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Lin P, Sledziona J, Akkaya-Colak KB, Mihaylova MM, Lane AN. Determination of fatty acid uptake and desaturase activity in mammalian cells by NMR-based stable isotope tracing. Anal Chim Acta 2024; 1303:342511. [PMID: 38609261 PMCID: PMC11016156 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2024.342511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammalian cells both import exogenous fatty acids and synthesize them de novo. Palmitate, the end product of fatty acid synthase (FASN) is a substrate for stearoyl-CoA desaturases (Δ-9 desaturases) that introduce a single double bond into fatty acyl-CoA substrates such as palmitoyl-CoA and stearoyl-CoA. This process is particularly upregulated in lipogenic tissues and cancer cells. Tracer methodology is needed to determine uptake versus de novo synthesis of lipids and subsequent chain elongation and desaturation. Here we describe an NMR method to determine the uptake of 13C-palmitate from the medium into HCT116 human colorectal cancer cells, and the subsequent desaturation and incorporation into complex lipids. RESULTS Exogenous 13C16-palmitate was absorbed from the medium by HCT116 cells and incorporated primarily into complex glycerol lipids. Desaturase activity was determined from the quantification of double bonds in acyl chains, which was greatly reduced by ablation of the major desaturase SCD1. SIGNIFICANCE The NMR approach requires minimal sample preparation, is non-destructive, and provides direct information about the level of saturation and incorporation of fatty acids into complex lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghui Lin
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Dept. of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - James Sledziona
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, 1060 Carmack Rd, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kubra B Akkaya-Colak
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, 1060 Carmack Rd, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Maria M Mihaylova
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, 1060 Carmack Rd, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA; The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Andrew N Lane
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Dept. of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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Fan TWM, Daneshmandi S, Cassel TA, Uddin MB, Sledziona J, Thompson PT, Lin P, Higashi RM, Lane AN. Polarization and β-Glucan Reprogram Immunomodulatory Metabolism in Human Macrophages and Ex Vivo in Human Lung Cancer Tissues. J Immunol 2022; 209:1674-1690. [PMID: 36150727 PMCID: PMC9588758 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Immunomodulatory (IM) metabolic reprogramming in macrophages (Mϕs) is fundamental to immune function. However, limited information is available for human Mϕs, particularly in response plasticity, which is critical to understanding the variable efficacy of immunotherapies in cancer patients. We carried out an in-depth analysis by combining multiplex stable isotope-resolved metabolomics with reversed phase protein array to map the dynamic changes of the IM metabolic network and key protein regulators in four human donors' Mϕs in response to differential polarization and M1 repolarizer β-glucan (whole glucan particles [WGPs]). These responses were compared with those of WGP-treated ex vivo organotypic tissue cultures (OTCs) of human non-small cell lung cancer. We found consistently enhanced tryptophan catabolism with blocked NAD+ and UTP synthesis in M1-type Mϕs (M1-Mϕs), which was associated with immune activation evidenced by increased release of IL-1β/CXCL10/IFN-γ/TNF-α and reduced phagocytosis. In M2a-Mϕs, WGP treatment of M2a-Mϕs robustly increased glucose utilization via the glycolysis/oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway while enhancing UDP-N-acetyl-glucosamine turnover and glutamine-fueled gluconeogenesis, which was accompanied by the release of proinflammatory IL-1β/TNF-α to above M1-Mϕ's levels, anti-inflammatory IL-10 to above M2a-Mϕ's levels, and attenuated phagocytosis. These IM metabolic responses could underlie the opposing effects of WGP, i.e., reverting M2- to M1-type immune functions but also boosting anti-inflammation. Variable reprogrammed Krebs cycle and glutamine-fueled synthesis of UTP in WGP-treated OTCs of human non-small cell lung cancer were observed, reflecting variable M1 repolarization of tumor-associated Mϕs. This was supported by correlation with IL-1β/TNF-α release and compromised tumor status, making patient-derived OTCs unique models for studying variable immunotherapeutic efficacy in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa W-M Fan
