1
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Kharlamova MV, Kramberger C. Cytotoxicity of Carbon Nanotubes, Graphene, Fullerenes, and Dots. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13091458. [PMID: 37177003 PMCID: PMC10180519 DOI: 10.3390/nano13091458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The cytotoxicity of carbon nanomaterials is a very important issue for microorganisms, animals, and humans. Here, we discuss the issues of cytotoxicity of carbon nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes, graphene, fullerene, and dots. Cytotoxicity issues, such as cell viability and drug release, are considered. The main part of the review is dedicated to important cell viability issues. They are presented for A549 human melanoma, E. coli, osteosarcoma, U2-OS, SAOS-2, MG63, U87, and U118 cell lines. Then, important drug release issues are discussed. Bioimaging results are shown here to illustrate the use of carbon derivatives as markers in any type of imaging used in vivo/in vitro. Finally, perspectives of the field are presented. The important issue is single-cell viability. It can allow a correlation of the functionality of organelles of single cells with the development of cancer. Such organelles are mitochondria, nuclei, vacuoles, and reticulum. It allows for finding biochemical evidence of cancer prevention in single cells. The development of investigation methods for single-cell level detection of viability stimulates the cytotoxicity investigative field. The development of single-cell microscopy is needed to improve the resolution and accuracy of investigations. The importance of cytotoxicity is drug release. It is important to control the amount of drug that is released. This is performed with pH, temperature, and electric stimulation. Further development of drug loading and bioimaging is important to decrease the cytotoxicity of carbon nanomaterials. We hope that this review is useful for researchers from all disciplines across the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna V Kharlamova
- Centre for Advanced Materials Application (CEMEA), Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 5807/9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Kramberger
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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2
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Kharlamova MV, Kramberger C. Electrochemistry of Carbon Materials: Progress in Raman Spectroscopy, Optical Absorption Spectroscopy, and Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:640. [PMID: 36839009 PMCID: PMC9961505 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper is dedicated to the discussion of applications of carbon material in electrochemistry. The paper starts with a general discussion on electrochemical doping. Then, investigations by spectroelectrochemistry are discussed. The Raman spectroscopy experiments in different electrolyte solutions are considered. This includes aqueous solutions and acetonitrile and ionic fluids. The investigation of carbon nanotubes on different substrates is considered. The optical absorption experiments in different electrolyte solutions and substrate materials are discussed. The chemical functionalization of carbon nanotubes is considered. Finally, the application of carbon materials and chemically functionalized carbon nanotubes in batteries, supercapacitors, sensors, and nanoelectronic devices is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna V. Kharlamova
- Centre for Advanced Materials Application (CEMEA) of Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 5807/9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
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3
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Ilatovskii DA, Gilshtein EP, Glukhova OE, Nasibulin AG. Transparent Conducting Films Based on Carbon Nanotubes: Rational Design toward the Theoretical Limit. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201673. [PMID: 35712777 PMCID: PMC9405519 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Electrically conductive thin-film materials possessing high transparency are essential components for many optoelectronic devices. The advancement in the transparent conductor applications requires a replacement of indium tin oxide (ITO), one of the key materials in electronics. ITO and other transparent conductive metal oxides have several drawbacks, including poor flexibility, high refractive index and haze, limited chemical stability, and depleted raw material supply. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are a promising alternative for transparent conducting films (TCFs) because of their unique and excellent chemical and physical properties. Here, the latest achievements in the optoelectronic performance of TCFs based on SWCNTs are analyzed. Various approaches to evaluate the performance of transparent electrodes are briefly reviewed. A roadmap for further research and development of the transparent conductors using "rational design," which breaks the deadlock for obtaining the TCFs with a performance close to the theoretical limit, is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniil A. Ilatovskii
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and TechnologyNobel Str. 3Moscow143026Russian Federation
| | - Evgeniia P. Gilshtein
- Empa‐Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and TechnologyÜberlandstrasse 129Dübendorf8600Switzerland
| | - Olga E. Glukhova
- Saratov State UniversityAstrakhanskaya Str. 83Saratov410012Russian Federation
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical UniversityBolshaya Pirogovskaya Str. 2–4Moscow119991Russian Federation
| | - Albert G. Nasibulin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and TechnologyNobel Str. 3Moscow143026Russian Federation
- Aalto UniversityEspooFI‐00076Finland
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4
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Gou Z, Qu H, Liu H, Ma Y, Zong L, Li B, Xie C, Li Z, Li W, Wang L. Coupling of N-Doped Mesoporous Carbon and N-Ti 3 C 2 in 2D Sandwiched Heterostructure for Enhanced Oxygen Electroreduction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2106581. [PMID: 35229469 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202106581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
2D heterostructures provide a competitive platform to tailor electrical property through control of layer structure and constituents. However, despite the diverse integration of 2D materials and their application flexibility, tailoring synergistic interlayer interactions between 2D materials that form electronically coupled heterostructures remains a grand challenge. Here, the rational design and optimized synthesis of electronically coupled N-doped mesoporous defective carbon and nitrogen modified titanium carbide (Ti3 C2 ) in a 2D sandwiched heterostructure, is reported. First, a F127-polydopamine single-micelle-directed interfacial assembly strategy guarantees the construction of two surrounding mesoporous N-doped carbon monolayers assembled on both sides of Ti3 C2 nanosheets. Second, the followed ammonia post-treatment successfully introduces N elements into Ti3 C2 structure and more defective sites in N-doped mesoporous carbon. Finally, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and theoretical calculation prove the synergistic coupled electronic effect between N-Ti3 C2 and defective N-doped carbon active sites in the 2D sandwiched heterostructure. Compared with the control 2D samples (0.87-0.88 V, 4.90-5.15 mA cm-2 ), the coupled 2D heterostructure possesses the best onset potential of 0.90 V and limited density current of 5.50 mA cm-2 . Meanwhile, this catalyst exhibits superior methanol tolerance and cyclic durability. This design philosophy opens up a new thought for tailoring synergistic interlayer interactions between 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolin Gou
