1
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Sanketi BD, Mantri M, Huang L, Tavallaei MA, Hu S, Wang MFZ, De Vlaminck I, Kurpios NA. Origin and adult renewal of the gut lacteal musculature from villus myofibroblasts. bioRxiv 2024:2023.01.19.523242. [PMID: 36712064 PMCID: PMC9882374 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.19.523242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal smooth muscles are the workhorse of the digestive system. Inside the millions of finger-like intestinal projections called villi, strands of smooth muscle cells contract to propel absorbed dietary fats through the adjacent lymphatic vessel, called the lacteal, sending fats into the blood circulation for energy production. Despite this vital function, how villus smooth muscles form, how they assemble alongside lacteals, and how they repair throughout life remain unknown. Here we combine single-cell RNA sequencing of the mouse intestine with quantitative lineage tracing to reveal the mechanisms of formation and differentiation of villus smooth muscle cells. Within the highly regenerative villus, we uncover a local hierarchy of subepithelial fibroblast progenitors that progress to become mature smooth muscle fibers, via an intermediate contractile myofibroblast-like phenotype. This continuum persists in the adult intestine as the major source of renewal of villus smooth muscle cells during adult life. We further found that the NOTCH3-DLL4 signaling axis governs the assembly of villus smooth muscles alongside their adjacent lacteal, and we show that this is necessary for gut absorptive function. Overall, our data shed light on the genesis of a poorly defined class of intestinal smooth muscle and pave the way for new opportunities to accelerate recovery of digestive function by stimulating muscle repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhargav D. Sanketi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University; Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Madhav Mantri
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University; Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Liqing Huang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University; Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Mohammad A. Tavallaei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University; Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Shing Hu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University; Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael F. Z. Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University; Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Iwijn De Vlaminck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University; Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Natasza A. Kurpios
- Department of Molecular Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University; Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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2
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Tindall A, Mascarenhas M, Maqbool A, Stallings VA. Lysophosphatidylcholine-Rich Nutrition Therapy Increased Gut Absorption of Coingested Dietary Fat: a Randomized Controlled Trial. Curr Dev Nutr 2023; 7:101985. [PMID: 37671264 PMCID: PMC10475471 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdnut.2023.101985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Unintentional weight loss is common in persons with chronic and acute disease and is often caused by insufficient intake or malabsorption. A new lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC)-rich structured lipid powder has micelle-like activity that facilitates digestion and absorption, independent of lipase and bile acids. The aim of this secondary analysis was to determine if recycled LPC increased fat absorption of coingested food. Fasting plasma fatty acid (FA) concentrations were measured at baseline and 3 mo in children (n = 84) with cystic fibrosis and pancreatic insufficiency. Plasma palmitic acid was selected because of its dietary prevalence and was a minor component of the LPC product. Palmitic acid increased 15% in the LPC product-treated total subjects (P = 0.01) and 23% in the subgroup with more severe malabsorption (P = 0.007), with no change in either group on placebo. Total FAs increased 11% (P = 0.009) and 20% (P = 0.005), respectively. Increased palmitic acid and total FA suggest that LPC provided by the product created an intraluminal environment that increased coingested dietary fat absorption and provided more calories. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00406536.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa Tindall
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Maria Mascarenhas
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, United States
| | - Asim Maqbool
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, United States
| | - Virginia A. Stallings
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, PA, United States
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3
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Neugebauer KA, Okros M, Guzior DV, Feiner J, Chargo NJ, Rzepka M, Schilmiller AL, O’Reilly S, Jones AD, Watson VE, Luyendyk JP, McCabe LR, Quinn RA. Baat Gene Knockout Alters Post-Natal Development, the Gut Microbiome, and Reveals Unusual Bile Acids in Mice. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100297. [PMID: 36243101 PMCID: PMC9679037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) are steroid detergents in bile that contribute to fat absorption, cell signaling, and microbiome interactions. The final step in their synthesis is amino acid conjugation with either glycine or taurine in the liver by the enzyme bile acid-CoA:amino acid N-acyltransferase (BAAT). Here, we describe the microbial, chemical, and physiological consequences of Baat gene knockout. Baat-/- mice were underweight after weaning but quickly exhibited catch-up growth. At three weeks of age, KO animals had increased phospholipid excretion and decreased subcutaneous fat pad mass, liver mass, glycogen staining in hepatocytes, and hepatic vitamin A stores, but these were less marked in adulthood. Additionally, KO mice had an altered microbiome in early life. Their BA pool was highly enriched in cholic acid but not completely devoid of conjugated BAs. KO animals had 27-fold lower taurine-conjugated BAs than wild type in their liver but similar concentrations of glycine-conjugated BAs and higher microbially conjugated BAs. Furthermore, the BA pool in Baat-/- was enriched in a variety of unusual BAs that were putatively sourced from cysteamine conjugation with subsequent oxidation and methylation of the sulfur group mimicking taurine. Antibiotic treatment of KO mice indicated the microbiome was not the likely source of the unusual conjugations, instead, the unique BAs in KO animals were likely derived from the peroxisomal acyltransferases Acnat1 and Acnat2, which are duplications of Baat in the mouse genome that are inactivated in humans. This study demonstrates that BA conjugation is important for early life development of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri A. Neugebauer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Maxwell Okros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Douglas V. Guzior
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Jeremiah Feiner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Chargo
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Madison Rzepka
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Anthony L. Schilmiller
- Mass Spectrometry and Metabolomics Core, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Sandra O’Reilly
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - A. Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Victoria E. Watson
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - James P. Luyendyk
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Laura R. McCabe
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Robert A. Quinn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA,For correspondence: Robert A. Quinn
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4
