Corrective midfoot osteotomies

The Gradual Correction of Rigid Pes Cavus Using Midfoot Osteotomy Combined with Ilizarov Methods

OBJECTIVE

Midfoot osteotomy combined with Ilizarov methods of correction is a rarely reported treatment that is particularly well-suited for severe rigid pes cavus. The study aimed to assess the radiological and clinical results of patients who had been treated for rigid pes cavus using this method.

METHODS

The study retrospectively analyzed the clinical and radiological data of 15 pes cavus in 12 patients who were corrected by midfoot osteotomy with Ilizarov external frame in our department from March 2020 to September 2022. Radiologic outcomes were measured using the Meary angle (MA), talus-first metatarsal angle (TM1A), calcaneal varus angle (CVA) and foot length with weight-bearing radiographs. Functional assessments were evaluated in terms of pain, function, and quality of life by using the visual analogue scale (VAS), the American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society hindfoot scale score (AOFAS), and 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). Additionally, the postoperative satisfaction of patients was investigated by a questionnaire. The clinical and radiological results were evaluated by a paired t-test.

RESULTS

All patients received plantigrade feet and pain relief. The mean follow-up was 33.1 ± 5.0 months (range from 25 to 41 months). The etiology included poliomyelitis (4), idiopathic (3), trauma (2), spina bifida (2) and tethered cord syndrome (1). The duration of gradual correction was 30.4 ± 10.6 days, and the external fixation time was 116.3 ± 33.3 days. The bony union rate was 100%. The VAS, AOFAS, and SF-36 scores significantly improved (p < 0.05). The MA, TM1A, and CVA were close to or reached the normal range postoperative (p < 0.01). The length of each foot was well preserved, which was increased more than 0.8 cm than preoperative. No major complications were reported except two cases of mildly hindfoot varus deformity. The results of the questionnaire showed that patients' satisfaction was 92% (11/12).

CONCLUSION

Midfoot osteotomy combined with Ilizarov external frame proved to be a reasonable procedure with satisfying mid-term results for the gradual correction of rigid pes cavus.

Efficacy and Reliability of Percutaneous Gigli Saw Osteotomy in Midfoot Surgery: A Cadaver Study

BACKGROUND

Midfoot osteotomy is often used in the surgical treatment of foot deformities. The percutaneous Gigli saw osteotomy (PGSO) technique has many advantages compared with known osteotomy techniques. We aimed to show the efficacy and reliability of the PGSO technique in the midfoot of fresh frozen cadavers without using an image intensifier.

METHODS

Four mini-incisions were performed on the dorsomedial, dorsolateral, plantar medial, and plantar lateral regions of the midfoot. Subperiosteal tunnels were then opened with a thin bone elevator, and the four incisions were combined with each other. The Gigli saw was tied to suture material and passed through the tunnels. The PGSO was performed in the midfoot of 12 feet of the cadaver specimens without using an image intensifier. Cadaver specimens were dissected, and injured structures were noted.

RESULTS

The mean ± SD (range) cadaver age was 81.16 ± 10.38 years (65-93 years) and weight was 60.86 ± 12.39 kg (49.8-81.6 kg). All of the osteotomies were adequate as planned in the cuboid-cuneiform level and all of them were complete osteotomy .Incomplete osteotomy was not observed in any cadaver specimens. In one specimen, a complete injury of the peroneal tendons (peroneus longus and brevis) was detected. In another specimen, an incomplete tibialis anterior tendon injury was detected. There was no iatrogenic neurovascular injury in the specimens.

CONCLUSIONS

The PGSO technique is recommended for use even by inexperienced surgeons owing to its minimal risk of soft-tissue injury, provision of a complete osteotomy line, and easy application with limited incisions.

Realignment Midfoot Osteotomy: A Preoperative Planning Method and Intraoperative Surgical Technique

Deformities of the midfoot are often treated with midfoot osteotomies. The goal of the midfoot osteotomy is to create a plantigrade forefoot to hindfoot relationship. Many different techniques are described for performing midfoot osteotomies. Our goal is to present an objective pre-operative planning method and an intra-operative technique for accurate multiplanar realignment and discuss our short-term results. We retrospectively reviewed 18 patients, 10 female (56%) and 8 male (44%), that underwent realignment midfoot osteotomies. The mean follow-up was 25 months (range, 4-120). The mean age at the time of surgery was 53 years (range, 21-76). Statistically significant improvement in radiographic alignment was found in the anteroposterior talo-first metatarsal angle (p = .002) and the mechanical axis deviation of the foot (p = .02). This study proved that our pre-operative and intra-operative planning technique provides accurate multiplanar radiographic realignment with good clinical results.