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY;
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; and
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Saeed Daneshmandi
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Teresa A Cassel
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Mohammad B Uddin
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - James Sledziona
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Patrick T Thompson
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Penghui Lin
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Richard M Higashi
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; and
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
| | - Andrew N Lane
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY;
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY; and
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY
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Fan TWM, Daneshmandi S, Cassel TA, Uddin MB, Sledziona J, Thompson PT, Lin P, Higashi RM, Lane AN. Abstract 2537: Beta-glucan reprograms immunomodulatory metabolism in human macrophage and ex vivo in lung cancer tissues. Cancer Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2022-2537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
We combined multiplex Stable Isotope-Resolved Metabolomics (mSIRM) with Reverse Phase Protein Array (RPPA) to map the time course changes of IM metabolic network and key protein regulators in four human donors’ MΦ’s in response to differential polarization and whole glucan particulates (WGP) treatments. We found consistent and plastic network responses to polarization durations and WGP treatments compared to those of the mouse counterparts. Consistent responses included enhanced 15N2-tryptophan catabolism to quinolinate, 2H2-glucose oxidation to ribose/ribulose-5-phosphate, and conversion of 13C5-glutamine to itaconate in response to pro-inflammatory (M1) versus anti-inflammatory (M2) stimuli. WGP robustly induced the buildup of 2H2-glucose-derived 6-phosphogluconate, -lactate, and -IMP, 13C5-glutamine-derived fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, and increased enrichment of 2H-labeled UDP-N-acetylglucosamine in M2-MΦ’s. However, the Krebs cycle activity was variably enhanced by M2 stimuli or WGP treatment. The consistent effects were related to increased release of proinflammatory IM effectors IL-1β/CXCL10/IFNγ/TNFα by M1-MΦ’s and enhanced release of IL-1β/TNFα to above M1-MΦ’s levels in WGP-treated M2-MΦ’s while boosting the latter in anti-inflammatory IL-10 release and maintenance of NAD+ synthesis. They were also related to lower phagocytosis in M1-MΦ’s and WGP-treated M2-MΦ’s versus M2-MΦ’s. Together with the expression changes of key protein regulators, we suggest enhanced tryptophan catabolism with blocked NAD+ and UTP synthesis to be key to the consistent changes in immune functions in response to M1 stimuli. Likewise, increased glucose utilization via glycolysis and the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway, and blockade of glutamine-fueled N-linked glycosylation could be linked to reversion of M2 to M1-type immune functions. Reprogrammed Krebs cycle and glutamine conversion to UTP occurred variably in WGP-treated ex vivo organotypic tissue cultures (OTCs) of human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which could reflect variable M1 repolarization of tumor associated MΦ’s. This in turn correlated with IL-1β/TNFα releases and compromised tumor status, making patient-derived OTCs a unique model for studying variable immunotherapeutic efficacy in cancer patients. In conclusion, consistent and variable IM metabolic responses were evident in four human donors’ MΦ’s. WGP repolarized some M2 to M1-type responses while boosting other M2-type responses. NSCLC OTCs from six patients showed variable M1 repolarization in response to WGP.
Citation Format: Teresa W. M. Fan, Saeed Daneshmandi, Teresa A. Cassel, Mohammad B. Uddin, James Sledziona, Patrick T. Thompson, Penghui Lin, Richard M. Higashi, Andrew N. Lane. Beta-glucan reprograms immunomodulatory metabolism in human macrophage and ex vivo in lung cancer tissues [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 2537.