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DeLoid GM, Cao X, Coreas R, Bitounis D, Singh D, Zhong W, Demokritou P. Incineration-Generated Polyethylene Micro-Nanoplastics Increase Triglyceride Lipolysis and Absorption in an In Vitro Small Intestinal Epithelium Model. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:12288-12297. [PMID: 35973094 PMCID: PMC9559972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite mounting evidence of micro-nanoplastics (MNPs) in food and drinking water, little is known of the potential health risks of ingested MNPs, and nothing is known of their potential impact on nutrient digestion and absorption. We assessed the effects of environmentally relevant secondary MNPs generated by incineration of polyethylene (PE-I), on digestion and absorption of fat in a high fat food model using a 3-phase in vitro simulated digestion coupled with a tri-culture small intestinal epithelium model. The presence of 400 μg/mL PE-I increased fat digestion by 33% and increased fat absorption by 147 and 145% 1 and 2 h after exposure. Analysis of the PE-I lipid corona during digestion revealed predominantly triacylglycerols with enrichment of fatty acids in the small intestinal phase. Protein corona analysis showed enrichment of triacylglycerol lipase and depletion of β-casein in the small intestinal phase. These findings suggest digestion of triacylglycerol by lipase on the surface of lipid-coated MNPs as a potential mechanism. Further studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms underlying the greater observed increase in fat absorption, to verify these results in an animal model, and to determine the MNP properties governing their effects on lipid digestion and absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen M DeLoid
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI) and School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xiaoqiong Cao
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Roxana Coreas
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Dimitrios Bitounis
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI) and School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Dilpreet Singh
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI) and School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wenwan Zhong
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Nanoscience and Advanced Materials Center, Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute (EOHSI) and School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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5
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Wit M, Trujillo-Viera J, Strohmeyer A, Klingenspor M, Hankir M, Sumara G. When fat meets the gut-focus on intestinal lipid handling in metabolic health and disease. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e14742. [PMID: 35437952 PMCID: PMC9081902 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202114742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The regular overconsumption of energy‐dense foods (rich in lipids and sugars) results in elevated intestinal nutrient absorption and consequently excessive accumulation of lipids in the liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscles, and other organs. This can eventually lead to obesity and obesity‐associated diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cardiovascular disease, and certain types of cancer, as well as aggravate inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therefore, targeting the pathways that regulate intestinal nutrient absorption holds significant therapeutic potential. In this review, we discuss the molecular and cellular mechanisms controlling intestinal lipid handling, their relevance to the development of metabolic diseases, and emerging therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Wit
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Jonathan Trujillo-Viera
- Rudolf-Virchow-Zentrum, Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Akim Strohmeyer
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany.,EKFZ - Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Freising, Germany.,EKFZ - Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,ZIEL - Institute for Food & Health, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Mohammed Hankir
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Grzegorz Sumara
- Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
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6
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Araujo N, Sledziona J, Noothi SK, Burikhanov R, Hebbar N, Ganguly S, Shrestha-Bhattarai T, Zhu B, Katz WS, Zhang Y, Taylor BS, Liu J, Chen L, Weiss HL, He D, Wang C, Morris AJ, Cassis LA, Nikolova-Karakashian M, Nagareddy PR, Melander O, Evers BM, Kern PA, Rangnekar VM. Tumor Suppressor Par-4 Regulates Complement Factor C3 and Obesity. Front Oncol 2022; 12:860446. [PMID: 35425699 PMCID: PMC9004617 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.860446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) is a tumor suppressor that induces apoptosis in cancer cells. However, the physiological function of Par-4 remains unknown. Here we show that conventional Par-4 knockout (Par-4-/-) mice and adipocyte-specific Par-4 knockout (AKO) mice, but not hepatocyte-specific Par-4 knockout mice, are obese with standard chow diet. Par-4-/- and AKO mice exhibit increased absorption and storage of fat in adipocytes. Mechanistically, Par-4 loss is associated with mdm2 downregulation and activation of p53. We identified complement factor c3 as a p53-regulated gene linked to fat storage in adipocytes. Par-4 re-expression in adipocytes or c3 deletion reversed the obese mouse phenotype. Moreover, obese human subjects showed lower expression of Par-4 relative to lean subjects, and in longitudinal studies, low baseline Par-4 levels denoted an increased risk of developing obesity later in life. These findings indicate that Par-4 suppresses p53 and its target c3 to regulate obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Araujo
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - James Sledziona
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Sunil K Noothi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Ravshan Burikhanov
- Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Nikhil Hebbar
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Saptadwipa Ganguly
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Tripti Shrestha-Bhattarai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Beibei Zhu
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Wendy S Katz
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Barry S Taylor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jinze Liu
- Department of Computer Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Li Chen
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Heidi L Weiss
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Daheng He
- Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Chi Wang
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Andrew J Morris
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Lisa A Cassis
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Mariana Nikolova-Karakashian
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | | | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - B Mark Evers
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Philip A Kern
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Vivek M Rangnekar
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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7
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Cui L, Chen J, Wang Y, Xiong YL. The Effect of Batter Characteristics on Protein-Aided Control of Fat Absorption in Deep-Fried Breaded Fish Nuggets. Foods 2022; 11:foods11020147. [PMID: 35053878 PMCID: PMC8775059 DOI: 10.3390/foods11020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Soy protein (SP), egg white protein (EP), and whey protein (WP) at 6% w/w were individually incorporated into the batter of a wheat starch (WS) and wheat gluten (WG) blend (11:1 w/w ratio). Moisture adsorption isotherms of WS and proteins and the viscosity, rheological behavior, and calorimetric properties of the batters were measured. Batter-breaded fish nuggets (BBFNs) were fried at 170 °C for 40 s followed by 190 °C for 30 s, and pick-up of BBFNs, thermogravimetric properties of crust, and fat absorption were determined. The moisture absorption capacity was the greatest for WS, followed by WG, SP, EP, and WP. The addition of SP significantly increased the viscosity and shear moduli (G″, G') of batter and pick-up of BBFNs, while EP and WP exerted the opposite effect (p < 0.05). SP, EP, and WP raised WS gelatinization and protein denaturation temperatures and crust thermogravimetry temperature, but decreased enthalpy change (ΔH) and oily characteristics of fried BBFNs. These results indicate that hydrophilicity and hydration activity of the added proteins and their interactions with batter matrix starch and gluten reinforced the batter and the thermal stability of crust, thereby inhibiting fat absorption of the BBFNs during deep-fat frying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Cui
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (L.C.); (Y.W.)
| | - Jiwang Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (L.C.); (Y.W.)
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (Y.L.X.); Tel.: +86-139-7130-9046 (J.C.); +1-859-257-5318 (Y.L.X.)
| | - Yuhuan Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; (L.C.); (Y.W.)
| | - Youling L. Xiong
- Department of Animal & Food Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
- Correspondence: (J.C.); (Y.L.X.); Tel.: +86-139-7130-9046 (J.C.); +1-859-257-5318 (Y.L.X.)