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Taishan Scholar Advantage and Characteristic Discipline Team of Eco-Chemical Process and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Huiqi Qu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Taishan Scholar Advantage and Characteristic Discipline Team of Eco-Chemical Process and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Hanfang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Taishan Scholar Advantage and Characteristic Discipline Team of Eco-Chemical Process and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Yiru Ma
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Taishan Scholar Advantage and Characteristic Discipline Team of Eco-Chemical Process and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Lingbo Zong
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Taishan Scholar Advantage and Characteristic Discipline Team of Eco-Chemical Process and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Taishan Scholar Advantage and Characteristic Discipline Team of Eco-Chemical Process and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Congxia Xie
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Zhenjiang Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials Fudan University Shanghai, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Eco-chemical Engineering, Taishan Scholar Advantage and Characteristic Discipline Team of Eco-Chemical Process and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China
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5
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Cui X, Luo Y, Zhou Y, Dong W, Chen W. Application of functionalized graphene in Li-O 2 batteries. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:132003. [PMID: 33291089 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abd1a7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Li-O2 batteries (LOB) are considered as one of the most promising energy storage devices using renewable electricity to power electric vehicles because of its exceptionally high energy density. Carbon materials have been widely employed in LOB for its light weight and facile availability. In particular, graphene is a suitable candidate due to its unique two-dimensional structure, high conductivities, large specific surface areas, and good stability at high charge potential. However, the intrinsic catalytic activity of graphene is insufficient for the sluggish kinetics of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in LOB. Therefore, various surface functionalization schemes for graphene have been developed to tailor the surface chemistry of graphene. In this review, the properties and performances of functionalized graphene cathodes are discussed from theoretical and experimental aspects, including heteroatomic doping, oxygen functional group modifications, and catalyst decoration. Heteroatomic doping breaks electric neutrality of sp2 carbon of graphene, which forms electron-deficient or electron-rich sites. Oxygen functional groups mainly create defective edges on graphene oxides with C-O, C=O, and -COO-. Catalyst decoration is widely attempted by various transition and precious metal and metal oxides. These induced reactive sites usually improve the ORR and/or OER in LOB by manipulating the adsorption energies of O2, LiO2, Li2O2, and promoting electron transportation of cathode. In addition, functionalized graphene is used in anode and separators to prevent shuttle effect of redox mediators and suppress growth of Li dendrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhang Cui
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
- School of Physics and Electronic-Electrical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yani Luo
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Zhou
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
| | - Wenhao Dong
- School of Physics and Electronic-Electrical Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou, 350207, People's Republic of China
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6
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Abbaspour M, Akbarzadeh H, Zaeifi S. Thermodynamics, Structure, and Dynamic Properties of Nanostructured Water Confined into B-, N-, and Si-Doped Graphene Surfaces and Carbon Nanotubes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Abbaspour
- Department of Chemistry, Hakim Sabzevari University, 96179-76487 Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Hamed Akbarzadeh
- Department of Chemistry, Hakim Sabzevari University, 96179-76487 Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Shadi Zaeifi
- Department of Chemistry, Hakim Sabzevari University, 96179-76487 Sabzevar, Iran
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7
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Ravi K, Advani JH, Bankar BD, Singh AS, Biradar AV. Sustainable route for the synthesis of flower-like Ni@N-doped carbon nanosheets from bagasse and its catalytic activity towards reductive amination of nitroarenes with bio-derived aldehydes. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj04673f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Waste derived N-doped carbon for one pot domino catalytic transformation starting from nitroarenes and carbonyl compounds directed towards the preparation of imines and benzimidazole products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Ravi
- Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute
- Bhavnagar-364 002
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Jacky H. Advani
- Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute
- Bhavnagar-364 002
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Balasaheb D. Bankar
- Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute
- Bhavnagar-364 002
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Amravati S. Singh
- Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute
- Bhavnagar-364 002
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
| | - Ankush V. Biradar
- Inorganic Materials and Catalysis Division
- CSIR-Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute
- Bhavnagar-364 002
- India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)
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8
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Shang SS, Gao S. Heteroatom‐Enhanced Metal‐Free Catalytic Performance of Carbocatalysts for Organic Transformations. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sen S. Shang
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
| | - Shuang Gao
- Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy Dalian Institute of Chemical PhysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Dalian 116023 P. R. China
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9
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Fernandes DM, Peixoto AF, Freire C. Nitrogen-doped metal-free carbon catalysts for (electro)chemical CO2 conversion and valorisation. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:13508-13528. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt01691k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the recent developments made in the fabrication of N-doped carbon materials for enhanced CO2 conversion and electrochemical reduction into high-value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. Fernandes
- REQUIMTE/LAQV
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- 4169-007 Porto
| | - Andreia F. Peixoto
- REQUIMTE/LAQV
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- 4169-007 Porto
| | - Cristina Freire
- REQUIMTE/LAQV
