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Saha SK, Joshi A, Singh R, Dubey K. Review of industrially recognized polymers and manufacturing processes for amorphous solid dispersion based formulations. Pharm Dev Technol 2023; 28:678-696. [PMID: 37427544 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2023.2233595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Evolving therapeutic landscape through combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening have resulted in an increased number of poorly soluble drugs. Drug delivery strategies quickly adapted to convert these drugs into successful therapies. Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) technology is widely employed as a drug delivery strategy by pharmaceutical industries to overcome the challenges associated with these poorly soluble drugs. The development of ASD formulation requires an understanding of polymers and manufacturing techniques. A review of US FDA-approved ASD-based products revealed that only a limited number of polymers and manufacturing technologies are employed by pharmaceutical industries. This review provides a comprehensive guide for the selection and overview of polymers and manufacturing technologies adopted by pharmaceutical industries for ASD formulation. The various employed polymers with their underlying mechanisms for solution-state and solid-state stability are discussed. ASD manufacturing techniques, primarily implemented by pharmaceutical industries for commercialization, are presented in Quality by Design (QbD) format. An overview of novel excipients and progress in manufacturing technologies are also discussed. This review provides insights to the researchers on the industrially accepted polymers and manufacturing technology for ASD formulation that has translated these challenging drugs into successful therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar Saha
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
- Formulation Research and Development - Orals, Sun Pharmaceuticals Industries Limited, Gurugram, India
| | | | - Romi Singh
- Formulation Research and Development - Orals, Sun Pharmaceuticals Industries Limited, Gurugram, India
| | - Kiran Dubey
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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França MT, Martins Marcos T, Costa PF, Bazzo GC, Nicolay Pereira R, Gerola AP, Stulzer HK. Eutectic mixture and amorphous solid dispersion: Two different supersaturating drug delivery system strategies to improve griseofulvin release using saccharin. Int J Pharm 2022; 615:121498. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Mateos H, Gentile L, Murgia S, Colafemmina G, Collu M, Smets J, Palazzo G. Understanding the self-assembly of the polymeric drug solubilizer Soluplus®. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 611:224-234. [PMID: 34952275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Soluplus® is one of the most widely used amphiphilic copolymers in drug delivery and has been reported to strongly enhance the adsorption of model drugs. However, there is still a limited understanding of its micellar behavior as it responds to the different routes of administration, which involve important changes in concentration. EXPERIMENTS The microstructure of Soluplus aqueous solutions has been investigated at a wide range of polymer concentrations (2 × 10-6 - 0.2 g/mL) by a combination of diffusion NMR (dNMR), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), static (SLS) dynamic (DLS) light scattering and viscosity measurements. These techniques have been coupled with surface tension measurements to frame the polymer's critical micellar concentration (cmc). FINDINGS We demonstrate the presence at all tested concentrations of two forms of Soluplus, with hydrodynamic radii of 3 and 26 nm, where the fraction of smaller objects accounts for as much as 60-70%. dNMR, SAXS, DLS and SLS indicate that Soluplus spontaneously self-assembles into large spherical particles with a core-shell structure. However, self-assembly takes place three orders of magnitude above the cmc evaluated via surface tension measurements. Instead of the traditional cooperative micellization process, we propose a thermal-activated isodesmic self-assembly of the small aggregates into core-shell micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Mateos
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari "Aldo Moro" & CSGI (Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase), Via Orabona 4, Bari I-70126, Italy.
| | - Luigi Gentile
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari "Aldo Moro" & CSGI (Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase), Via Orabona 4, Bari I-70126, Italy.
| | - Sergio Murgia
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente, Università degli Studi di Cagliari & CSGI (Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase), via Ospedale 72, Cagliari 09124, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Colafemmina
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari "Aldo Moro" & CSGI (Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase), Via Orabona 4, Bari I-70126, Italy.
| | - Mattia Collu
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Temselaan 100, 1853 Strombeek Bever, Belgium.
| | - Johan Smets
- The Procter & Gamble Company, Temselaan 100, 1853 Strombeek Bever, Belgium.
| | - Gerardo Palazzo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Bari "Aldo Moro" & CSGI (Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase), Via Orabona 4, Bari I-70126, Italy.