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8
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Li R, Palmiotti A, de Vries HD, Hovingh MV, Koehorst M, Mulder NL, Zhang Y, Kats K, Bloks VW, Fu J, Verkade HJ, de Boer JF, Kuipers F. Low production of 12α-hydroxylated bile acids prevents hepatic steatosis in Cyp2c70 -/- mice by reducing fat absorption. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100134. [PMID: 34626589 PMCID: PMC8596750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BAs) play important roles in lipid homeostasis and BA signaling pathways serve as therapeutic targets for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Recently, we generated Cyp2c70-/- mice with a human-like BA composition lacking mouse/rat-specific muricholic acids (MCAs) to accelerate translation from mice to humans. We employed this model to assess the consequences of a human-like BA pool on diet-induced obesity and NAFLD development. Male and female Cyp2c70-/- mice and wild-type (WT) littermates were challenged with a 12-week Western-type high-fat diet (WTD) supplemented with 0.25% cholesterol. Cyp2c70-deficiency induced a hydrophobic BA pool with high abundances of chenodeoxycholic acid, particularly in females, due to sex-dependent suppression of sterol 12α-hydroxylase (Cyp8b1). Plasma transaminases were elevated and hepatic fibrosis was present in Cyp2c70-/- mice, especially in females. Surprisingly, female Cyp2c70-/- mice were resistant to WTD-induced obesity and hepatic steatosis while male Cyp2c70-/- mice showed similar adiposity and moderately reduced steatosis compared to WT controls. Both intestinal cholesterol and fatty acid absorption were reduced in Cyp2c70-/- mice, the latter more strongly in females, despite unaffected biliary BA secretion rates. Intriguingly, the biliary ratio 12α-/non-12α-hydroxylated BAs significantly correlated with fatty acid absorption and hepatic triglyceride content as well as with specific changes in gut microbiome composition. The hydrophobic human-like BA pool in Cyp2c70-/- mice prevents WTD-induced obesity in female mice and NAFLD development in both genders, primarily due to impaired intestinal fat absorption. Our data point to a key role for 12α-hydroxylated BAs in control of intestinal fat absorption and modulation of gut microbiome composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Palmiotti
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde D de Vries
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Milaine V Hovingh
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Koehorst
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Niels L Mulder
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kim Kats
- Department of Biomedical Science of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W Bloks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jingyuan Fu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Genetics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henkjan J Verkade
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Freark de Boer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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9
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Trujillo‐Viera J, El‐Merahbi R, Schmidt V, Karwen T, Loza‐Valdes A, Strohmeyer A, Reuter S, Noh M, Wit M, Hawro I, Mocek S, Fey C, Mayer AE, Löffler MC, Wilhelmi I, Metzger M, Ishikawa E, Yamasaki S, Rau M, Geier A, Hankir M, Seyfried F, Klingenspor M, Sumara G. Protein Kinase D2 drives chylomicron-mediated lipid transport in the intestine and promotes obesity. EMBO Mol Med 2021; 13:e13548. [PMID: 33949105 PMCID: PMC8103097 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202013548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids are the most energy-dense components of the diet, and their overconsumption promotes obesity and diabetes. Dietary fat content has been linked to the lipid processing activity by the intestine and its overall capacity to absorb triglycerides (TG). However, the signaling cascades driving intestinal lipid absorption in response to elevated dietary fat are largely unknown. Here, we describe an unexpected role of the protein kinase D2 (PKD2) in lipid homeostasis. We demonstrate that PKD2 activity promotes chylomicron-mediated TG transfer in enterocytes. PKD2 increases chylomicron size to enhance the TG secretion on the basolateral side of the mouse and human enterocytes, which is associated with decreased abundance of APOA4. PKD2 activation in intestine also correlates positively with circulating TG in obese human patients. Importantly, deletion, inactivation, or inhibition of PKD2 ameliorates high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes and improves gut microbiota profile in mice. Taken together, our findings suggest that PKD2 represents a key signaling node promoting dietary fat absorption and may serve as an attractive target for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Trujillo‐Viera
- Rudolf‐Virchow‐ZentrumCenter for Integrative and Translational BioimagingUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Rabih El‐Merahbi
- Rudolf‐Virchow‐ZentrumCenter for Integrative and Translational BioimagingUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Vanessa Schmidt
- Rudolf‐Virchow‐ZentrumCenter for Integrative and Translational BioimagingUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Till Karwen
- Rudolf‐Virchow‐ZentrumCenter for Integrative and Translational BioimagingUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Angel Loza‐Valdes
- Nencki Institute of Experimental BiologyPolish Academy of SciencesWarszawaPoland
| | - Akim Strohmeyer
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional MedicineTechnical University of MunichTUM School of Life Sciences WeihenstephanFreisingGermany
- EKFZ ‐ Else Kröner‐Fresenius‐Center for Nutritional MedicineTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
- ZIEL ‐ Institute for Food & HealthTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Saskia Reuter
- Rudolf‐Virchow‐ZentrumCenter for Integrative and Translational BioimagingUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Minhee Noh
- Rudolf‐Virchow‐ZentrumCenter for Integrative and Translational BioimagingUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Magdalena Wit
- Nencki Institute of Experimental BiologyPolish Academy of SciencesWarszawaPoland
| | - Izabela Hawro
- Nencki Institute of Experimental BiologyPolish Academy of SciencesWarszawaPoland
| | - Sabine Mocek
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional MedicineTechnical University of MunichTUM School of Life Sciences WeihenstephanFreisingGermany
- EKFZ ‐ Else Kröner‐Fresenius‐Center for Nutritional MedicineTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
- ZIEL ‐ Institute for Food & HealthTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Christina Fey
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC)Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC‐RT)WürzburgGermany
| | - Alexander E Mayer
- Rudolf‐Virchow‐ZentrumCenter for Integrative and Translational BioimagingUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Mona C Löffler
- Rudolf‐Virchow‐ZentrumCenter for Integrative and Translational BioimagingUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Ilka Wilhelmi
- Department of Experimental DiabetologyGerman Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam‐RehbrueckeNuthetalGermany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD)München‐NeuherbergGermany
| | - Marco Metzger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC)Translational Center Regenerative Therapies (TLC‐RT)WürzburgGermany
| | - Eri Ishikawa
- Molecular ImmunologyResearch Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD)Osaka UniversitySuitaJapan
- Molecular ImmunologyImmunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC)Osaka UniversitySuitaJapan
| | - Sho Yamasaki
- Molecular ImmunologyResearch Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD)Osaka UniversitySuitaJapan
- Molecular ImmunologyImmunology Frontier Research Center (IFReC)Osaka UniversitySuitaJapan
| | - Monika Rau
- Division of HepatologyUniversity Hospital WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Andreas Geier
- Division of HepatologyUniversity Hospital WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Mohammed Hankir
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric SurgeryUniversity Hospital WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Florian Seyfried
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric SurgeryUniversity Hospital WürzburgWürzburgGermany
| | - Martin Klingenspor
- Chair for Molecular Nutritional MedicineTechnical University of MunichTUM School of Life Sciences WeihenstephanFreisingGermany
- EKFZ ‐ Else Kröner‐Fresenius‐Center for Nutritional MedicineTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
- ZIEL ‐ Institute for Food & HealthTechnical University of MunichFreisingGermany
| | - Grzegorz Sumara
- Rudolf‐Virchow‐ZentrumCenter for Integrative and Translational BioimagingUniversity of WürzburgWürzburgGermany
- Nencki Institute of Experimental BiologyPolish Academy of SciencesWarszawaPoland
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Padial-Jaudenes M, Castanys-Munoz E, Ramirez M, Lasekan J. Physiological Impact of Palm Olein or Palm Oil in Infant Formulas: A Review of Clinical Evidence. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123676. [PMID: 33260586 PMCID: PMC7759907 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Palm oil/olein (PO/POL) is used in infant formulas to imitate the fatty acid profile of human milk (HM) and achieve similar levels of palmitic acid (PA). However, the positions of fatty acids on the triacylglyceride differ between PO/POL and HM, which affect fat absorption and produce unintended physiological consequences. Recent papers have reviewed evidence for physiological benefits of PO/POL and beta-palmitate (sn-2-palmitate) in infant formulas. The aim of the present review is to supplement the assessment of available clinical evidence on the physiological effects of PO/POL formulas in healthy infants. We intend to focus on PO/POL and not on sn-2-palmitate, since the latter was recently extensively reviewed. Clinical evidence supports that PO/POL in infant formulas leads to a lower fat, DHA, palmitate and calcium absorption, and bone mineralization; soft stools; and growth (weight accretion) compared to formulas without PO/POL. Consequently, it seems prudent to be considerate and cautious when adding PO/POL to infant formulas. While HM is the gold standard for infant nutrition, the development of infant formula should be based on achieving positive physiological outcomes, rather than just replicating HM nutrient composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Padial-Jaudenes
- Abbott Nutrition R&D, Granada University Science Park, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.P.-J.); (E.C.-M.)