- Departamento de Química e Bioquímica
- Faculdade de Ciências
- Universidade do Porto
- 4169-007 Porto
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10
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Yu L, Yi Q, Yang X, Li G. A Facile Synthesis of C-N Hollow Nanotubes as High Electroactivity Catalysts of Oxygen Reduction Reaction Derived from Dicyandiamide. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan University of Science and Technology; Xiangtan 411201, Hunan China
| | - Qingfeng Yi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan University of Science and Technology; Xiangtan 411201, Hunan China
- Hunan Provincial Key Lab of Advanced Materials for New Energy Storage and Conversion; Xiangtan 411201 China
- The State Key Laboratory of Pressure Hydrometallurgical Technology of Associated Nonferrous Metal Resources, Kunming; Yunnan 650503 China
| | - Xiaokun Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan University of Science and Technology; Xiangtan 411201, Hunan China
| | - Guang Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Hunan University of Science and Technology; Xiangtan 411201, Hunan China
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11
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Bae S, Jeon I, Mahmood J, Baek J. Molybdenum‐Based Carbon Hybrid Materials to Enhance the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. Chemistry 2018; 24:18158-18179. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seo‐Yoon Bae
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic FrameworksUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) 50 UNIST Ulsan 44919 South Korea
| | - In‐Yup Jeon
- Department of Chemical EngineeringWonkwang University 460, Iksandae-ro Iksan, Jeonbuk 54538 South Korea
| | - Javeed Mahmood
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic FrameworksUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) 50 UNIST Ulsan 44919 South Korea
| | - Jong‐Beom Baek
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Center for Dimension-Controllable Organic FrameworksUlsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) 50 UNIST Ulsan 44919 South Korea
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12
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Physicochemical properties of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes from metallocenes and ferrocenyl imidazolium compounds. J Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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13
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Investigations on the Role of N₂:(N₂ + CH₄) Ratio on the Growth of Hydrophobic Nanostructured Hydrogenated Carbon Nitride Thin Films by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition at Low Temperature. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10020102. [PMID: 28772460 PMCID: PMC5459170 DOI: 10.3390/ma10020102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nanostructured hydrogenated carbon nitride (CNx:H) thin films were synthesized on a crystal silicon substrate at low deposition temperature by radio-frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). Methane and nitrogen were the precursor gases used in this deposition process. The effects of N₂ to the total gas flow rate ratio on the formation of CNx:H nanostructures were investigated. Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), Raman scattering, and Fourier transform of infrared spectroscopies (FTIR) were used to characterize the films. The atomic nitrogen to carbon ratio and sp² bonds in the film structure showed a strong influence on its growth rate, and its overall structure is strongly influenced by even small changes in the N₂:(N₂ + CH₄) ratio. The formation of fibrous CNx:H nanorod structures occurs at ratios of 0.7 and 0.75, which also shows improved surface hydrophobic characteristic. Analysis showed that significant presence of isonitrile bonds in a more ordered film structure were important criteria contributing to the formation of vertically-aligned nanorods. The hydrophobicity of the CNx:H surface improved with the enhancement in the vertical alignment and uniformity in the distribution of the fibrous nanorod structures.
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14
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Dettlaff A, Sawczak M, Klugmann-Radziemska E, Czylkowski D, Miotk R, Wilamowska-Zawłocka M. High-performance method of carbon nanotubes modification by microwave plasma for thin composite films preparation. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04707j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work we present a simple and efficient method of nitrogen plasma modification of carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Nitrogen-doped CNTs and electroactive polymer were used for synthesis of nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dettlaff
- Department of Chemical Apparatus and Theory of Machines
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Gdańsk University of Technology
- 80-233 Gdańsk
- Poland
| | - Mirosław Sawczak
- Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 80-231 Gdańsk
- Poland
| | - Ewa Klugmann-Radziemska
- Department of Chemical Apparatus and Theory of Machines
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Gdańsk University of Technology
- 80-233 Gdańsk
- Poland
| | - Dariusz Czylkowski
- Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 80-231 Gdańsk
- Poland
| | - Robert Miotk
- Institute of Fluid Flow Machinery
- Polish Academy of Sciences
- 80-231 Gdańsk
- Poland
| | - Monika Wilamowska-Zawłocka
- Department of Chemical Apparatus and Theory of Machines
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Gdańsk University of Technology
- 80-233 Gdańsk
- Poland
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15
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Ba H, Liu Y, Truong-Phuoc L, Duong-Viet C, Nhut JM, Nguyen DL, Ersen O, Tuci G, Giambastiani G, Pham-Huu C. N-Doped Food-Grade-Derived 3D Mesoporous Foams as Metal-Free Systems for Catalysis. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Housseinou Ba
- Institut
de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Energie, l’Environnement
et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR 7515 CNRS- University of Strasbourg (UdS), 25, rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
| | - Yuefeng Liu
- Institut
de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Energie, l’Environnement
et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR 7515 CNRS- University of Strasbourg (UdS), 25, rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
| | - Lai Truong-Phuoc
- Institut
de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Energie, l’Environnement
et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR 7515 CNRS- University of Strasbourg (UdS), 25, rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
| | - Cuong Duong-Viet
- Institut
de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Energie, l’Environnement
et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR 7515 CNRS- University of Strasbourg (UdS), 25, rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
- Ha-Noi University of Mining and Geology, 18 Pho Vien, Duc Thang, Bac Tu Liem, Ha-Noi, Vietnam
| | - Jean-Mario Nhut
- Institut
de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Energie, l’Environnement
et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR 7515 CNRS- University of Strasbourg (UdS), 25, rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
| | - Dinh Lam Nguyen
- The University of Da-Nang, University of Science
and Technology, 54, Nguyen
Luong Bang, Da-Nang, Vietnam
| | - Ovidiu Ersen
- Institut
de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), UMR 7504, CNRS-University of Strasbourg (UdS), 23, rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