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Ashwathy P, Anto AT, Sudheesh MS. A mechanistic review on the dissolution phase behavior and supersaturation stabilization of amorphous solid dispersions. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:1-11. [PMID: 33494623 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1879843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) technology is an attractive formulation approach for poorly soluble drugs because of the supersaturated state acquired during its dissolution. The high thermodynamic activity of the supersaturated state of the drug is also a driver for the enhanced absorptive flux across a membrane. However, this advantage can easily be lost due to the inherent instability of supersaturation, causing drug precipitation. Stabilizing the supersaturated state during the dissolution of ASD for the relevant absorption time frame is a challenging area in formulation research. Stabilizing the supersaturated state by using polymeric excipients and understanding the phase behavior of drugs during dissolution are required for the optimal performance of ASD formulations. A number of confounding kinetic, formulation and physiological factors can influence the evolution of supersaturation and phase changes during dissolution of ASDs. The review highlights the complex nature of dissolution of ASDs and the need of biorelevant dissolution for proper risk assessment and optimizing formulation development.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ashwathy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Kochi, India
| | - Akshaya T Anto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Kochi, India
| | - M S Sudheesh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Kochi, India
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Changes in aggregation properties of TPGS micelles in the presence of sodium cholate. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Schlauersbach J, Hanio S, Lenz B, Vemulapalli SPB, Griesinger C, Pöppler AC, Harlacher C, Galli B, Meinel L. Leveraging bile solubilization of poorly water-soluble drugs by rational polymer selection. J Control Release 2020; 330:36-48. [PMID: 33333120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Poorly water-soluble drugs frequently solubilize into bile colloids and this natural mechanism is key for efficient bioavailability. We tested the impact of pharmaceutical polymers on this solubilization interplay using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and by assessing the flux across model membranes. Eudragit E, Soluplus, and a therapeutically used model polymer, Colesevelam, impacted the bile-colloidal geometry and molecular interaction. These polymer-induced changes reduced the flux of poorly water-soluble and bile interacting drugs (Perphenazine, Imatinib) but did not impact the flux of bile non-interacting Metoprolol. Non-bile interacting polymers (Kollidon VA 64, HPMC-AS) neither impacted the flux of colloid-interacting nor colloid-non-interacting drugs. These insights into the drug substance/polymer/bile colloid interplay potentially point towards a practical optimization parameter steering formulations to efficient bile-solubilization by rational polymer selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Schlauersbach
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Simon Hanio
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Bettina Lenz
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Christian Griesinger
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Faßberg 11, DE-37077 Goetingen, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Pöppler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | | | - Bruno Galli
- Novartis Pharma AG, Lichtstrasse 35, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute for Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Wuerzburg, Am Hubland, DE-97074 Wuerzburg, Germany; Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Biology (HIRI), DE-97070 Wuerzburg, Germany.
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Nair AR, Lakshman YD, Anand VSK, Sree KSN, Bhat K, Dengale SJ. Overview of Extensively Employed Polymeric Carriers in Solid Dispersion Technology. AAPS PharmSciTech 2020; 21:309. [PMID: 33161493 PMCID: PMC7649155 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-020-01849-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid dispersion is the preferred technology to prepare efficacious forms of BCS class-II/IV APIs. To prepare solid dispersions, there exist a wide variety of polymeric carriers with interesting physicochemical and thermochemical characteristics available at the disposal of a formulation scientist. Since the advent of the solid dispersion technology in the early 1960s, there have been more than 5000 scientific papers published in the subject area. This review discusses the polymeric carrier properties of most extensively used polymers PVP, Copovidone, PEG, HPMC, HPMCAS, and Soluplus® in the solid dispersion technology. The literature trends about preparation techniques, dissolution, and stability improvement are analyzed from the Scopus® database to enable a formulator to make an informed choice of polymeric carrier. The stability and extent of dissolution improvement are largely dependent upon the type of polymeric carrier employed to formulate solid dispersions. With the increasing acceptance of transfer dissolution setup in the research community, it is required to evaluate the crystallization/precipitation inhibition potential of polymers under dynamic pH shift conditions. Further, there is a need to develop a regulatory framework which provides definition and complete classification along with necessarily recommended studies to characterize and evaluate solid dispersions.