| | - Esther Castanys-Munoz
- Abbott Nutrition R&D, Granada University Science Park, 18016 Granada, Spain; (M.P.-J.); (E.C.-M.)
| | - Maria Ramirez
- Abbott Nutrition R&D, Abbott Laboratories, 18004 Granada, Spain;
| | - John Lasekan
- Scientific & Medical Affairs, Abbott Nutrition, Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, OH 43219, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-011-614-624-3822
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11
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van de Peppel IP, Rao A, Dommerholt MB, Bongiovanni L, Thomas R, de Bruin A, Karpen SJ, Dawson PA, Verkade HJ, Jonker JW. The Beneficial Effects of Apical Sodium-Dependent Bile Acid Transporter Inactivation Depend on Dietary Fat Composition. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000750. [PMID: 33079450 PMCID: PMC7757219 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT, SLC10A2) is important in the enterohepatic cycling of bile acids and thereby in the intestinal absorption of lipids. ASBT inhibition has been shown to improve aspects of the metabolic syndrome, but the underlying mechanisms have remained unclear. Here, the effect of ASBT inhibition on the uptake of specific fatty acids and its consequences for diet-induced obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are investigated. METHODS Intestinal fat absorption is determined in mice receiving an ASBT inhibitor and in Asbt-/- mice. Metabolic disease development is determined in Asbt-/- mice receiving a low-fat control diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD) rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) or PUFAs. RESULTS Both ASBT inhibition and Asbt gene inactivation reduce total fat absorption, particularly of SFAs. Asbt gene inactivation lowers bodyweight gain, improves insulin sensitivity, and decreases the NAFLD activity score upon feeding a HFD rich in SFAs, but not in PUFAs. CONCLUSIONS The beneficial metabolic effects of ASBT inactivation on diet-induced obesity depend on decreased intestinal absorption of SFAs, and thus on the dietary fatty acid composition. These findings highlight the importance of dietary fatty acid composition in the therapeutic effects of ASBT inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivo P. van de Peppel
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and NutritionDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenHanzeplein 1Groningen9713 GZThe Netherlands
| | - Anuradha Rao
- Department of PediatricsEmory University School of Medicine1760 Haygood Drive NortheastAtlantaGA 30322USA
| | - Marleen B. Dommerholt
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and NutritionDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenHanzeplein 1Groningen9713 GZThe Netherlands
| | - Laura Bongiovanni
- Dutch Molecular Pathology CentreDepartment of PathobiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityYalelaan 1Utrecht3584 CLThe Netherlands
| | - Rachel Thomas
- Dutch Molecular Pathology CentreDepartment of PathobiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityYalelaan 1Utrecht3584 CLThe Netherlands
| | - Alain de Bruin
- Dutch Molecular Pathology CentreDepartment of PathobiologyFaculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityYalelaan 1Utrecht3584 CLThe Netherlands
| | - Saul J. Karpen
- Department of PediatricsEmory University School of Medicine1760 Haygood Drive NortheastAtlantaGA 30322USA
| | - Paul A. Dawson
- Department of PediatricsEmory University School of Medicine1760 Haygood Drive NortheastAtlantaGA 30322USA
| | - Henkjan J. Verkade
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and NutritionDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenHanzeplein 1Groningen9713 GZThe Netherlands
| | - Johan W. Jonker
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and NutritionDepartment of PediatricsUniversity of GroningenUniversity Medical Center GroningenHanzeplein 1Groningen9713 GZThe Netherlands
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12
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Rao A, van de Peppel IP, Gumber S, Karpen SJ, Dawson PA. Attenuation of the Hepatoprotective Effects of Ileal Apical Sodium Dependent Bile Acid Transporter (ASBT) Inhibition in Choline-Deficient L-Amino Acid-Defined (CDAA) Diet-Fed Mice. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:60. [PMID: 32158763 PMCID: PMC7052288 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a major growing worldwide health problem. We previously reported that interruption of the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids using a non-absorbable apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter inhibitor (ASBTi; SC-435) reduced the development of NAFLD in high fat diet fed mice. However, the ability of ASBTi treatment to impact the progression of NAFLD to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and fibrosis in a diet-induced mouse model remains untested. In the current study, we assessed whether ASBTi treatment is hepatoprotective in the choline-deficient, L-amino acid-defined (CDAA) diet model of NASH-induced fibrosis. Methods: Male C57Bl/6 mice were fed with: (A) choline-sufficient L-amino acid-defined diet (CSAA) (31 kcal% fat), (B) CSAA diet plus ASBTi (SC-435; 60 ppm), (C) CDAA diet, or (D) CDAA diet plus ASBTi. Body weight and food intake were monitored. After 22 weeks on diet, liver histology, cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and gene expression were measured. Fecal bile acid and fat excretion were measured, and intestinal fat absorption was determined using the sucrose polybehenate method. Results: ASBTi treatment reduced bodyweight gain in mice fed either the CSAA or CDAA diet, and prevented the increase in liver to body weight ratio observed in CDAA-fed mice. ASBTi significantly reduced hepatic total cholesterol levels in both CSAA and CDAA-fed mice. ASBTi-associated significant reductions in hepatic triglyceride levels and histological scoring for NAFLD activity were observed in CSAA but not CDAA-fed mice. These changes correlated with measurements of intestinal fat absorption, which was significantly reduced in ASBTi-treated mice fed the CSAA (85 vs. 94%, P < 0.001) but not CDAA diet (93 vs. 93%). As scored by Ishak staging of Sirius red stained liver sections, no hepatic fibrosis was evident in the CSAA diet mice. The CDAA diet-fed mice developed hepatic fibrosis, which was increased by the ASBTi. Conclusions: ASBT inhibition reduced intestinal fat absorption, bodyweight gain and hepatic steatosis in CSAA diet-fed mice. The effects of the ASBTi on steatosis and fat absorption were attenuated in the context of dietary choline-deficiency. Inhibition of intestinal absorption of fatty acids may be involved in the therapeutic effects of ASBTi treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ivo P van de Peppel
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Sanjeev Gumber
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Saul J Karpen
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Paul A Dawson
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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13
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Brownell JN, Schall JI, Stallings VA. Pancreatic Function in Chronic Pancreatitis: A Cohort Study Comparing 3 Methods of Detecting Fat Malabsorption and the Impact of Short-term Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy. Pancreas 2019; 48:1068-78. [PMID: 31404029 DOI: 10.1097/MPA.0000000000001381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Reliable pancreatic function tests in patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) are needed. This cohort study identified malabsorption in people with CP compared with healthy people and then investigated short-term pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) and fat malabsorption, nutritional status, and quality of life (QOL). METHODS Subjects with CP were evaluated before and after PERT and compared with the healthy cohort using coefficient of fat absorption (CFA), stool bomb calorimetry, and the malabsorption blood test (MBT). Anthropometrics, micronutrients, and QOL data were collected. Group means at baseline and after PERT were analyzed. RESULTS The 24 subjects with CP had greater stool energy loss (5668 cal/g [standard deviation {SD}, 753] vs 5152 cal/g [SD, 418], P < 0.01), reduced triglyceride absorption (MBT, 8.3 mg·h/dL [SD, 4.3] vs 17.7 mg·h/dL [SD, 10.3], P < 0.001), lower fat intake, and poorer QOL. Differences in CFA were not significant (90.9% [SD, 12.8] vs 95.4% [SD, 9.3]). After PERT, triglyceride absorption (Δ = 1.7 [SD, 3], P < 0.05) and QOL increased. CONCLUSIONS The MBT detected changes in triglyceride absorption in the absence of CFA changes. The MBT may be helpful in guiding PERT initiation in patients with CP before significant morbidity.