Clinical and radiological outcomes of midfoot derotational osteotomy for midfoot-forefoot varus deformity

BACKGROUND

Moderate to severe midfoot-forefoot varus deformities are commonly found in several conditions. However, few techniques are available to correct these deformities. So, we evaluated the clinical and radiological outcomes of patients who underwent midfoot derotational osteotomy to achieve plantigrade foot.

METHODS

From 2006 to 2014, 6 patients (7 feet) underwent midfoot derotational osteotomy. A visual analog scale (VAS) pain and the American Orthopedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) functional score were evaluated. Radiographic parameters, including tibiocalcaneal angle (TCA) and navicular height (NH), were assessed.

RESULTS

The mean patient age at surgery was 48.0 years (37-58). From before the operation to the final follow-up, the mean VAS score decreased from 6.5 (2-9) to 1.3 (0-4) and the mean AOFAS score improved from 42.7 (34-58) to 77 (68-87). All patients were satisfied with outcomes. The mean TCA significantly improved from 33.8° (9.9-66.7) to 12.7 (5.1-27.6) (p = 0.018)and the mean NH decreased from 46.7 mm (32.8-67) to42.6 (30.1-60.8) (p = 0.018).

CONCLUSION

Severe midfoot-forefoot varus deformities can be efficiently corrected by midfoot derotational osteotomy resulting in favorable clinical and radiological outcomes and high patient satisfaction.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

IV, case series.

Distraction osteogenesis for complex foot deformities: Gigli saw midfoot osteotomy with external fixation

Open midfoot wedge osteotomy correction can cause neurovascular compromise, requires extensive exposure, sacrifices normal joints, and shortens the foot. We used a minimally invasive technique to treat complex foot deformities by combining percutaneous Gigli saw midfoot osteotomy, circular external fixation, and acute, gradual, or gradual with acute manipulation correction. The medical records of 23 patients (26 feet) with complex foot deformities (congenital, 18 feet; neuromuscular, 4 feet; post-traumatic, 3 feet; malunion, 1 foot) who had undergone treatment within an 18-year period (1990 through 2007) were retrospectively reviewed. We also performed the procedure on 10 cadaveric limbs to determine whether anatomic structures were at risk. Correction was achieved in all feet. The mean duration of external fixation treatment was 4.2 (range 3 to 7) months. The mean follow-up duration was 4.7 (range 2 to 18) years. A significant difference was observed in the pre- and postoperative, lateral view, talar-first metatarsal angle (p = .001). Minor complications (4 feet) consisted of bony exostoses. Major complications included recurrent deformity in 3 feet and sural nerve entrapment in 1 foot. Two patients had mild and one moderate foot pain. Three patients had impaired gait function; the remaining patients had functional gait. The mean interval until wearing regular shoes after external fixation removal was 2.3 (range 1 to 4) months. All but 1 of the patients were satisfied with the final results. We observed no cadaveric neurovascular injury. Our results have shown that percutaneous Gigli saw midfoot osteotomy can be performed without neurovascular injury and is capable of successfully correcting complex foot deformities.

Management of the rigid cavus foot in children and adolescents

This article reviews historical approaches to the various osteotomies in the treatment of rigid cavus feet in children, with an emphasis on the biplanar nature of historical osteotomies. The Akron dome midfoot osteotomy is performed at the apex of the rigid cavus deformity and allows for maximum correction in any plane, and for varus, valgus, dorsal, plantar, and rotational correction. In that regard, the Akron dome midfoot osteotomy provides the greatest amount of multiplanar correction. It does not, however, provide correction of hindfoot deformities or deformity distal to the neck of the metatarsal.

A prospective study of Japas' osteotomy in paralytic pes cavus deformity in adolescent feet

BACKGROUND

Pes cavus is a progressive and ugly deformity of the foot. Although initially the deformity is painless, with time, painful callosities develop under metatarsal heads and arthritis supervenes later in feet. Mild deformities can be treated with corrective shoes, or foot exercises. However, in others, operative treatment is imperative. Soft tissue operations are largely unsatisfactory and temporary. Bony operations give permanent correction. We present our series of 18 patients of pes cavus in the adolescent age group, treated by Japas' V-osteotomy of the tarsus.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

18 patients of paralytic pes cavus deformity were treated by Japas osteotomy, between March 1995 and 2005, at our institute. The age of the patients ranged from 8.6 to 15 years (mean 11.3); 10 were boys and 8 girls. All cases had unilateral involvement, and all, but one, were post-polio cases.

RESULT

The mean follow-up is 5.4 years. Of the 18 patients, 14 had excellent or good corrections; 4 had poor correction/complications. However, those patients could be salvaged by triple arthordesis or Dwyer's calcaneal osteotomy.

CONCLUSION

Japas' osteotomy is a satisfactory option for correction of pes cavus deformity in adolescents. In patients who have rigid hind foot equinus or varus, however, the results are compromised.