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Araujo N, Sledziona J, Noothi SK, Burikhanov R, Hebbar N, Ganguly S, Shrestha-Bhattarai T, Zhu B, Katz WS, Zhang Y, Taylor BS, Liu J, Chen L, Weiss HL, He D, Wang C, Morris AJ, Cassis LA, Nikolova-Karakashian M, Nagareddy PR, Melander O, Evers BM, Kern PA, Rangnekar VM. Tumor Suppressor Par-4 Regulates Complement Factor C3 and Obesity. Front Oncol 2022; 12:860446. [PMID: 35425699 PMCID: PMC9004617 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.860446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) is a tumor suppressor that induces apoptosis in cancer cells. However, the physiological function of Par-4 remains unknown. Here we show that conventional Par-4 knockout (Par-4-/-) mice and adipocyte-specific Par-4 knockout (AKO) mice, but not hepatocyte-specific Par-4 knockout mice, are obese with standard chow diet. Par-4-/- and AKO mice exhibit increased absorption and storage of fat in adipocytes. Mechanistically, Par-4 loss is associated with mdm2 downregulation and activation of p53. We identified complement factor c3 as a p53-regulated gene linked to fat storage in adipocytes. Par-4 re-expression in adipocytes or c3 deletion reversed the obese mouse phenotype. Moreover, obese human subjects showed lower expression of Par-4 relative to lean subjects, and in longitudinal studies, low baseline Par-4 levels denoted an increased risk of developing obesity later in life. These findings indicate that Par-4 suppresses p53 and its target c3 to regulate obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia Araujo
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - James Sledziona
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Sunil K Noothi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Ravshan Burikhanov
- Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Nikhil Hebbar
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Saptadwipa Ganguly
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Tripti Shrestha-Bhattarai
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Beibei Zhu
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Wendy S Katz
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Barry S Taylor
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jinze Liu
- Department of Computer Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Li Chen
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Heidi L Weiss
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Daheng He
- Department of Statistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Chi Wang
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Andrew J Morris
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Lisa A Cassis
- Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Mariana Nikolova-Karakashian
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | | | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - B Mark Evers
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Surgery, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Philip A Kern
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Barnstable Brown Diabetes and Obesity Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Vivek M Rangnekar
- Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.,Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Burikhanov R, Hebbar N, Noothi SK, Shukla N, Sledziona J, Araujo N, Kudrimoti M, Wang QJ, Watt DS, Welch DR, Maranchie J, Harada A, Rangnekar VM. Chloroquine-Inducible Par-4 Secretion Is Essential for Tumor Cell Apoptosis and Inhibition of Metastasis. Cell Rep 2017; 18:508-519. [PMID: 28076793 PMCID: PMC5264245 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of tumor suppressor proteins capable of cancer cell apoptosis represents an attractive option for the re-purposing of existing drugs. We report that the anti-malarial drug, chloroquine (CQ), is a robust inducer of Par-4 secretion from normal cells in mice and cancer patients in a clinical trial. CQ-inducible Par-4 secretion triggers paracrine apoptosis of cancer cells and also inhibits metastatic tumor growth. CQ induces Par-4 secretion via the classical secretory pathway that requires the activation of p53. Mechanistically, p53 directly induces Rab8b, a GTPase essential for vesicle transport of Par-4 to the plasma membrane prior to secretion. Our findings indicate that CQ induces p53- and Rab8b-dependent Par-4 secretion from normal cells for Par-4-dependent inhibition of metastatic tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravshan Burikhanov
- Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40356, USA
| | - Nikhil Hebbar
- Graduate Center for Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40356, USA
| | - Sunil K Noothi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40356, USA
| | - Nidhi Shukla
- Graduate Center for Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40356, USA
| | - James Sledziona
- Graduate Center for Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40356, USA
| | - Nathália Araujo
- Graduate Center for Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40356, USA
| | - Meghana Kudrimoti
- Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40356, USA
| | - Qing Jun Wang
- Graduate Center for Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40356, USA; Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40356, USA
| | - David S Watt
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40356, USA; Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40356, USA
| | - Danny R Welch
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Jodi Maranchie
- Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA
| | - Akihiro Harada
- Department of Cell Biology, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Vivek M Rangnekar
- Department of Radiation Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40356, USA; Graduate Center for Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40356, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40356, USA; Lucille Parker Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40356, USA.
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