease and as new targets for therapeutic management.

The role of lymphatics in intestinal inflammation

The lymphatic vasculature returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays a major role in lipid absorption and immune cell trafficking. Lymphatic vascular defects have been revealed in inflammatory diseases, Crohn's disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss lymphatic structure and function within the gut, such as dietary lipid absorption, the transport of antigens and immune cells to lymph nodes, peripheral tolerance, and lymphocyte migration from secondary lymphoid tissues to the lymphatics and the immune systems. We also discuss the potential roles of these lymphatics on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease and as new targets for therapeutic management.

The role of lymphatics in intestinal inflammation

The lymphatic vasculature returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays a major role in lipid absorption and immune cell trafficking. Lymphatic vascular defects have been revealed in inflammatory diseases, Crohn's disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss lymphatic structure and function within the gut, such as dietary lipid absorption, the transport of antigens and immune cells to lymph nodes, peripheral tolerance, and lymphocyte migration from secondary lymphoid tissues to the lymphatics and the immune systems. We also discuss the potential roles of these lymphatics on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease and as new targets for therapeutic management.

The role of lymphatics in intestinal inflammation

The lymphatic vasculature returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays a major role in lipid absorption and immune cell trafficking. Lymphatic vascular defects have been revealed in inflammatory diseases, Crohn's disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss lymphatic structure and function within the gut, such as dietary lipid absorption, the transport of antigens and immune cells to lymph nodes, peripheral tolerance, and lymphocyte migration from secondary lymphoid tissues to the lymphatics and the immune systems. We also discuss the potential roles of these lymphatics on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease and as new targets for therapeutic management.

The role of lymphatics in intestinal inflammation

The lymphatic vasculature returns filtered interstitial arterial fluid and tissue metabolites to the blood circulation. It also plays a major role in lipid absorption and immune cell trafficking. Lymphatic vascular defects have been revealed in inflammatory diseases, Crohn's disease, obesity, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we discuss lymphatic structure and function within the gut, such as dietary lipid absorption, the transport of antigens and immune cells to lymph nodes, peripheral tolerance, and lymphocyte migration from secondary lymphoid tissues to the lymphatics and the immune systems. We also discuss the potential roles of these lymphatics on the pathophysiology of inflammatory bowel disease and as new targets for therapeutic management.

The Roles of Cytoplasmic Lipid Droplets in Modulating Intestinal Uptake of Dietary Fat

Dietary fat absorption is required for health but also contributes to hyperlipidemia and metabolic disease when dysregulated. One step in the process of dietary fat absorption is the formation of cytoplasmic lipid droplets (CLDs) in small intestinal enterocytes; these CLDs serve as dynamic triacylglycerol storage organelles that influence the rate at which dietary fat is absorbed. Recent studies have uncovered novel factors regulating enterocyte CLD metabolism that in turn influence the absorption of dietary fat. These include peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α activation, compartmentalization of different lipid pools, the gut microbiome, liver X receptor and farnesoid X receptor activation, obesity, and physiological factors stimulating CLD mobilization. Understanding how enterocyte CLD metabolism is regulated is key in modulating the absorption of dietary fat in the prevention of hyperlipidemia and its associated metabolic disorders. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Nutrition, Volume 41 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Comparative transcriptomics reveals domestication-associated features of Atlantic salmon lipid metabolism

