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Dao E, Barha CK, Zou J, Wei N, Liu-Ambrose T. Prevention of Vascular Contributions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: The Role of Physical Activity and Exercise. Stroke 2024; 55:812-821. [PMID: 38410973 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.123.044173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia, specifically cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD), are the second most common cause of dementia. Currently, there are no specific pharmacological treatments for CSVD, and the use of conventional antidementia drugs is not recommended. Exercise has the potential to prevent and mitigate CSVD-related brain damage and improve cognitive function. Mechanistic pathways underlying the neurocognitive benefits of exercise include the control of vascular risk factors, improving endothelial function, and upregulating exerkines. Notably, the therapeutic efficacy of exercise may vary by exercise type (ie, aerobic versus resistance training) and biological sex; thus, studies designed specifically to examine these moderating factors within a CSVD context are needed. Furthermore, future research should prioritize resistance training interventions, given their tremendous therapeutic potential. Addressing these knowledge gaps will help us refine exercise recommendations to maximize their therapeutic impact in the prevention and mitigation of CSVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Dao
- Department of Radiology (E.D.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Health Laboratory (E.D., J.Z., N.W., T.L.-A.), Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (E.D., J.Z., N.W., T.L.-A.)
| | - Cindy K Barha
- Faculty of Kinesiology (C.K.B.), University of Calgary, AB, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute (C.K.B.), University of Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jammy Zou
- Department of Physical Therapy (J.Z., N.W., T.L.-A.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Health Laboratory (E.D., J.Z., N.W., T.L.-A.), Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (E.D., J.Z., N.W., T.L.-A.)
- Centre for Aging SMART at Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, BC, Canada (J.Z., N.W., T.L.-A.)
| | - Nathan Wei
- Department of Physical Therapy (J.Z., N.W., T.L.-A.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Health Laboratory (E.D., J.Z., N.W., T.L.-A.), Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (E.D., J.Z., N.W., T.L.-A.)
- Centre for Aging SMART at Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, BC, Canada (J.Z., N.W., T.L.-A.)
| | - Teresa Liu-Ambrose
- Department of Physical Therapy (J.Z., N.W., T.L.-A.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, Aging, Mobility, and Cognitive Health Laboratory (E.D., J.Z., N.W., T.L.-A.), Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada (E.D., J.Z., N.W., T.L.-A.)
- Centre for Aging SMART at Vancouver Coastal Health, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, BC, Canada (J.Z., N.W., T.L.-A.)
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Seals DR. Publishing particulars: Part 2. Tips for effective manuscript development. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2023; 324:R393-R408. [PMID: 36749294 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00267.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In Part 2 of this Perspective on Publishing Particulars, I share several recommendations with early-career stage investigators for how to successfully develop a competitive manuscript for publication. In the initial section, I first discuss how to organize content most effectively for an original research article by creating a "storyboard" of the key results, including the sequence in which they will be presented. I then emphasize the importance of rigorously outlining all the information to be presented in the manuscript before attempting to write the text. In the second section, I comprehensively discuss tactical approaches for developing the specific component parts of an original research paper, including the Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results and illustrations, and Discussion, as well as strategies for referencing the text. In the final section, I provide suggestions for how to best develop a compelling review article. The topics discussed include how to view the opportunity; selecting authors and defining their respective roles; identifying the foundational components of the text; conducting a comprehensive review of the target published literature; and organizing, writing, and illustrating the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Seals
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, United States
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3