| | - Giulia Tuci
- Institute
of Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds, ICCOM-CNR and Consorzio INSTM, Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019 Sesto F.no, Florence, Italy
| | - Giuliano Giambastiani
- Institute
of Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds, ICCOM-CNR and Consorzio INSTM, Via Madonna del Piano, 10, 50019 Sesto F.no, Florence, Italy
- Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russian Federation
| | - Cuong Pham-Huu
- Institut
de Chimie et Procédés pour l’Energie, l’Environnement
et la Santé (ICPEES), UMR 7515 CNRS- University of Strasbourg (UdS), 25, rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 02, France
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16
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Latham KG, Rawal A, Hook JM, Donne SW. Molecular structures driving pseudo-capacitance in hydrothermal nanostructured carbons. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26136h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The incorporation of nitrogen into hydrothermal carbon with (NH4)2SO4 is shown to have a significant influence on the chemical composition and surface characteristics of hydrothermal carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aditya Rawal
- NMR Facility
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - James M. Hook
- NMR Facility
- Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Scott W. Donne
- Discipline of Chemistry
- University of Newcastle
- Callaghan
- Australia
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17
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Ewels CP, Erbahar D, Wagner P, Rocquefelte X, Arenal R, Pochet P, Rayson M, Scardamaglia M, Bittencourt C, Briddon P. Nitrogen segregation in nanocarbons. Faraday Discuss 2015; 173:215-32. [PMID: 25468305 DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00111g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We explore the behaviour of nitrogen doping in carbon nanomaterials, notably graphene, nanotubes, and carbon thin films. This is initially via a brief review of the literature, followed by a series of atomistic density functional calculations. We show that at low concentrations, substitutional nitrogen doping in the sp(2)-C graphenic basal plane is favoured, however once the nitrogen concentration reaches a critical threshold there is a transition towards the formation of the more thermodynamically-favoured nitrogen terminated 'zigzag' type edges. These can occur either via formation of finite patches (polycyclic aromatic azacarbons), strips of sp(2) carbon with zigzag nitrogen edges, or internal nitrogen-terminated hole edges within graphenic planes. This transition to edge formation is especially favoured when the nitrogen can be partially functionalised with, e.g. hydrogen. By comparison with available literature results, notably from electron energy loss spectroscopy and X-ray spectroscopy, the current results suggest that much of the nitrogen believed to be incorporated into carbon nanoobjects is instead likely to be present terminating the edges of carbonaceous impurities attached to nanoobject's surface. By comparison to nitrogen-doped tetrahedrally amorphous carbon, we suggest that this transition at around 10-20% nitrogen concentration and above towards sp(2) coordination via internal nitrogen-terminated edge formation may be a general property of nitrogen-doped carbon materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C P Ewels
- IMN, CNRS UMR6502, Universit de Nantes, 44300 Nantes, France.
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18
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Dai L, Xue Y, Qu L, Choi HJ, Baek JB. Metal-Free Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction. Chem Rev 2015; 115:4823-92. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5003563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1830] [Impact Index Per Article: 203.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liming Dai
- Center
of Advanced Science and Engineering for Carbon (Case4Carbon), Department
of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Yuhua Xue
- Center
of Advanced Science and Engineering for Carbon (Case4Carbon), Department
of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Liangti Qu
- Key
Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, Beijing
Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials,
Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hyun-Jung Choi
- School
of Energy and Chemical Engineering/Center for Dimension-Controllable
Covalent Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 100 Banyeon, Ulsan, 689-798, South Korea
| | - Jong-Beom Baek
- School
of Energy and Chemical Engineering/Center for Dimension-Controllable
Covalent Organic Frameworks, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 100 Banyeon, Ulsan, 689-798, South Korea
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19
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Susi T, Pichler T, Ayala P. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of graphitic carbon nanomaterials doped with heteroatoms. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:177-92. [PMID: 25671162 PMCID: PMC4311644 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is one of the best tools for studying the chemical modification of surfaces, and in particular the distribution and bonding of heteroatom dopants in carbon nanomaterials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes. Although these materials have superb intrinsic properties, these often need to be modified in a controlled way for specific applications. Towards this aim, the most studied dopants are neighbors to carbon in the periodic table, nitrogen and boron, with phosphorus starting to emerge as an interesting new alternative. Hundreds of studies have used XPS for analyzing the concentration and bonding of dopants in various materials. Although the majority of works has concentrated on nitrogen, important work is still ongoing to identify its precise atomic bonding configurations. In general, care should be taken in the preparation of a suitable sample, consideration of the intrinsic photoemission response of the material in question, and the appropriate spectral analysis. If this is not the case, incorrect conclusions can easily be drawn, especially in the assignment of measured binding energies into specific atomic configurations. Starting from the characteristics of pristine materials, this review provides a practical guide for interpreting X-ray photoelectron spectra of doped graphitic carbon nanomaterials, and a reference for their binding energies that are vital for compositional analysis via XPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toma Susi
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Pichler
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Paola Ayala
- University of Vienna, Faculty of Physics, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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20
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Bhagat PN, Patil KR, Bodas DS, Paknikar KM. Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of carbon nanospheres: a mechanistic insight. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10194h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SEM and PL for CNS synthesized for 4 h by hydrothermal reaction of glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. N. Bhagat
- Centre for Nanobioscience
- Agharkar Research Institute
- Pune 411 004
- India
| | - K. R. Patil
- Special Instruments Division
- National Chemical Laboratory
- Pune 411 007
- India
| | - D. S. Bodas
- Centre for Nanobioscience