Domestication of animals imposes strong targeted selection for desired traits but can also result in unintended selection due to new domestic environments. Atlantic salmon (Salmo salmar) was domesticated in the 1970s and has subsequently been selected for faster growth in systematic breeding programmes. More recently, salmon aquaculture has replaced fish oils (FOs) with vegetable oils (VOs) in feed, radically changing the levels of essential long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs). Our aim here was to study the impact of domestication on metabolism and explore the hypothesis that the shift to VO diets has unintentionally selected for a domestication-specific lipid metabolism. We conducted a 96-day feeding trial of domesticated and wild salmon fed diets based on FOs, VOs or phospholipids, and compared transcriptomes and fatty acids in tissues involved in lipid absorption (pyloric caeca) and lipid turnover and synthesis (liver). Domesticated salmon had faster growth and higher gene expression in glucose and lipid metabolism compared to wild fish, possibly linked to differences in regulation of circadian rhythm pathways. Only the domesticated salmon increased expression of LC-PUFA synthesis genes when given VOs. This transcriptome response difference was mirrored at the physiological level, with domesticated salmon having higher LC-PUFA levels but lower 18:3n-3 and 18:2n-6 levels. In line with this, the VO diet decreased growth rate in wild but not domesticated salmon. Our study revealed a clear impact of domestication on transcriptomic regulation linked to metabolism and suggests that unintentional selection in the domestic environment has resulted in evolution of stronger compensatory mechanisms to a diet low in LC-PUFAs.

Genetic Architecture of Carcass and Meat Quality Traits in Montana Tropical® Composite Beef Cattle

The Montana Tropical^® Composite is a recently developed beef cattle population that is rapidly expanding in Brazil and other tropical countries. This is mainly due to its improved meat quality and adaptation to tropical climate conditions compared to Zebu and Taurine cattle breeds, respectively. This study aimed to investigate the genetic architecture of ultrasound-based carcass and meat quality traits in Montana Tropical^® Composite beef cattle. Therefore, we estimated variance components and genetic parameters and performed genome-wide association studies using the weighted single-step Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (GBLUP) approach. A pedigree dataset containing 28,480 animals was used, in which 1,436 were genotyped using a moderate-density Single Nucleotide Polymorphism panel (30K; 30,105 SNPs). A total of 9,358, 5,768, 7,996, and 1,972 phenotypic records for the traits Longissimus muscle area (LMA), backfat thickness (BFT), rump fat thickness (RFT), and for marbling score (MARB), respectively, were used for the analyses. Moderate to high heritability estimates were obtained and ranged from 0.16 ± 0.03 (RFT) to 0.33 ± 0.05 (MARB). A high genetic correlation was observed between BFT and RFT (0.97 ± 0.02), suggesting that a similar set of genes affects both traits. The most relevant genomic regions associated with LMA, BFT, RFT, and MARB were found on BTA10 (5.4–5.8 Mb), BTA27 (25.2–25.5 Mb), BTA18 (60.6–61.0 Mb), and BTA21 (14.8–15.4 Mb). Two overlapping genomic regions were identified for RFT and MARB (BTA13:47.9–48.1 Mb) and for BFT and RFT (BTA13:61.5–62.3 Mb). Candidate genes identified in this study, including PLAG1, LYN, WWOX, and PLAGL2, were previously reported to be associated with growth, stature, skeletal muscle growth, fat thickness, and fatty acid composition. Our results indicate that ultrasound-based carcass and meat quality traits in the Montana Tropical^® Composite beef cattle are heritable, and therefore, can be improved through selective breeding. In addition, various novel and already known genomic regions related to these traits were identified, which contribute to a better understanding of the underlying genetic background of LMA, BFT, RFT, and MARB in the Montana Tropical Composite population.

Emerging Role of Lymphatics in the Regulation of Intestinal Lipid Mobilization

Intestinal handling of dietary triglycerides has important implications for health and disease. Following digestion in the intestinal lumen, absorption, and re-esterification of fatty acids and monoacylglycerols in intestinal enterocytes, triglycerides are packaged into lipoprotein particles (chylomicrons) for secretion or into cytoplasmic lipid droplets for transient or more prolonged storage. Despite the recognition of prolonged retention of triglycerides in the post-absorptive phase and subsequent release from the intestine in chylomicron particles, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain poorly understood. Chylomicron secretion involves multiple steps, including intracellular assembly and post-assembly transport through cellular organelles, the lamina propria, and the mesenteric lymphatics before being released into the circulation. Contrary to the long-held view that the intestinal lymphatic vasculature acts mainly as a passive conduit, it is increasingly recognized to play an active and regulatory role in the rate of chylomicron release into the circulation. Here, we review the latest advances in understanding the role of lymphatics in intestinal lipid handling and chylomicron secretion. We highlight emerging evidence that oral glucose and the gut hormone glucagon-like peptide-2 mobilize retained enteral lipid by differing mechanisms to promote the secretion of chylomicrons via glucose possibly by mobilizing cytoplasmic lipid droplets and via glucagon-like peptide-2 possibly by targeting post-enterocyte secretory mechanisms. We discuss other potential regulatory factors that are the focus of ongoing and future research. Regulation of lymphatic pumping and function is emerging as an area of great interest in our understanding of the integrated absorption of dietary fat and chylomicron secretion and potential implications for whole-body metabolic health.