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Ras J, Kengne AP, Smith DL, Soteriades ES, Leach L. Association between Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Firefighters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2816. [PMID: 36833514 PMCID: PMC9957465 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 45% of on-duty related mortalities were due to sudden cardiac death, with many of these fatalities related to cardiovascular disease and overexertion, while performing emergency duties. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to determine the association between cardiovascular disease risk factors and cardiorespiratory fitness in firefighters. A literature search of PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Embase, EBSCOHost, and ScienceDirect was conducted; the Rayyan® intelligent systematic review tool was used to screen and select studies for inclusion. The appraisal tool for cross-sectional studies and the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme toolkit were used for methodological assessment of included studies. Data were analyzed using the Review Manager 5.3 and MedCalc® statistical softwares to determine the effects of obesity (Z = 10.29, p < 0.001) and aging (Z = 4.72, p < 0.001) on cardiorespiratory fitness. Furthermore, there was a significant effect for cardiorespiratory fitness level on systolic blood pressure (Z = 5.94, p < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (Z = 2.45, p < 0.001), total cholesterol levels (Z = 3.80, p < 0.001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (Z = 4.44, p < 0.001), triglycerides (Z = 3.76, p < 0.001) and blood glucose concentration (Z = 4.78, p < 0.001). Cardiovascular disease risk factors and cardiorespiratory fitness were significantly and inversely associated in firefighters. Fire service departments should adopt behavioral intervention strategies to maintain optimum cardiovascular disease risk factor profiles and cardiorespiratory fitness among firefighters to ensure their occupational well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaron Ras
- Department of Sport, Recreation and Exercise Science, Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
| | - Andre P. Kengne
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town 7505, South Africa
| | - Denise L. Smith
- Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY 12866, USA
| | - Elpidoforos S. Soteriades
- Healthcare Management Program, School of Economics and Management, Open University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2220, Cyprus
- Department of Environmental Health, Environmental and Occupational Medicine and Epidemiology (EOME), Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lloyd Leach
- Department of Sport, Recreation and Exercise Science, Faculty of Community and Health Sciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
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4
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Bovolini A, Costa-Brito AR, Martins F, Furtado GE, Mendonça GV, Vila-Chã C. Impact of Exercise on Vascular Function in Middle-Aged and Older Adults: A Scoping Review. Sports (Basel) 2022; 10:sports10120208. [PMID: 36548505 PMCID: PMC9786288 DOI: 10.3390/sports10120208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a substantial literature gap related to the vascular response to different types of exercise training in middle-aged and older populations. Thus, this scoping review aimed to examine the outcomes of controlled trials testing the long-term effects of exercise interventions on vascular function-related outcomes in middle-aged and older populations. The literature search was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Data sources: five databases were used (EBSCO, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Science Direct, and Google Scholar). Eligibility criteria: controlled trials, published in the last 10 years, in English, containing well-described exercise interventions, reporting vascular quantitative effects of exercise in middle-aged and older people. A total of 62 publications were included. The studies included distinct types and intensities of exercise and were heterogeneous in volume and frequency. The assessed vascular outcomes also presented considerable variability. Overall, most studies reported positive effects of exercise on vascular function outcomes, regardless of exercise characteristics. Different exercise interventions can be applied to improve vascular function in middle-aged and older adults. Studies on combined and stretching exercises reported encouraging results in improving vascular function. Stretching exercises rise as an effective alternative in promoting vascular function among older adults, while combined exercise delivered promising vascular benefits in both populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bovolini
- Laboratory for the Evaluation of Sports Performance, Physical Exercise, and Health (LABMOV), Polytechnic of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences, and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (C.V.-C.)
| | - Ana Raquel Costa-Brito
- Laboratory for the Evaluation of Sports Performance, Physical Exercise, and Health (LABMOV), Polytechnic of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
| | - Faber Martins
- Laboratory for the Evaluation of Sports Performance, Physical Exercise, and Health (LABMOV), Polytechnic of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
| | - Guilherme Eustáquio Furtado
- Laboratory for the Evaluation of Sports Performance, Physical Exercise, and Health (LABMOV), Polytechnic of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo V. Mendonça
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Faculty of Human Motricity, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, 1495-751 Lisbon, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Centre for the Study of Human Performance (CIPER), Faculty of Human Motricity, University of Lisbon, Cruz Quebrada-Dafundo, 1495-751 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carolina Vila-Chã
- Laboratory for the Evaluation of Sports Performance, Physical Exercise, and Health (LABMOV), Polytechnic of Guarda, 6300-559 Guarda, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences, and Human Development (CIDESD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (C.V.-C.)
