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Frey G, Cugnetti APG, Liu H, Xing C, Wheeler C, Chang HW, Boyle WJ, Short JM. A novel conditional active biologic anti-EpCAM x anti-CD3 bispecific antibody with synergistic tumor selectivity for cancer immunotherapy. MAbs 2024; 16:2322562. [PMID: 38445633 PMCID: PMC10936661 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2024.2322562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that plays several roles in cancer biology. EpCAM is an attractive therapeutic target because of its expression in most solid tumors. However, targeting EpCAM has been challenging because it is also highly expressed in normal epithelial tissues. Initial attempts to develop EpCAM-specific T-cell engagers were unsuccessful due to severe cytokine release effects, as well as serious on-target, off-tumor drug-related toxicities. We developed novel, conditionally active biological (CAB) bispecific antibodies that bind to both EpCAM and CD3 in an acidic tumor microenvironment. In healthy tissues, binding to EpCAM and CD3 is greatly reduced by a novel, dual CAB selection, where each binding domain is independently blocked by the presence of physiological chemicals known as Protein-associated Chemical Switches (PaCS). The CAB anti-EpCAM T-cell engagers displayed the anticipated bispecific binding properties and mediated the potent lysis of EpCAM-positive cancer cell lines through the recruitment of T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Xenograft studies showed that the efficacy of CAB bispecific antibodies is similar to that of a non-CAB anti-EpCAM bispecific antibody, but they have markedly reduced toxicity in non-human primates, indicating an unprecedentedly widened therapeutic index of over 100-fold. These preclinical results indicate that the dual CAB bispecific antibody is potentially both a powerful and safe therapeutic platform and a promising T cell-engaging treatment for patients with EpCAM-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerhard Frey
- Research & Development, BioAtla Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | - Haizhen Liu
- Research & Development, BioAtla Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Charles Xing
- Research & Development, BioAtla Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jay M. Short
- Research & Development, BioAtla Inc, San Diego, CA, USA
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2
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Fan D, Cao Y, Cao M, Wang Y, Cao Y, Gong T. Nanomedicine in cancer therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:293. [PMID: 37544972 PMCID: PMC10404590 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01536-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a highly lethal disease in the world. Currently, either conventional cancer therapies or modern immunotherapies are non-tumor-targeted therapeutic approaches that cannot accurately distinguish malignant cells from healthy ones, giving rise to multiple undesired side effects. Recent advances in nanotechnology, accompanied by our growing understanding of cancer biology and nano-bio interactions, have led to the development of a series of nanocarriers, which aim to improve the therapeutic efficacy while reducing off-target toxicity of the encapsulated anticancer agents through tumor tissue-, cell-, or organelle-specific targeting. However, the vast majority of nanocarriers do not possess hierarchical targeting capability, and their therapeutic indices are often compromised by either poor tumor accumulation, inefficient cellular internalization, or inaccurate subcellular localization. This Review outlines current and prospective strategies in the design of tumor tissue-, cell-, and organelle-targeted cancer nanomedicines, and highlights the latest progress in hierarchical targeting technologies that can dynamically integrate these three different stages of static tumor targeting to maximize therapeutic outcomes. Finally, we briefly discuss the current challenges and future opportunities for the clinical translation of cancer nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahua Fan
- Shunde Women and Children's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, 528300, China.
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China.
| | - Yongkai Cao
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Meiqun Cao
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518035, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Shunde Women and Children's Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Foshan, 528300, China
| | | | - Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China.