Glucagon-like peptide-2 mobilizes lipids from the intestine by a systemic nitric oxide-independent mechanism

AIM

To test the hypothesis that gut hormone glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) mobilizes intestinal triglyceride (TG) stores and stimulates chylomicron secretion by a nitric oxide (NO)-dependent mechanism in humans.

METHODS

In a randomized, single-blind, cross-over study, 10 healthy male volunteers ingested a high-fat formula followed, 7 hours later, by one of three treatments: NO synthase inhibitor L-N^G -monomethyl arginine acetate (L-NMMA) + GLP-2 analogue teduglutide, normal saline + teduglutide, or L-NMMA + placebo. TG in plasma and lipoprotein fractions were measured, along with measurement of blood flow in superior mesenteric and coeliac arteries using Doppler ultrasound in six participants.

RESULTS

Teduglutide rapidly increased mesenteric blood flow and TG concentrations in plasma, in TG-rich lipoproteins, and most robustly in chylomicrons. L-NMMA significantly attenuated teduglutide-induced enhancement of mesenteric blood flow but not TG mobilization and chylomicron secretion.

CONCLUSIONS

GLP-2 mobilization of TG stores and stimulation of chylomicron secretion from the small intestine appears to be independent of systemic NO in humans.

Intestinal lymphatic vessels and their role in chylomicron absorption and lipid homeostasis

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

In this review, we describe novel findings related to intestinal lipid transport in lymphatic vessels.

RECENT FINDINGS

Studies have shown that chylomicron entry to lacteals and lymph movement in intestinal lymphatic capillaries is an active process. Regulators of this intestinal chylomicron transport include among others the autonomous nervous system, transcription factors like PLAGL2, and molecular regulators, such as VEGF-A/Nrp1/VEGFR1, VEGF-C/VEGFR3, DLL4, CALCRL and GLP-2. Chylomicron transport in intestinal lymphatics is now emerging not only as an option for drug delivery but also as a new candidate for drug targeting in lipid-related disorders.

SUMMARY

Dysfunctions of lymphatic lipid transport can result in conditions such as dyslipidaemia. Intestinal lymphatics also provide several potential therapeutic possibilities: molecular regulation of lacteal cell-to-cell junctioning and lymph flow could provide new ways of treating conditions like hyperlipidaemia and associated diseases, such as atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes and fatty-liver disease. The intestinal lymphatic system can also be employed to deliver lipid nanoparticles as drug carriers to the venous circulation for improved treatment outcome. These findings highlight the importance and need for research on the different players of intestinal lymphatics in dietary lipid handling and therapeutic applications.

Pleomorphic Adenoma Gene 1 Is Needed For Timely Zygotic Genome Activation and Early Embryo Development

Pleomorphic adenoma gene 1 (PLAG1) is a transcription factor involved in cancer and growth. We discovered a de novo DNA motif containing a PLAG1 binding site in the promoters of genes activated during zygotic genome activation (ZGA) in human embryos. This motif was located within an Alu element in a region that was conserved in the murine B1 element. We show that maternally provided Plag1 is needed for timely mouse preimplantation embryo development. Heterozygous mouse embryos lacking maternal Plag1 showed disrupted regulation of 1,089 genes, spent significantly longer time in the 2-cell stage, and started expressing Plag1 ectopically from the paternal allele. The de novo PLAG1 motif was enriched in the promoters of the genes whose activation was delayed in the absence of Plag1. Further, these mouse genes showed a significant overlap with genes upregulated during human ZGA that also contain the motif. By gene ontology, the mouse and human ZGA genes with de novo PLAG1 motifs were involved in ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis. Collectively, our data suggest that PLAG1 affects embryo development in mice and humans through a conserved DNA motif within Alu/B1 elements located in the promoters of a subset of ZGA genes.