- Agharkar Research Institute
- Pune 411 004
- India
| | - K. M. Paknikar
- Centre for Nanobioscience
- Agharkar Research Institute
- Pune 411 004
- India
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21
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Cho H, Oh I, Kang J, Park S, Ku B, Park M, Kwak S, Khanra P, Lee JH, Kim MJ. Catalyst and doping methods for arc graphene. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:445601. [PMID: 25319609 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/44/445601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-doped graphene synthesis with ∼g scale has been accomplished using the arc discharge method. The defects formed in the synthesis process were reduced by adding various metal catalysts, among which Bi2O3 was found to be the most effective. Adding dopants to the starting materials increased the electrical conductivity of the graphene product, and the doping concentration in graphene was tuned by adjusting the amount of nitrogen dopants. A step-wise technique to fabricate graphene thin films was developed, including dispersion, separation, and filtering processes. The arc graphene can also find its potential application in supercapacitors, taking advantage of its large surface area and improved conductivity by doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjin Cho
- Soft Innovative Materials Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Chudong-ro 92, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 565-905, Korea
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22
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Arenal R, March K, Ewels CP, Rocquefelte X, Kociak M, Loiseau A, Stéphan O. Atomic configuration of nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:5509-16. [PMID: 25157857 DOI: 10.1021/nl501645g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Having access to the chemical environment at the atomic level of a dopant in a nanostructure is crucial for the understanding of its properties. We have performed atomically resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy to detect individual nitrogen dopants in single-walled carbon nanotubes and compared with first-principles calculations. We demonstrate that nitrogen doping occurs as single atoms in different bonding configurations: graphitic-like and pyrrolic-like substitutional nitrogen neighboring local lattice distortion such as Stone-Thrower-Wales defects. We also show that the largest fraction of nitrogen amount is found in poly aromatic species that are adsorbed on the surface of the nanotube walls. The stability under the electron beam of these nanotubes has been studied in two different cases of nitrogen incorporation content and configuration. These findings provide key information for the applications of these nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Arenal
- Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza , Calle Mariano Esquillor, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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23
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Koohi M, Ghavami M, Haerizade BN, Zandi H, Kassaee MZ. Cyclacenes and short zigzag nanotubes with alternanting Ge―C bonds: theoretical impacts of Ge on the ground state, strain, and band gap. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Koohi
- Department of Chemistry; Tarbiat Modares University; P.O. Box 14115-175 Tehran Iran
| | - Monireh Ghavami
- Department of Chemistry; Tarbiat Modares University; P.O. Box 14115-175 Tehran Iran
| | | | - Hasan Zandi
- Department of Chemistry; Tarbiat Modares University; P.O. Box 14115-175 Tehran Iran
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24
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Chae SH, Lee YH. Carbon nanotubes and graphene towards soft electronics. NANO CONVERGENCE 2014; 1:15. [PMID: 28936384 PMCID: PMC5591626 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-014-0015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Although silicon technology has been the main driving force for miniaturizing device dimensions to improve cost and performance, the current application of Si to soft electronics (flexible and stretchable electronics) is limited due to material rigidity. As a result, various prospective materials have been proposed to overcome the rigidity of conventional Si technology. In particular, nano-carbon materials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene are promising due to outstanding elastic properties as well as an excellent combination of electronic, optoelectronic, and thermal properties compared to conventional rigid silicon. The uniqueness of these nano-carbon materials has opened new possibilities for soft electronics, which is another technological trend in the market. This review covers the recent progress of soft electronics research based on CNTs and graphene. We discuss the strategies for soft electronics with nano-carbon materials and their preparation methods (growth and transfer techniques) to devices as well as the electrical characteristics of transparent conducting films (transparency and sheet resistance) and device performances in field effect transistor (FET) (structure, carrier type, on/off ratio, and mobility). In addition to discussing state of the art performance metrics, we also attempt to clarify trade-off issues and methods to control the trade-off on/off versus mobility). We further demonstrate accomplishments of the CNT network in flexible integrated circuits on plastic substrates that have attractive characteristics. A future research direction is also proposed to overcome current technological obstacles necessary to realize commercially feasible soft electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Hoon Chae
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 440-746 Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 440-746 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hee Lee
- Center for Integrated Nanostructure Physics (CINAP), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon, 440-746 Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Department of Physics, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 440-746 Republic of Korea
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25
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Boncel S, Pattinson SW, Geiser V, Shaffer MSP, Koziol KKK. En route to controlled catalytic CVD synthesis of densely packed and vertically aligned nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube arrays. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 5:219-33. [PMID: 24605289 PMCID: PMC3944053 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.5.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The catalytic chemical vapour deposition (c-CVD) technique was applied in the synthesis of vertically aligned arrays of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (N-CNTs). A mixture of toluene (main carbon source), pyrazine (1,4-diazine, nitrogen source) and ferrocene (catalyst precursor) was used as the injection feedstock. To optimize conditions for growing the most dense and aligned N-CNT arrays, we investigated the influence of key parameters, i.e., growth temperature (660, 760 and 860 °C), composition of the feedstock and time of growth, on morphology and properties of N-CNTs. The presence of nitrogen species in the hot zone of the quartz reactor decreased the growth rate of N-CNTs down to about one twentieth compared to the growth rate of multi-wall CNTs (MWCNTs). As revealed by electron microscopy studies (SEM, TEM), the individual N-CNTs (half as thick as MWCNTs) grown under the optimal conditions were characterized by a superior straightness of the outer walls, which translated into a high alignment of dense nanotube arrays, i.e., 5 × 10(8) nanotubes per mm(2) (100 times more than for MWCNTs grown in the absence of nitrogen precursor). In turn, the internal crystallographic order of the N-CNTs was found to be of a 'bamboo'-like or 'membrane'-like (multi-compartmental structure) morphology. The nitrogen content in the nanotube products, which ranged from 0.0 to 3.0 wt %, was controlled through the concentration of pyrazine in the feedstock. Moreover, as revealed by Raman/FT-IR spectroscopy, the incorporation of nitrogen atoms into the nanotube walls was found to be proportional to the number of deviations from the sp(2)-hybridisation of graphene C-atoms. As studied by XRD, the temperature and the [pyrazine]/[ferrocene] ratio in the feedstock affected the composition of the catalyst particles, and hence changed the growth mechanism of individual N-CNTs into a 'mixed base-and-tip' (primarily of the base-type) type as compared to the purely 'base'-type for undoped MWCNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slawomir Boncel