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Kim DH, Kim JY, Kim RM, Maharjan P, Ji YG, Jang DJ, Min KA, Koo TS, Cho KH. Orlistat-loaded solid SNEDDS for the enhanced solubility, dissolution, and in vivo performance. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:7095-7106. [PMID: 30464461 PMCID: PMC6223334 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s181175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study aimed to develop orlistat-loaded solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system preconcentrate (SSP) with the minimum use of lipid excipients for the enhanced solubility, in vitro dissolution, lipase inhibition, and in vivo performance. Materials and methods In the screening of solubilizing vehicles, Solutol HS15 and Lauroglycol 90 were selected as the surfactant and oil phase, respectively. A pseudo-ternary phase diagram composed of Solutol HS15, Lauroglycol 90, and orlistat as an anti-obesity agent and lipid component was constructed, and the SSP regions were confirmed in terms of the particle size distribution in water, melting point by differential scanning calorimetry, and crystallinity by X-ray diffraction. Results Physicochemical interaction between Solutol HS15 and orlistat resulted in SSP with various melting points in the range of 26°~33°C. The representative maximum orlistat-loaded SSP (orlistat/Solutol HS15/Lauroglycol 90=55/40/5, weight ratio) showed the melting point of 32.23°C and constructed uniform nanoemulsion with the particle size of 141.7±1.1 nm dispersed in water. In the dissolution test at pH 1.2 without any detergent, the SSP reached 98.12%±0.83% until 45 minutes, whereas raw orlistat showed no significant dissolution rate. The dissolution samples containing SSP showed a lipase inhibition of 90.42%±1.58% within 45 minutes. In terms of the reduction level of fat absorption in rats, the intake group of SSP gave a significantly higher fat excretion into stool than the one observed in the raw orlistat group (P<0.05). Conclusion In conclusion, the suggested novel SSP formulation would be an effective and promising candidate for the treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Hun Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea,
| | - Jae Yeol Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea,
| | - Rae Man Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea,
| | - Pooja Maharjan
- Department of Pharmacy, Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea,
| | - Yu-Geun Ji
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea,
| | - Dong-Jin Jang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Ah Min
- Department of Pharmacy, Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea,
| | - Tae-Sung Koo
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea,
| | - Kwan Hyung Cho
- Department of Pharmacy, Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, Gimhae, Republic of Korea,
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15
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Stallings VA, Sainath N, Oberle M, Bertolaso C, Schall JI. Energy Balance and Mechanisms of Weight Gain with Ivacaftor Treatment of Cystic Fibrosis Gating Mutations. J Pediatr 2018; 201:229-237.e4. [PMID: 30029855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if ivacaftor treatment results in weight gain and improved pulmonary function in people with cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gating mutations. STUDY DESIGN Children and adults with cystic fibrosis and at least 1 cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gating mutation were evaluated in this observational study before and after 3 months of ivacaftor treatment. Body size and composition, total energy expenditure, resting energy expenditure (REE%) as percent predicted, coefficient of fat absorption (CFA%), fecal calprotectin, fecal elastase, and quality of life were assessed. Some outcomes were explored by pancreatic status. RESULTS There were 23 patients (5-61 years of age) who completed the study; 70% had pancreatic insufficiency (PI). Patients gained 2.5 ± 2.2 kg (P < .001) with increased (P < .05) fat-free mass (0.9 ± 1.9 kg) and fat mass (1.6 ± 1.5 kg). REE% decreased by 5.5 ± 12.0% (P < .05), fecal calprotectin decreased by 30 ± 40 µg/g stool (P < .01), and total energy expenditure was unchanged. Improvements were greater for PI than patients who were pancreatic-sufficient. CFA% increased significantly only with PI. The change (Δ) in weight was positively correlated with the percent change in forced expiratory volume at 1 second (r = 0.46; P = .028) and ΔCFA% (r = 0.47; P = .032) and negatively with ΔREE% (r = -0.50; P = .017). Together, ΔREE%, ΔCFA%, and the percent change in forced expiratory volume at 1 second explained 58% of the variance in weight gain (adjusted R2 = 0.579; P = .0007). Growth status and muscle strength improved, as did quality of life in several domains. Fecal elastase increased in most patients with pancreatic sufficiency, with no change in those with PI. CONCLUSIONS Mechanisms identified for ivacaftor-associated weight gain were decreased REE, gut inflammation, and fat malabsorption (CFA). TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02141464.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia A Stallings
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA.
| | - Nina Sainath
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Megan Oberle
- Division of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Joan I Schall
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
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16
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Luo H, Jiang M, Lian G, Liu Q, Shi M, Li TY, Song L, Ye J, He Y, Yao L, Zhang C, Lin ZZ, Zhang CS, Zhao TJ, Jia WP, Li P, Lin SY, Lin SC. AIDA Selectively Mediates Downregulation of Fat Synthesis Enzymes by ERAD to Retard Intestinal Fat Absorption and Prevent Obesity. Cell Metab 2018; 27:843-853.e6. [PMID: 29617643 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of intestinal absorption of dietary fat constitutes a primary determinant accounting for individual vulnerability to obesity. However, how fat absorption is controlled and contributes to obesity remains unclear. Here, we show that inhibition of endoplasmic-reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) increases the abundance of triacylglycerol synthesis enzymes and fat absorption in small intestine. The C2-domain protein AIDA acts as an essential factor for the E3-ligase HRD1 of ERAD to downregulate rate-limiting acyltransferases GPAT3, MOGAT2, and DGAT2. Aida-/- mice, when grown in a thermal-neutral condition or fed high-fat diet, display increased intestinal fatty acid re-esterification, circulating and tissue triacylglycerol, accompanied with severely increased adiposity without enhancement of adipogenesis. Intestine-specific knockout of Aida largely phenocopies its whole-body knockout, strongly indicating that increased intestinal TAG synthesis is a primary impetus to obesity. The AIDA-mediated ERAD system may thus represent an anti-thrifty mechanism impinging on the enzymes for intestinal fat absorption and systemic fat storage.