The Intestinal Lymphatic System: Functions and Metabolic Implications

The lymphatic system of the gut plays important roles in the transport of dietary lipids, as well as in immunosurveillance and removal of interstitial fluid. Historically, despite its crucial functions in intestinal homeostasis, the lymphatic system has been poorly studied. In the last 2 decades, identification of specific molecular mediators of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) growth together with novel genetic approaches and intravital imaging techniques, have advanced our understanding of the mechanisms regulating intestinal lymphatic physiology in health and disease. As its metabolic implications are gaining recognition, intestinal lymphatic biology is currently experiencing a surge in interest. This review describes current knowledge related to molecular control of intestinal lymphatic vessel structure and function. We discuss regulation of chylomicron entry into lymphatic vessels by vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs), hormones, transcription factors and the specific signaling pathways involved. The information covered supports the emerging role of intestinal lymphatics in etiology of the metabolic syndrome and their potential as a therapeutic target.

Lymphatic Vessel Network Structure and Physiology

The lymphatic system is comprised of a network of vessels interrelated with lymphoid tissue, which has the holistic function to maintain the local physiologic environment for every cell in all tissues of the body. The lymphatic system maintains extracellular fluid homeostasis favorable for optimal tissue function, removing substances that arise due to metabolism or cell death, and optimizing immunity against bacteria, viruses, parasites, and other antigens. This article provides a comprehensive review of important findings over the past century along with recent advances in the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of lymphatic vessels, including tissue/organ specificity, development, mechanisms of lymph formation and transport, lymphangiogenesis, and the roles of lymphatics in disease. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:207-299, 2019.

VEGFR-3 Signaling Regulates Triglyceride Retention and Absorption in the Intestine

The lymphatic system transports dietary lipids absorbed and packaged as chylomicrons by enterocytes, for delivery to the bloodstream. Once considered a passive drainage, chylomicron entry into intestinal lymphatic vessels, or lacteals, is now emerging to be an active process controlled by a dynamic and complex regulation. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C, a major lymphangiogenic factor, regulates lacteal maintenance and function. Little is known about the role of its cognate tyrosine kinase VEGF receptor 3 (VEGFR-3) during lipid absorption. Here we investigated role of VEGFR-3 signaling in triglyceride (TG) absorption and distribution into tissues using the Chy mouse model, which bears an inactivating mutation in the tyrosine kinase domain of VEGFR-3 (heterozygous A3157T mutation resulting in I1053F substitution). Our data show that inactivation of VEGFR-3 tyrosine kinase motif leads to retention of TGs in the enterocytes of the small intestine, decreased postprandial levels of TGs in the plasma and increased excretion of free fatty acids (FFAs) and TGs into their stools. We further show that levels of nitric oxide (NO), required for chylomicron mobilization into the bloodstream, are significantly reduced in the Chy intestine after a fat bolus suggesting a critical role for VEGFR-3 signaling in the generation of NO during lipid absorption. Our data support the hypothesis that VEGFR-3 signaling plays an important role in chylomicron-TG entry into lacteals, possibly affecting TG trafficking to peripheral tissues.