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Sebastian W Pattinson
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Valérie Geiser
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Milo S P Shaffer
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemistry, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Krzysztof K K Koziol
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
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26
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Rajesh JA, Pandurangan A. Lanthanum nickel alloy catalyzed growth of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes by chemical vapor deposition. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02321h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CNTs doped with large amounts of nitrogen were produced on a LaNi5 alloy catalyst by CVD and its growth mechanism discussed on the basis of dissolution and precipitation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Anthuvan Rajesh
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Catalysis and Petroleum Technology
- Anna University
- Chennai-600025, India
| | - Arumugam Pandurangan
- Department of Chemistry
- Institute of Catalysis and Petroleum Technology
- Anna University
- Chennai-600025, India
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27
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Tison Y, Lin H, Lagoute J, Repain V, Chacon C, Girard Y, Rousset S, Henrard L, Zheng B, Susi T, Kauppinen EI, Ducastelle F, Loiseau A. Identification of nitrogen dopants in single-walled carbon nanotubes by scanning tunneling microscopy. ACS NANO 2013; 7:7219-7226. [PMID: 23829349 DOI: 10.1021/nn4026146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Using scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy, we investigated the atomic and electronic structure of nitrogen-doped single walled carbon nanotubes synthesized by chemical vapor deposition. The insertion of nitrogen in the carbon lattice induces several types of point defects involving different atomic configurations. Spectroscopic measurements on semiconducting nanotubes reveal that these local structures can induce either extended shallow levels or more localized deep levels. In a metallic tube, a single doping site associated with a donor state was observed in the gap at an energy close to that of the first van Hove singularity. Density functional theory calculations reveal that this feature corresponds to a substitutional nitrogen atom in the carbon network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Tison
- Laboratoire Matériaux et Phénomènes Quantiques, UMR7162, Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 7162 case courrier 7021, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France.
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28
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Adsorption of isoniazid and pyrazinamide drug molecules onto nitrogen-doped single-wall carbon nanotubes: an ab initio study. Struct Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-013-0327-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Zheng Y, Jiao Y, Jaroniec M, Jin Y, Qiao SZ. Nanostructured metal-free electrochemical catalysts for highly efficient oxygen reduction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:3550-66. [PMID: 22893586 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201200861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Replacing precious and nondurable Pt catalysts with cheap and commercially available materials to facilitate sluggish cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is a key issue in the development of fuel cell technology. The recently developed cost effective and highly stable metal-free catalysts reveal comparable catalytic activity and significantly better fuel tolerance than that of current Pt-based catalysts; therefore, they can serve as feasible Pt alternatives for the next generation of ORR electrocatalysts. Their promising electrocatalytic properties and acceptable costs greatly promote the R&D of fuel cell technology. This review provides an overview of recent advances in state-of-the-art nanostructured metal-free electrocatalysts including nitrogen-doped carbons, graphitic-carbon nitride (g-C(3) N(4) )-based hybrids, and 2D graphene-based materials. A special emphasis is placed on the molecular design of these electrocatalysts, origin of their electrochemical reactivity, and ORR pathways. Finally, some perspectives are highlighted on the development of more efficient ORR electrocatalysts featuring high stability, low cost, and enhanced performance, which are the key factors to accelerate the commercialization of fuel cell technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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30
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Susi T, Kotakoski J, Arenal R, Kurasch S, Jiang H, Skakalova V, Stephan O, Krasheninnikov AV, Kauppinen EI, Kaiser U, Meyer JC. Atomistic description of electron beam damage in nitrogen-doped graphene and single-walled carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2012; 6:8837-46. [PMID: 23009666 DOI: 10.1021/nn303944f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
By combining ab initio simulations with state-of-the-art electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy, we study the mechanism of electron beam damage in nitrogen-doped graphene and carbon nanotubes. Our results show that the incorporation of nitrogen atoms results in noticeable knock-on damage in these structures already at an acceleration voltage of 80 kV, at which essentially no damage is created in pristine structures at corresponding doses. Contrary to an early estimate predicting rapid destruction via sputtering of the nitrogen atoms, in the case of substitutional doping, damage is initiated by displacement of carbon atoms neighboring the nitrogen dopant, leading to the conversion of substitutional dopant sites into pyridinic ones. Although such events are relatively rare at 80 kV, they become significant at higher voltages typically used in electron energy loss spectroscopy studies. Correspondingly, we measured an energy loss spectrum time series at 100 kV that provides direct evidence for such conversions in nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes, in excellent agreement with our theoretical prediction. Besides providing an improved understanding of the irradiation stability of these structures, we show that structural changes cannot be neglected in their characterization employing high-energy electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toma Susi
- Nanomaterials Group, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, P.O. Box 15100, 00076 Aalto, Finland.