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17
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Jin Q, Yu H, Li P. The Evaluation and Utilization of Marine-derived Bioactive Compounds with Anti-obesity Effect. Curr Med Chem 2018; 25:861-878. [PMID: 28571534 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666170602082620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/1970] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a global epidemic throughout the world. There is thus increasing interest in searching for natural bioactive compounds with anti-obesity effect. A number of marine compounds have been regarded as potential sources of bioactive compounds and are associated with an anti-obesity effect. OBJECTIVE Marine-derived compounds with anti-obesity effect and their current applications, methods and indicators for the evaluation of anti-obesity activity are summarized in this review. in order to make contributions to the development of marine-derived functional food against obesity. RESULTS In this review, an overview of marine-derived compounds with anti-obesity effect, including marine polysaccharides, marine lipid, marine peptides, marine carotenoids is intensively made with an emphasis on their efficacy and mechanism of action. Meanwhile, methods and indicators for the evaluation of anti-obesity activity are discussed. We summarize these methods into three categories: in vitro assay (including adsorption experiments and enzyme inhibitory assay), cell line study, animal experiments and clinical experiments. In addition, a brief introduction of the current applications of marine bioactive compounds with anti-obesity activity is discussed. CONCLUSION Marine environment is a rich source of both biological and chemical diversity. In the past decades, numerous novel compounds with anti-obesity activity have been obtained from marine organisms, and many of them have been applied to industrial production such as functional foods and pharmaceuticals. Further studies are needed to explore the above-mentioned facts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Jin
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huahua Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Pengcheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao 266071, China.,Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, No. 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
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18
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Abstract
Obesity, as a chronic condition, has been a serious public health issue over the last decades both in the affluent Western world and developing countries. As reported, the risk of several serious diseases increases with weight gain, including type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, cancer, and respiratory diseases. In addition to lifestyle modifications, pharmacotherapy has become an important strategy to control weight gain. However, most of the anti-obesity drugs often show poor outcome for weight-loss and cause severe adverse effects. This review surveys recent advances in nanomedicine as an emerging strategy for obesity treatment with an emphasis on the enhanced therapeutic efficiency and minimized side effects. The insights for future development are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Zhang
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Jicheng Yu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Li Qiang
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Zhen Gu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
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Weng J, Lou D, Benoit SC, Coschigano N, Woods SC, Tso P, Lo CC. Energy homeostasis in apolipoprotein AIV and cholecystokinin-deficient mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R535-R548. [PMID: 28768657 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00034.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein AIV (ApoAIV) and cholecystokinin (CCK) are well-known satiating signals that are stimulated by fat consumption. Peripheral ApoAIV and CCK interact to prolong satiating signals. In the present study, we hypothesized that ApoAIV and CCK control energy homeostasis in response to high-fat diet feeding. To test this hypothesis, energy homeostasis in ApoAIV and CCK double knockout (ApoAIV/CCK-KO), ApoAIV knockout (ApoAIV-KO), and CCK knockout (CCK-KO) mice were monitored. When animals were maintained on a low-fat diet, ApoAIV/CCK-KO, ApoAIV-KO, and CCK-KO mice had comparable energy intake and expenditure, body weight, fat mass, fat absorption, and plasma parameters relative to the controls. In contrast, these KO mice exhibited impaired lipid transport to epididymal fat pads in response to intraduodenal infusion of dietary lipids. Furthermore, ApoAIV-KO mice had upregulated levels of CCK receptor 2 (CCK2R) in the small intestine while ApoAIV/CCK-KO mice had upregulated levels of CCK2R in the brown adipose tissue. After 20 wk of a high-fat diet, ApoAIV-KO and CCK-KO mice had comparable body weight and fat mass, as well as lower energy expenditure at some time points. However, ApoAIV/CCK-KO mice exhibited reduced body weight and adiposity relative to wild-type mice, despite having normal food intake. Furthermore, ApoAIV/CCK-KO mice displayed normal fat absorption and locomotor activity, as well as enhanced energy expenditure. These observations suggest that mice lacking ApoAIV and CCK have reduced body weight and adiposity, possibly due to impaired lipid transport and elevated energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Weng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, and Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio.,Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NewYork
| | - Danwen Lou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Stephen C Benoit
- Department of Psychiatry, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Natalie Coschigano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, and Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio
| | - Stephen C Woods
- Department of Psychiatry, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Patrick Tso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Chunmin C Lo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, and Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio;
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Meitern R, Lind MA, Karu U, Hõrak P. Simple and noninvasive method for assessment of digestive efficiency: Validation of fecal steatocrit in greenfinch coccidiosis model. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:8756-8763. [PMID: 28035266 PMCID: PMC5192951 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals’ capability to absorb energy and nutrients from food poses a major internal constraint that affects the amount of resources available for allocation to maintenance, growth, signaling, and reproduction. Intestinal surface is the largest area of contact between immune system and microbial antigens; gut thus appears the main arena where trade‐offs between immune function and other components of fitness arise. Assessment of the integrity of digestive machinery should therefore be of high priority in ecophysiological research. Traditional methods of digestive physiology, however, appear unsuitable for most ecological applications due to lethality or complexity of the procedure. Here, we test the reliability of a simple, cheap, and noninvasive procedure, an acid steatocrit that assesses fat content in feces. It is based on centrifugation of a fecal sample, diluted in acid medium, in hematocrit capillary tube and quantifying the percentage of fat in fecal matter. The method has been previously validated in humans and mice; here, we apply it for the first time in birds. When applied to captive wild‐caught greenfinches, the method showed reasonable internal consistency (rs = 0.71 for steatocrit values, sampled from the same fecal aliquot in duplicate but processed separately). Individual steatocrit values were significantly repeatable in time in different intervals from eight to at least 20 days (rs = 0.32–0.49). The relationship between intestinal health and steatocrit values was tested by experimental manipulations. Medication against coccidiosis (a naturally pervasive intestinal infection) reduced, and experimental infection with heterologous coccidian strains increased steatocrit. Individual changes in steatocrit correlated negatively with changes of two markers of nutritional state—plasma triglyceride levels and body mass. Findings of this study suggest that steatocrit has a wide application potential as a marker of intestinal health in ecophysiological research. In particular, we see the perspective of this method for increasingly popular immunoecological research, conservation medicine, and studies of animal coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mari-Ann Lind
- Department of Biology II Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Planegg-Martinsried Germany
| | - Ulvi Karu
- Department of Zoology Tartu University Tartu Estonia
| | - Peeter Hõrak
- Department of Zoology Tartu University Tartu Estonia
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21