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Craighead DH, Freeberg KA, Maurer GS, Myers VH, Seals DR. Translational Potential of High-Resistance Inspiratory Muscle Strength Training. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2022; 50:107-117. [PMID: 35394978 PMCID: PMC9203907 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated cardiovascular (CV) dysfunction increases the risk for CV diseases. Aerobic exercise training can improve CV function, but only a minority of adults meet aerobic exercise guidelines. High-resistance inspiratory muscle strength training is a time-efficient lifestyle intervention that may promote adherence and improve CV function. However, further investigation is needed to translate inspiratory muscle strength training into the public health domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Craighead
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Kaitlin A. Freeberg
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | - Grace S. Maurer
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
| | | | - Douglas R. Seals
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado
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6
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Time-efficient, high-resistance inspiratory muscle strength training for cardiovascular aging. Exp Gerontol 2021; 154:111515. [PMID: 34389471 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain the leading cause of death in developed and developing societies and aging is the primary risk factor for CVD. Much of the increased risk of CVD in midlife/older adults (i.e., adults aged 50 years and older) is due to increases in blood pressure, vascular endothelial dysfunction and stiffening of the large elastic arteries. Aerobic exercise training is an effective lifestyle intervention to improve CV function and decrease CVD risk with aging. However, <40% of midlife/older adults meet guidelines for aerobic exercise, due to time availability-related barriers and other obstacles to adherence. Therefore, there is a need for new lifestyle interventions that not only improve CV function with aging but also promote adherence. High-resistance inspiratory muscle strength training (IMST) is an emerging, time-efficient (5 min/day) lifestyle intervention. Early research suggests high-resistance IMST may promote adherence, lower blood pressure and potentially improve vascular endothelial function. However, additional investigation will be required to more definitively establish high-resistance IMST as a healthy lifestyle intervention for CV aging. This review will summarize the current evidence on high-resistance IMST for improving CV function with aging and will identify key research gaps and future directions.
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Craighead DH, Heinbockel TC, Freeberg KA, Rossman MJ, Jackman RA, Jankowski LR, Hamilton MN, Ziemba BP, Reisz JA, D’Alessandro A, Brewster LM, DeSouza CA, You Z, Chonchol M, Bailey EF, Seals DR. Time-Efficient Inspiratory Muscle Strength Training Lowers Blood Pressure and Improves Endothelial Function, NO Bioavailability, and Oxidative Stress in Midlife/Older Adults With Above-Normal Blood Pressure. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e020980. [PMID: 34184544 PMCID: PMC8403283 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.121.020980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background High-resistance inspiratory muscle strength training (IMST) is a novel, time-efficient physical training modality. Methods and Results We performed a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial to investigate whether 6 weeks of IMST (30 breaths/day, 6 days/week) improves blood pressure, endothelial function, and arterial stiffness in midlife/older adults (aged 50-79 years) with systolic blood pressure ≥120 mm Hg, while also investigating potential mechanisms and long-lasting effects. Thirty-six participants completed high-resistance IMST (75% maximal inspiratory pressure, n=18) or low-resistance sham training (15% maximal inspiratory pressure, n=18). IMST was safe, well tolerated, and had excellent adherence (≈95% of training sessions completed). Casual systolic blood pressure decreased from 135±2 mm Hg to 126±3 mm Hg (P<0.01) with IMST, which was ≈75% sustained 6 weeks after IMST (P<0.01), whereas IMST modestly decreased casual diastolic blood pressure (79±2 mm Hg to 77±2 mm Hg, P=0.03); blood pressure was unaffected by sham training (all P>0.05). Twenty-four hour systolic blood pressure was lower after IMST versus sham training (P=0.01). Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation improved ≈45% with IMST (P<0.01) but was unchanged with sham training (P=0.73). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells cultured with subject serum sampled after versus before IMST exhibited increased NO bioavailability, greater endothelial NO synthase activation, and lower reactive oxygen species bioactivity (P<0.05). IMST decreased C-reactive protein (P=0.05) and altered select circulating metabolites (targeted plasma metabolomics) associated with cardiovascular function. Neither IMST nor sham training influenced arterial stiffness (P>0.05). Conclusions High-resistance IMST is a safe, highly adherable lifestyle intervention for improving blood pressure and endothelial function in midlife/older adults with above-normal initial systolic blood pressure. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT03266510.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Matthew J. Rossman
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCO
| | - Rachel A. Jackman
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCO
| | | | | | - Brian P. Ziemba
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCO
| | - Julie A. Reisz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCO
| | - Angelo D’Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCO
| | - L. Madden Brewster
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCO
| | | | - Zhiying You
- Division of Renal Diseases and HypertensionUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCO
| | - Michel Chonchol
- Division of Renal Diseases and HypertensionUniversity of Colorado Anschutz Medical CampusAuroraCO
| | - E. Fiona Bailey
- Department of PhysiologyUniversity of Arizona College of MedicineTucsonAZ
| | - Douglas R. Seals
- Department of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderCO