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31
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Qian D, Andrews R, Weisenberger M, Meier MS. Nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes and Y junctions by floating catalytic chemical vapor deposition. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1680/nme.12.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Dai L, Chang DW, Baek JB, Lu W. Carbon nanomaterials for advanced energy conversion and storage. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:1130-66. [PMID: 22383334 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201101594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
It is estimated that the world will need to double its energy supply by 2050. Nanotechnology has opened up new frontiers in materials science and engineering to meet this challenge by creating new materials, particularly carbon nanomaterials, for efficient energy conversion and storage. Comparing to conventional energy materials, carbon nanomaterials possess unique size-/surface-dependent (e.g., morphological, electrical, optical, and mechanical) properties useful for enhancing the energy-conversion and storage performances. During the past 25 years or so, therefore, considerable efforts have been made to utilize the unique properties of carbon nanomaterials, including fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, and graphene, as energy materials, and tremendous progress has been achieved in developing high-performance energy conversion (e.g., solar cells and fuel cells) and storage (e.g., supercapacitors and batteries) devices. This article reviews progress in the research and development of carbon nanomaterials during the past twenty years or so for advanced energy conversion and storage, along with some discussions on challenges and perspectives in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Dai
- Center of Advanced Science and Engineering for Carbon, Case4Carbon, Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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33
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Li Y, Li T, Yao M, Liu S. Metal-free nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres synthesized by thermal treatment of poly(o-phenylenediamine) for oxygen reduction reaction in direct methanol fuel cell applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm30781b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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WANG WL, BAI XD, WANG EG. TOWARDS THE SINGLE-WALLED B- AND/OR N-DOPED CARBON NANOTUBES. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOSCIENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219581x07005024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Soon after the discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the early 1990's, the B - and/or N -doped CNTs began to attract increasing interest owing to their modified structural, physical and chemical properties. In comparison with the multi-walled nanotubes and nanofibers, substitutional doping of the single-walled nanotubes (SWNTs) has proved to be much more difficult, and it is only in very recent years that some experimental studies concerning the B - and/or N -doped SWNTs are emerging. This paper intends to provide an up-to-date overview of current research on the doped SWNTs, with scopes covering both the binary system of CB x- and CN x-SWNTs and the ternary B x C y N z-SWNTs. A survey of the latest achievements in the syntheses of doped SWNTs through either the direct syntheses methods or the post-synthetic substitution reaction route is first presented; then the aspects concerning their structural features, elemental compositions, dopants bonding configuration and atomic distributions, as well as their physical and chemical properties are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. L. WANG
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Box 603, Beijing 100080, P. R. China
| | - X. D. BAI
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Box 603, Beijing 100080, P. R. China
| | - E. G. WANG
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Box 603, Beijing 100080, P. R. China
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35
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Pint CL, Sun Z, Moghazy S, Xu YQ, Tour JM, Hauge RH. Supergrowth of nitrogen-doped single-walled carbon nanotube arrays: active species, dopant characterization, and doped/undoped heterojunctions. ACS NANO 2011; 5:6925-34. [PMID: 21819126 DOI: 10.1021/nn201252z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the water-assisted supergrowth of vertically aligned single-walled carbon-nitrogen nanotubes (SWNNTs) using a simple liquid/gas-phase precursor system. In situ characterization of gas-phase nitrogen-containing precursors and their correlation to growth identifies HCN as the most active precursor for SWNNT growth, analogous to C(2)H(2) for single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). Utilizing Raman spectroscopy, combined with XPS and in situ mass spectrometry during growth, we demonstrate the ability to probe N atoms at low concentrations (10(-5) at. % N) in the SWNNT. Additionally, we demonstrate sensitivity of SWNNT optical transitions to N-doping through absorbance measurements, which appear to be a sensitive fingerprint for SWNNT doping. Finally, we demonstrate the fabrication of SWNT/SWNNT heterojunctions in the self-assembled carpet morphology that can be printed to arbitrary host substrates and facilitate potential emerging applications for this material. This work brings together new aspects regarding the growth, characterization, and materials processing that can yield advanced material architectures involving electronically tuned SWNNT array networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cary L Pint
- Department of Chemistry and Richard E. Smalley Institute of Nanoscale Science and Technology, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA.
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36
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Li XM, Tian WQ, Dong Q, Huang XR, Sun CC, Jiang L. Substitutional doping of BN nanotube by transition metal: A density functional theory simulation. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2010.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Nieto-Márquez A, Romero R, Romero A, Valverde JL. Carbon nanospheres: synthesis, physicochemical properties and applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm01350a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Panchakarla L, Govindaraj A, Rao C. Boron- and nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes and graphene. Inorganica Chim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2010.07.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Krstić V, Ewels CP, Wågberg T, Ferreira MS, Janssens AM, Stéphan O, Glerup M. Indirect magnetic coupling in light-element-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2010; 4:5081-6. [PMID: 20684527 DOI: 10.1021/nn1009038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes substitutionally doped with the light-element phosphorus are synthesized and are investigated by electrical and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements. Decreased spin-lattice relaxation times compared to undoped tubes point toward enhanced spin-sensitive scattering. Temperature dependence of the zero-bias conductance shows step-like features, a signature of scattering from a very low density (few sites per nanotube) of localized spin moments at oxidized phosphorus sites, consistent with density functional calculations. This supports recent predictions that localized magnetic moments must be indirectly magnetically coupled through the nanotube conduction electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojislav Krstić
