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Mukherjee S, Skrede S, Haugstøyl M, López M, Fernø J. Peripheral and central macrophages in obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1232171. [PMID: 37720534 PMCID: PMC10501731 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1232171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is associated with chronic, low-grade inflammation. Excessive nutrient intake causes adipose tissue expansion, which may in turn cause cellular stress that triggers infiltration of pro-inflammatory immune cells from the circulation as well as activation of cells that are residing in the adipose tissue. In particular, the adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) are important in the pathogenesis of obesity. A pro-inflammatory activation is also found in other organs which are important for energy metabolism, such as the liver, muscle and the pancreas, which may stimulate the development of obesity-related co-morbidities, including insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes (T2D), cardiovascular disease (CVD) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Interestingly, it is now clear that obesity-induced pro-inflammatory signaling also occurs in the central nervous system (CNS), and that pro-inflammatory activation of immune cells in the brain may be involved in appetite dysregulation and metabolic disturbances in obesity. More recently, it has become evident that microglia, the resident macrophages of the CNS that drive neuroinflammation, may also be activated in obesity and can be relevant for regulation of hypothalamic feeding circuits. In this review, we focus on the action of peripheral and central macrophages and their potential roles in metabolic disease, and how macrophages interact with other immune cells to promote inflammation during obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayani Mukherjee
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Silje Skrede
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Martha Haugstøyl
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Miguel López
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Johan Fernø
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Mohn Center for Diabetes Precision Medicine, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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Li Y, Cheng Y, Zhou Y, Du H, Zhang C, Zhao Z, Chen Y, Zhou Z, Mei J, Wu W, Chen M. High fat diet-induced obesity leads to depressive and anxiety-like behaviors in mice via AMPK/mTOR-mediated autophagy. Exp Neurol 2021; 348:113949. [PMID: 34902357 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2021.113949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most common mental illnesses in modern society. In recent years, several studies show that there are disturbances in lipid metabolism in depressed patients. High-fat diet may lead to anxiety and depression, but the mechanisms involved remain unclear. In our study, we found that 8 weeks of high-fat feeding effectively induced metabolic disorders, including obesity and hyperlipidemia in mice. Interestingly, the mice also showed depressive and anxiety-like behaviors. We further found activated microglia and astrocyte, increased neuroinflammation, decreased autophagy and BDNF levels in mice after high-fat feeding. Besides, high-fat feeding can also inhibit AMPK phosphorylation and induce mTOR phosphorylation. After treating with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, autophagy and BDNF levels were elevated. The number of activated microglia and astrocyte, and pro-inflammation levels were reduced. Besides, rapamycin can also reduce the body weight and serum lipid level in high fat feeding mice. Depressive and anxiety-like behaviors were also ameliorated to some extent after rapamycin treatment. In summary, these results suggest that high-fat diet-induced obesity may lead to depressive and anxiety-like behaviors in mice by inhibiting AMPK phosphorylation and promoting mTOR shift to phosphorylation to inhibit autophagy. Therefore, improving lipid metabolism or enhancing autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR pathway could be potential targets for the treatment of obesity depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yujie Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Hongmei Du
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Cui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zhentao Zhao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China
| | - Yuenan Chen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zhongnan Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Jinyu Mei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
| | - Wenning Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China.
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Endocrine role of bone in the regulation of energy metabolism. Bone Res 2021; 9:25. [PMID: 34016950 PMCID: PMC8137703 DOI: 10.1038/s41413-021-00142-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone mainly functions as a supportive framework for the whole body and is the major regulator of calcium homeostasis and hematopoietic function. Recently, an increasing number of studies have characterized the significance of bone as an endocrine organ, suggesting that bone-derived factors regulate local bone metabolism and metabolic functions. In addition, these factors can regulate global energy homeostasis by altering insulin sensitivity, feeding behavior, and adipocyte commitment. These findings may provide a new pathological mechanism for related metabolic diseases or be used in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of metabolic diseases such as osteoporosis, obesity, and diabetes mellitus. In this review, we summarize the regulatory effect of bone and bone-derived factors on energy metabolism and discuss directions for future research.
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Liu Y, Yu J, Shi YC, Zhang Y, Lin S. The role of inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress in obesity-related cognitive impairment. Life Sci 2019; 233:116707. [PMID: 31374234 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiological investigations and animal model experiments have confirmed the impact of obesity on the brain, behavior, and cognition. However, the mechanism by which obesity affects cognitive function is not fully understood. With the development of an aging society, there is an increase in the economic and social burden caused by the decline in cognitive function. This manuscript reviews the effects of inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) on the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and the possible impact on cognitive impairment. These findings provide new insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to the development of cognitive impairment in the context of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilan Liu
- Quanzhou First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Quanzhou First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Yan-Chuan Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Quanzhou First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, China.
| | - Shu Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), China; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong 2522, Australia.
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Xu N, Meng H, Liu TY, Feng YL, Qi Y, Zhang DH, Wang HL. Sterol O-acyltransferase 1 deficiency improves defective insulin signaling in the brains of mice fed a high-fat diet. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 499:105-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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