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Figueroa-Campos A, Sánchez-Dengra B, Merino V, Dahan A, González-Álvarez I, García-Arieta A, González-Álvarez M, Bermejo M. Candesartan Cilexetil In Vitro-In Vivo Correlation: Predictive Dissolution as a Development Tool. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E633. [PMID: 32640620 PMCID: PMC7408357 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12070633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this investigation was to develop an in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC) for immediate release candesartan cilexetil formulations by designing an in vitro dissolution test to be used as development tool. The IVIVC could be used to reduce failures in future bioequivalence studies. Data from two bioequivalence studies were scaled and combined to obtain the dataset for the IVIVC. Two-step and one-step approaches were used to develop the IVIVC. Experimental solubility and permeability data confirmed candesartan cilexetil. Biopharmaceutic Classification System (BCS) class II candesartan average plasma profiles were deconvoluted by the Loo-Riegelman method to obtain the oral fractions absorbed. Fractions dissolved were obtained in several conditions in USP II and IV apparatus and the results were compared calculating the f2 similarity factor. Levy plot was constructed to estimate the time scaling factor and to make both processes, dissolution and absorption, superimposable. The in vitro dissolution experiment that reflected more accurately the in vivo behavior of the products of candesartan cilexetil employed the USP IV apparatus and a three-step pH buffer change, from 1.2 to 4.5 and 6.8, with 0.2% of Tween 20. This new model was able to predict the in vivo differences in dissolution and it could be used as a risk-analysis tool for formulation selection in future bioequivalence trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Figueroa-Campos
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 Juan de Alicante, Spain; (A.F.-C.); (B.S.-D.); (M.G.-Á.); (M.B.)
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46100 Valencia, Spain;
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Universitat de València, Vicente Andrés Estelles s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Bárbara Sánchez-Dengra
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 Juan de Alicante, Spain; (A.F.-C.); (B.S.-D.); (M.G.-Á.); (M.B.)
| | - Virginia Merino
- Instituto Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, 46100 Valencia, Spain;
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Universitat de València, Vicente Andrés Estelles s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Arik Dahan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel;
| | - Isabel González-Álvarez
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 Juan de Alicante, Spain; (A.F.-C.); (B.S.-D.); (M.G.-Á.); (M.B.)
| | - Alfredo García-Arieta
- Service of Pharmacokinetics and Generic Medicines, Division of Pharmacology and Clinical Evaluation, Department of Human Use Medicines, Spanish Agency for Medicines and Health Care Products, 28022 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Marta González-Álvarez
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 Juan de Alicante, Spain; (A.F.-C.); (B.S.-D.); (M.G.-Á.); (M.B.)
| | - Marival Bermejo
- Engineering: Pharmacokinetics and Pharmaceutical Technology Area, Miguel Hernandez University, 03550 Juan de Alicante, Spain; (A.F.-C.); (B.S.-D.); (M.G.-Á.); (M.B.)
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Impact of HPMCAS on the Dissolution Performance of Polyvinyl Alcohol Celecoxib Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12060541. [PMID: 32545270 PMCID: PMC7356348 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12060541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs) have been proven to increase the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. It is desirable that the ASD provide a rapid dissolution rate and a sufficient stabilization of the generated supersaturation. In many cases, one polymer alone is not able to provide both features, which raises a need for reasonable polymer combinations. In this study we aimed to generate a rapidly dissolving ASD using the hydrophilic polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) combined with a suitable precipitation inhibitor. Initially, PVA and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) were screened for their precipitation inhibitory potential for celecoxib in solution. The generated supersaturation in presence of PVA or HPMCAS was further characterized using dynamic light scattering. Binary ASDs of either PVA or HPMCAS (at 10% and 20% drug load) were prepared by hot-melt extrusion and solid-state analytics were conducted using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The non-sink dissolution studies of the binary ASDs revealed a high dissolution rate for the PVA ASDs with subsequent precipitation and for the HPMCAS ASDs a suppressed dissolution. In order to utilize the unexploited potential of the binary ASDs, the PVA ASDs were combined with HPMCAS either predissolved or added as powder and also formulated as ternary ASD. We successfully generated a solid formulation consisting of the powdered PVA ASD and HPMCAS powder, which was superior in monophasic non-sink dissolution and biorelevant biphasic dissolution studies compared to the binary and ternary ASDs.
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