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8
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Jones AM, Vanhatalo A, Seals DR, Rossman MJ, Piknova B, Jonvik KL. Dietary Nitrate and Nitric Oxide Metabolism: Mouth, Circulation, Skeletal Muscle, and Exercise Performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:280-294. [PMID: 32735111 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous signaling molecule that plays an important role in myriad physiological processes, including the regulation of vascular tone, neurotransmission, mitochondrial respiration, and skeletal muscle contractile function. NO may be produced via the canonical NO synthase-catalyzed oxidation of l-arginine and also by the sequential reduction of nitrate to nitrite and then NO. The body's nitrate stores can be augmented by the ingestion of nitrate-rich foods (primarily green leafy vegetables). NO bioavailability is greatly enhanced by the activity of bacteria residing in the mouth, which reduce nitrate to nitrite, thereby increasing the concentration of circulating nitrite, which can be reduced further to NO in regions of low oxygen availability. Recent investigations have focused on promoting this nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway to positively affect indices of cardiovascular health and exercise tolerance. It has been reported that dietary nitrate supplementation with beetroot juice lowers blood pressure in hypertensive patients, and sodium nitrite supplementation improves vascular endothelial function and reduces the stiffening of large elastic arteries in older humans. Nitrate supplementation has also been shown to enhance skeletal muscle function and to improve exercise performance in some circumstances. Recently, it has been established that nitrate concentration in skeletal muscle is much higher than that in blood and that muscle nitrate stores are exquisitely sensitive to dietary nitrate supplementation and deprivation. In this review, we consider the possibility that nitrate represents an essential storage form of NO and discuss the integrated function of the oral microbiome, circulation, and skeletal muscle in nitrate-nitrite-NO metabolism, as well as the practical relevance for health and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Jones
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Douglas R Seals
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Matthew J Rossman
- Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO
| | - Barbora Piknova
- Molecular Medicine Branch, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Abstract
Evidence supports exercise as a first-line option for many chronic diseases. Although recommendations suggest 150 to 300 minutes a week of moderate-intensity or 75 to 150 minutes a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity, replacing sedentary behaviors with light-intensity activities reduces risks of all-cause mortality, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality and incidence of CVD and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Exercise has positive effects on brain function, cognition, and depressive symptoms. Based on such evidence, health care providers should incorporate evaluation of physical activity into patient care. Patients should be evaluated for readiness and ability to exercise and encouraged to increase activity level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Ann McInnis
- School of Nursing, Middle Tennessee State University, 1500 Greenland Drive, Box 81, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA.
| | - Angela Morehead
- School of Nursing, Middle Tennessee State University, 1500 Greenland Drive, Box 81, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, USA
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Emamat H, Totmaj AS, Tangestani H, Hekmatdoost A. The effect of egg and its derivatives on vascular function: A systematic review of interventional studies. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2020; 39:15-21. [PMID: 32859309 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2020.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are considered as a major cause of health loss for all regions of the world. Atherosclerosis is one of the most important underlying causes of CVDs. Vascular dysfunction is the primary marker of atherosclerosis. Various studies have investigated the effect of egg intake on CVDs. This study aimed to determine the effect of egg and its derivatives consumption on vascular function. METHODS Using a comprehensive search strategy, the searching was conducted on PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar search engines resources (from inception up to Feb 2020). Intended exposure and outcome were egg or its derivatives intake, and vascular function measuring methods, respectively. RESULTS A total of 35 papers were found through search databases. Finally, seven trials were included, which were published between 2005 and 2018. Results showed that acute and chronic consumption of whole eggs did not have a significant adverse effect on flow-mediated dilatation (FMD). Also, lutein-enriched egg yolk and egg ovalbumin-derived protein hydrolysate did not have significant positive effects on FMD and pulse wave velocity (PWV), respectively. However, one month egg-yolk-derived phospholipid (PL) preparation intervention increased FMD by 3.4% (p < 0.05), and replacing a portion of a glucose challenge with whole eggs or egg whites improved postprandial FMD (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS We concluded that consumption of whole egg, despite being rich in cholesterol, has no adverse effect on vascular function, and even some of egg derivatives may improve vascular function. Further research is needed to justify the potential effects of egg or its derivatives on vascular function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Emamat
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Saneei Totmaj
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadith Tangestani
- Department of Nutrition, Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran; Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Azita Hekmatdoost
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology, Research Institute Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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