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Zhang LS, Sato H, Yang Q, Ryan RO, Wang DQH, Howles PN, Tso P. Apolipoprotein A-V is present in bile and its secretion increases with lipid absorption in Sprague-Dawley rats. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 309:G918-25. [PMID: 26505974 PMCID: PMC4669352 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00227.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apo) A-V is a protein synthesized only in the liver that dramatically modulates plasma triglyceride levels. Recent studies suggest a novel role for hepatic apoA-V in regulating the absorption of dietary triglycerides, but its mode of action on the gut remains unknown. The aim of this study was to test for apoA-V in bile and to determine whether its secretion is regulated by dietary lipids. After an overnight recovery, adult male Sprague-Dawley bile fistula rats indeed secreted apoA-V into bile at a constant rate under fasting conditions. An intraduodenal bolus of intralipid (n = 12) increased the biliary secretion of apoA-V but not of other apolipoproteins, such as A-I, A-IV, B, and E. The lipid-induced increase of biliary apoA-V was abolished under conditions of poor lymphatic lipid transport, suggesting that the stimulation is regulated by the magnitude of lipids associated with chylomicrons transported into lymph. We also studied the secretion of apoA-V into bile immediately following bile duct cannulation. Biliary apoA-V increased over time (∼6-fold increase at hour 16, n = 8) but the secretions of other apolipoproteins remained constant. Replenishing luminal phosphatidylcholine and taurocholate (n = 9) only enhanced apoA-V secretion in bile, suggesting that the increase was not due to depletion of phospholipids or bile salts. This is the first study to demonstrate that apoA-V is secreted into bile, introducing a potential route of delivery of hepatic apoA-V to the gut lumen. Our study also reveals the uniqueness of apoA-V secretion into bile that is regulated by mechanisms different from other apolipoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda S. Zhang
- 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio;
| | - Hirokazu Sato
- 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio;
| | - Qing Yang
- 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio;
| | - Robert O. Ryan
- 2Center for Prevention of Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease & Diabetes, Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California; and
| | - David Q.-H. Wang
- 3Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Philip N. Howles
- 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio;
| | - Patrick Tso
- 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio;
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22
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Janssens PLHR, Hursel R, Westerterp-Plantenga MS. Long-term green tea extract supplementation does not affect fat absorption, resting energy expenditure, and body composition in adults. J Nutr 2015; 145:864-70. [PMID: 25740906 DOI: 10.3945/jn.114.207829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Green tea (GT) extract may play a role in body weight regulation. Suggested mechanisms are decreased fat absorption and increased energy expenditure. OBJECTIVE We examined whether GT supplementation for 12 wk has beneficial effects on weight control via a reduction in dietary lipid absorption as well as an increase in resting energy expenditure (REE). METHODS Sixty Caucasian men and women [BMI (in kg/m²): 18-25 or >25; age: 18-50 y] were included in a randomized placebo-controlled study in which fecal energy content (FEC), fecal fat content (FFC), resting energy expenditure, respiratory quotient (RQ), body composition, and physical activity were measured twice (baseline vs. week 12). For 12 wk, subjects consumed either GT (>0.56 g/d epigallocatechin gallate + 0.28-0.45 g/d caffeine) or placebo capsules. Before the measurements, subjects recorded energy intake for 4 consecutive days and collected feces for 3 consecutive days. RESULTS No significant differences between groups and no significant changes over time were observed for the measured variables. Overall means ± SDs were 7.2 ± 3.8 g/d, 6.1 ± 1.2 MJ/d, 67.3 ± 14.3 kg, and 29.8 ± 8.6% for FFC, REE, body weight, and body fat percentage, respectively. CONCLUSION GT supplementation for 12 wk in 60 men and women did not have a significant effect on FEC, FFC, REE, RQ, and body composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilou L H R Janssens
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Hursel
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Margriet S Westerterp-Plantenga
- Department of Human Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Banh T, Nelson DW, Gao Y, Huang TN, Yen MI, Yen CLE. Adult-onset deficiency of acyl CoA:monoacylglycerol acyltransferase 2 protects mice from diet-induced obesity and glucose intolerance. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:379-89. [PMID: 25535286 PMCID: PMC4306691 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m055228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Acyl-CoA:monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (MGAT) 2 catalyzes triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis, required in intestinal fat absorption. We previously demonstrated that mice without a functional MGAT2-coding gene (Mogat2(-/-)) exhibit increased energy expenditure and resistance to obesity induced by excess calories. One critical question raised is whether lacking MGAT2 during early development is required for the metabolic phenotypes in adult mice. In this study, we found that Mogat2(-/-) pups grew slower than wild-type littermates during the suckling period. To determine whether inactivating MGAT2 in adult mice is sufficient to confer resistance to diet-induced obesity, we generated mice with an inducible Mogat2-inactivating mutation. Mice with adult-onset MGAT2 deficiency (Mogat2(AKO)) exhibited a transient decrease in food intake like Mogat2(-/-) mice when fed a high-fat diet and a moderate increase in energy expenditure after acclimatization. They gained less weight than littermate controls, but the difference was smaller than that between wild-type and Mogat2(-/-) mice. The moderate reduction in weight gain was associated with reduced hepatic TAG and improved glucose tolerance. Similar protective effects were also observed in mice that had gained weight on a high-fat diet before inactivating MGAT2. These findings suggest that adult-onset MGAT2 deficiency mitigates metabolic disorders induced by high-fat feeding and that MGAT2 modulates early postnatal nutrition and may program metabolism later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yu Gao
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706
| | - Ting-Ni Huang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706
| | - Mei-I Yen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706
| | - Chi-Liang E. Yen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53706
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Casper C, Carnielli VP, Hascoet JM, Lapillonne A, Maggio L, Timdahl K, Olsson B, Vågerö M, Hernell O. rhBSSL improves growth and LCPUFA absorption in preterm infants fed formula or pasteurized breast milk. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2014; 59:61-9. [PMID: 25222806 DOI: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Preterm infants often experience suboptimal growth, which can affect organ development. The aim of this study was to improve growth by treatment with bile salt-stimulated lipase (BSSL), naturally present in breast milk, but lost after pasteurization, and absent in formula. METHODS Two clinical trials were performed with a predefined analysis of combined data to investigate the effects of recombinant human BSSL (rhBSSL) treatment on growth velocity and fat absorption in preterm infants. The studies were randomized and double-blinded comparing 7-day treatment with rhBSSL and placebo, administered in pasteurized breast milk or formula, using a crossover design. RESULTS Sixty-three infants were evaluated for safety. At randomization, the mean (standard deviation) weight was 1467 (193) g and mean postmenstrual age was 32.6 (0.5) weeks. Sixty and 46 infants were evaluated for growth velocity and fat absorption, respectively. rhBSSL treatment significantly improved mean growth velocity by 2.93 g · kg · day (P<0.001) compared with placebo (mean 16.86 vs 13.93 g · kg · day) and significantly decreased the risk of suboptimal growth (<15 g · kg · day) (30% vs 52%, P=0.004). rhBSSL significantly increased absorption of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid, and arachidonic acid by 5.76% (P=0.013) and 8.55% (P=0.001), respectively, but had no significant effect on total fat absorption. The adverse-event profile was similar to placebo. CONCLUSIONS In preterm infants fed pasteurized breast milk or formula, 1 week of treatment with rhBSSL was well tolerated and significantly improved growth and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid absorption compared to placebo. This publication presents the first data regarding the use of rhBSSL in preterms and the results have led to further clinical studies.