Plag1 and Plagl2 have overlapping and distinct functions in telencephalic development

The Plag gene family has three members; Plagl1/Zac1, which is a tumor suppressor gene, and Plag1 and Plagl2, which are proto-oncogenes. All three genes are known to be expressed in embryonic neural progenitors, and Zac1 regulates proliferation, neuronal differentiation and migration in the developing neocortex. Here we examined the functions of Plag1 and Plagl2 in neocortical development. We first attempted, and were unable to generate, E12.5 Plag1;Plagl2 double mutants, indicating that at least one Plag1 or Plagl2 gene copy is required for embryonic survival. We therefore focused on single mutants, revealing a telencephalic patterning defect in E12.5 Plagl2 mutants and a proliferation/differentiation defect in Plag1 mutant neocortices. Specifically, the ventral pallium, a dorsal telencephalic territory, expands into the ventral telencephalon in Plagl2 mutants. In contrast, Plag1 mutants develop normal regional territories, but neocortical progenitors proliferate less and instead produce more neurons. Finally, in gain-of-function studies, both Plag1 and Plagl2 reduce neurogenesis and increase BrdU-uptake, indicative of enhanced proliferation, but while Plagl2 effects on proliferation are more immediate, Plag1 effects are delayed. Taken together, we found that the Plag proto-oncogenes genes are essential regulators of neocortical development and although Plag1 and Plagl2 functions are similar, they do not entirely overlap. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.

Regulation of Chylomicron Secretion: Focus on Post-Assembly Mechanisms

Rapid and efficient digestion and absorption of dietary triglycerides and other lipids by the intestine, the packaging of those lipids into lipoprotein chylomicron (CM) particles, and their secretion via the lymphatic duct into the blood circulation are essential in maintaining whole-body lipid and energy homeostasis. Biosynthesis and assembly of CMs in enterocytes is a complex multistep process that is subject to regulation by intracellular signaling pathways as well as by hormones, nutrients, and neural factors extrinsic to the enterocyte. Dysregulation of this process has implications for health and disease, contributing to dyslipidemia and a potentially increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. There is increasing recognition that, besides intracellular regulation of CM assembly and secretion, regulation of postassembly pathways also plays important roles in CM secretion. This review examines recent advances in our understanding of the regulation of CM secretion in relation to mobilization of intestinal lipid stores, drawing particular attention to post-assembly regulatory mechanisms, including intracellular trafficking of triglycerides in enterocytes, CM mobilization from the lamina propria, and regulated transport of CM by intestinal lymphatics.

The Zinc Finger Transcription Factor PLAGL2 Enhances Stem Cell Fate and Activates Expression of ASCL2 in Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Intestinal epithelial stem cell (IESC) fate is promoted by two major transcriptional regulators, the TCF4/β-catenin complex and ASCL2, which drive expression of IESC-specific factors, including Lgr5, Ephb2, and Rnf43. Canonical Wnt signaling via TCF4/β-catenin directly transactivates Ascl2, which in turn auto-regulates its own expression. Conversely, Let-7 microRNAs antagonize the IESC lineage by repressing specific mRNA targets. Here, we identify the zinc finger transcription factor PLAGL2 as a Let-7 target that regulates IESC fate. PLAGL2 drives an IESC expression signature, activates Wnt gene expression, and enhances a TCF/LEF reporter in intestinal organoids. In parallel, via cell-autonomous mechanisms, PLAGL2 is required for lineage clonal expansion and directly enhances expression of ASCL2. PLAGL2 also supports enteroid growth and survival in the context of Wnt ligand depletion. PLAGL2 expression is strongly associated with an IESC signature in colorectal cancer and may be responsible for contributing to the aberrant activation of an immature phenotype.

Recent Advances in Triacylglycerol Mobilization by the Gut

Dietary lipid absorption and lipoprotein secretion by the gut are important in maintaining whole-body energy homeostasis and have significant implications for health and disease. The processing of dietary lipids, including storage within and subsequent mobilization and transport from enterocyte cytoplasmic lipid droplets or other intestinal lipid storage pools (including the secretary pathway, lamina propria and lymphatics) and secretion of chylomicrons, involves coordinated steps that are subject to various controls. This review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie lipid storage and mobilization by small intestinal enterocytes and the intestinal lymphatic vasculature. Therapeutic targeting of lipid processing by the gut may provide opportunities for the treatment and prevention of dyslipidemia, and for improving health status.