- School of Physics, Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Cui T, Lv R, Kang F, Hu Q, Gu J, Wang K, Wu D. Synthesis and enhanced field-emission of thin-walled, open-ended, and well-aligned N-doped carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2010; 5:941-8. [PMID: 20672122 PMCID: PMC2893853 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-010-9586-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Thin-walled, open-ended, and well-aligned N-doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the quartz slides were synthesized by using acetonitrile as carbon sources. As-obtained products possess large thin-walled index (TWI, defined as the ratio of inner diameter and wall thickness of a CNT). The effect of temperature on the growth of CNTs using acetonitrile as the carbon source was also investigated. It is found that the diameter, the TWI of CNTs increase and the Fe encapsulation in CNTs decreases as the growth temperature rises in the range of 780-860°C. When the growth temperature is kept at 860°C, CNTs with TWI = 6.2 can be obtained. It was found that the filed-emission properties became better as CNT growth temperatures increased from 780 to 860°C. The lowest turn-on and threshold field was 0.27 and 0.49 V/μm, respectively. And the best field-enhancement factors reached 1.09 × 105, which is significantly improved about an order of magnitude compared with previous reports. In this study, about 30 × 50 mm2 free-standing film of thin-walled open-ended well-aligned N-doped carbon nanotubes was also prepared. The free-standing film can be transferred easily to other substrates, which would promote their applications in different fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongxiang Cui
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Campos-Delgado J, Maciel IO, Cullen DA, Smith DJ, Jorio A, Pimenta MA, Terrones H, Terrones M. Chemical vapor deposition synthesis of N-, P-, and Si-doped single-walled carbon nanotubes. ACS NANO 2010; 4:1696-702. [PMID: 20201558 DOI: 10.1021/nn901599g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Here we report the synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotube bundles by chemical vapor deposition in the presence of electron donor elements (N, P, and Si). In order to introduce each dopant into the graphitic carbon lattice, different precursors containing the doping elements (benzylamine, pyrazine, triphenylphosphine, and methoxytrimethylsilane) were added at various concentrations into ethanol/ferrocene solutions. The synthesized nanotubes and byproduct were characterized by electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Our results reveal intrinsic structural and electronic differences for the N-, P-, and Si- doped nanotubes. These tubes can now be tested for the fabrication of electronic nanodevices, and their performance can be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Campos-Delgado
- Advanced Materials Department, IPICYT, Camino a la Presa San Jose 2055, Col. Lomas 4a Seccion, 78216 San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico
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Nxumalo EN, Coville NJ. Nitrogen Doped Carbon Nanotubes from Organometallic Compounds: A Review. MATERIALS 2010. [PMCID: PMC5445868 DOI: 10.3390/ma3032141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen doped carbon nanotubes (N-CNTs) have become a topic of increased importance in the study of carbonaceous materials. This arises from the physical and chemical properties that are created when N is embedded in a CNT. These properties include modified chemical reactivity and modified conductivity and mechanical properties. A range of methodologies have been devised to synthesize N-CNTs. One of the procedures uses a floating catalyst in which an organometallic complex is decomposed in the gas phase in the presence of a nitrogen containing reactant to give N-CNTs. Most studies have been limited to ferrocene, ring substituted ferrocene and Fe(CO)5. This review covers the synthesis (and properties) of N-CNTs and other shaped carbon nanomaterials (SCNMs) produced using organometallic complexes. It summarizes the effects that physical parameters such as temperature, pressure, gas flow rates, type and concentration of N source etc. have on the N-CNT type, size and yields as well as the nitrogen content incorporated into the tubes that are produced from organometallic complexes. Proposed growth models for N-CNT synthesis are also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Neil J. Coville
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +27 11 717 6738; Fax: +27 11 717 6749
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Abstract
The rich chemistry of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is enhanced by substitutional doping, a process in which a single atom of the nanotube sidewall is replaced by a heteroatom. These so-called heteroatom-substituted SWCNTs (HSWCNTs) exhibit unique chemical and physical properties not observed in their corresponding undoped congeners. Herein, we present theoretical studies of both main group element and transition metal-doped HSWCNTs. Within density functional theory (DFT), we discuss mechanistic details of their proposed synthesis from vacancy-defected SWCNTs and describe their geometric and electronic properties. Additionally, we propose applications for these nanomaterials in nanosensing, nanoelectronics, and nanocatalysis.
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Fang WC. High methanol oxidation activity of well-dispersed pt nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes using nitrogen doping. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2009; 5:68-73. [PMID: 20652099 PMCID: PMC2894230 DOI: 10.1007/s11671-009-9444-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Pt nanoparticles (NPs) with the average size of 3.14 nm well dispersed on N-doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs) without any pretreatment have been demonstrated. Structural properties show the characteristic N bonding within CNTs, which provide the good support for uniform distribution of Pt NPs. In electrochemical characteristics, N-doped CNTs covered with Pt NPs show superior current density due to the fact that the so-called N incorporation could give rise to the formation of preferential sites within CNTs accompanied by the low interfacial energy for immobilizing Pt NPs. Therefore, the substantially enhanced methanol oxidation activity performed by N-incorporation technique is highly promising in energy-generation applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chuan Fang
- Materials and Chemical Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Chutung 310, Taiwan.
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Mentus S, Cirić-Marjanović G, Trchová M, Stejskal J. Conducting carbonized polyaniline nanotubes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:245601. [PMID: 19471087 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/24/245601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Conducting nitrogen-containing carbon nanotubes were synthesized by the carbonization of self-assembled polyaniline nanotubes protonated with sulfuric acid. Carbonization was carried out in a nitrogen atmosphere at a heating rate of 10 degrees C min(-1) up to a maximum temperature of 800 degrees C. The carbonized polyaniline nanotubes which have a typical outer diameter of 100-260 nm, with an inner diameter of 20-170 nm and a length extending from 0.5 to 0.8 microm, accompanied with very thin nanotubes with outer diameters of 8-14 nm, inner diameters 3.0-4.5 nm and length extending from 0.3 to 1.0 microm, were observed by scanning and transmission electron microscopies. Elemental analysis showed 9 wt% of nitrogen in the carbonized product. Conductivity of the nanotubular PANI precursor, amounting to 0.04 S cm(-1), increased to 0.7 S cm(-1) upon carbonization. Molecular structure of carbonized polyaniline nanotubes has been analyzed by FTIR and Raman spectroscopies, and their paramagnetic characteristics were compared with the starting PANI nanotubes by EPR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavko Mentus
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
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Rupp CJ, Rossato J, Baierle RJ. First principles study of Si-doped BC2N nanotubes. J Chem Phys 2009; 130:114710. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3089357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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Sgobba V, Guldi DM. Carbon nanotubes—electronic/electrochemical properties and application for nanoelectronics and photonics. Chem Soc Rev 2009; 38:165-84. [DOI: 10.1039/b802652c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Amadou J, Chizari K, Houllé M, Janowska I, Ersen O, Bégin D, Pham-Huu C. N-doped carbon nanotubes for liquid-phase CC bond hydrogenation. Catal Today 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2008.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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