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25
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Fratter A, Frare C, Uras G, Bonini M, Casari Bariani E, Ragazzo B, Gaballo P, Longobardi P, Codemo C, Paoli A. New chitosan salt in gastro-resistant oral formulation could interfere with enteric bile salts emulsification of diet fats: preliminary laboratory observations and physiologic rationale. J Med Food 2014; 17:723-9. [PMID: 24827073 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitosan (CH) is a polymer of glucosamine that is extracted from the shells of several sea fruits. It is well recognized as a nutritional supplement that is used to reduce body weight and blood lipid levels, but its clinical efficacy has not been clearly demonstrated. The true mechanism of action and physiological processes involved in these properties of CH are not yet understood or explained. The most accepted theories assume that CH reduces dietary fat absorption by trapping the fat in the gastric lumen. The very low pH of the gastric lumen induces CH jellification and, therefore, entrapment of the fats. This article describes the most plausible mechanism by which CH interferes with fat absorption in the first part of the enteric tract while interacting with cholic acids. We emphasize the weak points of the classic CH-containing formulations, which are unable to prove this theory. We also report preliminary experimental data of a new CH salt-containing formulation that is capable of effectively interfering with bile salt emulsification processes and, as a result, reducing dietary fat absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Fratter
- 1 Innovation Technology, Labomar Research , Istrana, Treviso, Italy
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26
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Siddiqi S, Sheth A, Patel F, Barnes M, Mansbach CM. Intestinal caveolin-1 is important for dietary fatty acid absorption. Biochim Biophys Acta 2013; 1831:1311-21. [PMID: 23665238 PMCID: PMC3751415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
How dietary fatty acids are absorbed into the enterocyte and transported to the ER is not established. We tested the possibility that caveolin-1 containing lipid rafts and endocytic vesicles were involved. Apical brush border membranes took up 15% of albumin bound (3)H-oleate whereas brush border membranes from caveolin-1 KO mice took up only 1%. In brush border membranes, the (3)H-oleate was in the detergent resistant fraction of an OptiPrep gradient. On OptiPrep gradients of intestinal cytosol, we also found the (3)H-oleate in the detergent resistant fraction, separate from OptiPrep gradients spiked with (3)H-oleate or (3)H-triacylglycerol. Caveolin-1 immuno-depletion of cytosol removed 91% of absorbed (3)H-oleate whereas immuno-depletion using IgG, or anti-caveolin-2 or -3 or anti-clathrin antibodies removed 20%. Electron microscopy showed the presence of caveolin-1 containing vesicles in WT mouse cytosol that were 4 fold increased by feeding intestinal sacs 1mM oleate. No vesicles were seen in caveolin-1 KO mouse cytosol. Caveolin-1 KO mice gained less weight on a 23% fat diet and had increased fat in their stool compared to WT mice. We conclude that dietary fatty acids are absorbed by caveolae in enterocyte brush border membranes, are endocytosed, and transported in cytosol in caveolin-1 containing endocytic vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Siddiqi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center 38163
| | - Atur Sheth
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center 38163
| | - Feenalie Patel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center 38163
| | - Matthew Barnes
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center 38163
| | - Charles M. Mansbach
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center 38163
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, TN 38104
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Lo CM, King A, Samuelson LC, Kindel TL, Rider T, Jandacek RJ, Raybould HE, Woods SC, Tso P. Cholecystokinin knockout mice are resistant to high-fat diet-induced obesity. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:1997-2005. [PMID: 20117110 PMCID: PMC3049264 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 12/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a satiation peptide released during meals in response to lipid intake; it regulates pancreatic digestive enzymes that are required for absorption of nutrients. We proposed that mice with a disruption in the CCK gene (CCK knockout [CCK-KO] mice) that were fed a diet of 20% butter fat would have altered fat metabolism. METHODS We used quantitative magnetic resonance imaging to determine body composition and monitored food intake of CCK-KO mice using an automated measurement system. Intestinal fat absorption and energy expenditure were determined using a noninvasive assessment of intestinal fat absorption and an open circuit calorimeter, respectively. RESULTS After consuming a high-fat diet for 10 weeks, CCK-KO mice had reduced body weight gain and body fat mass and enlarged adipocytes, despite the same level of food intake as wild-type mice. CCK-KO mice also had defects in fat absorption, especially of long-chain saturated fatty acids, but pancreatic triglyceride lipase did not appear to have a role in the fat malabsorption. Energy expenditure was higher in CCK-KO than wild-type mice, and CCK-KO mice had greater oxidation of carbohydrates while on the high-fat diet. Plasma leptin levels in the CCK-KO mice fed the high-fat diet were markedly lower than in wild-type mice, although levels of insulin, gastric-inhibitory polypeptide, and glucagon-like peptide-1 were normal. CONCLUSIONS CCK is involved in regulating the metabolic rate and is important for lipid absorption and control of body weight in mice placed on a high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Min Lo
- Cincinnati Obesity Research Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Alexandra King
- Cincinnati Obesity Research Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Linda C Samuelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Tammy Lyn Kindel
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Therese Rider
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ronald J Jandacek
- Cincinnati Obesity Research Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Helen E Raybould
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Stephen C Woods
- Cincinnati Obesity Research Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio,Department of Psychiatry, Genome Research Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Patrick Tso
- Cincinnati Obesity Research Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Buiter HD, Dijkstra SSP, Elferink RFMO, Bijster P, Woltil HA, Verkade HJ. Neonatal jaundice and stool production in breast- or formula-fed term infants. Eur J Pediatr 2008; 167:501-7. [PMID: 17619902 PMCID: PMC2668621 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-007-0533-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Accepted: 05/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
It has remained unclear whether the amount of fecal fat excreted in the stool and stool production influences the severity of neonatal jaundice. We determined the relationship between stool production, fecal fat excretion and jaundice in healthy breast-fed (BF) or formula-fed (FF) (near-)term neonates. From postnatal day 1-4, we quantitatively collected stools from 27 FF and 33 BF infants in daily fractions. Stool production and fecal fat contents were related to unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) levels, as determined by transcutaneous bilirubinometry (TcB). Bilirubin concentrations and stool production did not differ between FF and BF neonates during the study period. Neonatal bilirubin levels were not inversely correlated with stool production. FF and BF infants had similar fecal fat excretion rates. The stool production of FF infants was profoundly lower in the present study than in a 1985 study by De Carvalho et al. [J Pediatr (1985) 107:786-790]. We conclude that increased jaundice during the first postnatal days in healthy term neonates can no longer be attributed to breast-feeding and speculate that improved absorbability of formulas since 1985 has contributed to similar fat excretion and stool production in FF and BF neonates in 2007.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah D Buiter
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Henkjan J Verkade
- University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Pediatric Gastroenterology/Hepatology, Department Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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Landsverk T. The gastrointestinal mucosa in young milk-fed calves. A scanning electron and light microscopic investigation. Acta Vet Scand 1979; 20:572-82. [PMID: 546214 PMCID: PMC8322854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal segments from 4 healthy, 17-, 21-, 22- and 23-day-old calves fed on whole cow’s milk were examined. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the anterior duodenum had short villi varying in shape from leaf-shaped to nodular; the middle duodenum had broad, tongue-shaped villi and the anterior, middle, and parts of the posterior jejunum had slender, finger-shaped or leaf-shaped villi. The villi of the mucosa covering Peyer’s patches in the posterior jejunum were short and either conical or tongue-shaped; there were also small “pseudovilli” caused by bulges in the lymphoid tissue. Morphometry showed that the villi were longer in the anterior jejunum than in the duodenum and the posterior parts of the jejunum (P < 0.005). Morphologically fat absorption was most heavy in the anterior third of the small intestine. Moderate amounts of fat were also found in the epithelium of the posterior jejunum and of the abomasum. Large fat droplets were seen in apical duodenal enterocytes, in contrast to the small epithelial droplets in other areas with fat absorption. Nile blue staining indicated that the fat in the large droplets was esterified.
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