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Černe K, Kelhar N, Resnik N, Herzog M, Vodnik L, Veranič P, Kobal B. Characteristics of Extracellular Vesicles from a High-Grade Serous Ovarian Cancer Cell Line Derived from a Platinum-Resistant Patient as a Potential Tool for Aiding the Prediction of Responses to Chemotherapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:907. [PMID: 37375854 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Platinum-resistant high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is invariably a fatal disease. A central goal of ovarian cancer research is therefore to develop new strategies to overcome platinum resistance. Treatment is thus moving towards personalized therapy. However, validated molecular biomarkers that predict patients' risk of developing platinum resistance are still lacking. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are promising candidate biomarkers. EpCAM-specific EVs are largely unexplored biomarkers for predicting chemoresistance. Using transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis and flow cytometry, we compared the characteristics of EVs released from a cell line derived from a clinically confirmed cisplatin-resistant patient (OAW28) and EVs released from two cell lines from tumors sensitive to platinum-based chemotherapy (PEO1 and OAW42). We demonstrated that EVs released from the HGSOC cell line of chemoresistant patients exhibited greater size heterogeneity, a larger proportion of medium/large (>200 nm) Evs and a higher number of released EpCAM-positive EVs of different sizes, although the expression of EpCAM was predominant in EVs larger than 400 nm. We also found a strong positive correlation between the concentration of EpCAM-positive EVs and the expression of cellular EpCAM. These results may contribute to the prediction of platinum resistance in the future, although they should first be validated in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Černe
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nuša Kelhar
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nataša Resnik
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maruša Herzog
- Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lana Vodnik
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Peter Veranič
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Borut Kobal
- Division of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, University Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Li YN, Li YY, Wang SX, Ma XY. Efficacy of Bispecific Antibody Targeting EpCAM and CD3 for Immunotherapy in Ovarian Cancer Ascites: An Experimental Study. Curr Med Sci 2023:10.1007/s11596-023-2753-2. [PMID: 37119369 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-023-2753-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to explore the value of M701, targeting epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and CD3, in the immunotherapy of ovarian cancer ascites by the in vitro assay. METHODS The expression of EpCAM in ovarian cancer tissues was analyzed by databases. The EpCAM expression and immune cell infiltration in different foci of ovarian cancer were detected by 8-channel flow cytometry. The toxic effect of M701 on OVCAR3 was tested using the in vitro cytotoxicity assay. The 3D cell culture and drug intervention experiments were performed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of M701 in ovarian cancer specimens. Flow cytometry was used to examine the effect of M701 on the binding of immune cells to tumor cells and the activation capacity of T cells. RESULTS The results of the bioinformatic analysis showed that the expression of EpCAM in ovarian cancer tissue was significantly higher than that in normal ovarian tissue. The 8-channel flow cytometry of clinical samples showed that the EpCAM expression and lymphocyte infiltration were significantly heterogeneous among ovarian cancer patients and lesions at different sites. The in vitro experiment results showed that M701 had a significant killing effect on OVCAR3 cells. M701 also obviously killed primary tumor cells derived from some patients with ovarian cancer ascites. M701 could mediate the binding of CD3+ T cells to EpCAM+ tumor cells and induce T cell activation in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION M701 showed significant inhibitory activity on tumor cells derived from ovarian cancer ascites, which had a promising application in immunotherapy for patients with ovarian cancer ascites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Nuo Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- Department of Gynecology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Shi-Xuan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| | - Xiang-Yi Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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Negahdary M, Angnes L. Recent advances in electrochemical nanomaterial-based aptasensors for the detection of cancer biomarkers. Talanta 2023; 259:124548. [PMID: 37062088 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
New technologies have provided suitable tools for rapid diagnosis of cancer which can reduce treatment costs and even increase patients' survival rates. Recently, the development of electrochemical aptamer-based nanobiosensors has raised great hopes for early, sensitive, selective, and low-cost cancer diagnosis. Here, we reviewed the flagged recent research (2021-2023) developed as a series of biosensors equipped with nanomaterials and aptamer sequences (nanoaptasensors) to diagnose/prognosis of various types of cancers. Equipping these aptasensors with nanomaterials and using advanced biomolecular technologies have provided specified biosensing interfaces for more optimal and reliable detection of cancer biomarkers. The primary intention of this review was to present and categorize the latest innovations used in the design of these diagnostic tools, including the hottest surface modifications and assembly of sensing bioplatforms considering diagnostic mechanisms. The main classification is based on applying various nanomaterials and sub-classifications considered based on the type of analyte and other vital features. This review may help design subsequent electrochemical aptasensors. Likewise, the up-to-date status, remaining limitations, and possible paths for translating aptasensors to clinical cancer assay tools can be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Negahdary
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil.
| | - Lúcio Angnes
- Department of Fundamental Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 748, São Paulo, 05508-000, Brazil.
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Zia S, Tehreem K, Batool S, Ishfaq M, Mirza SB, Khan S, Almashjary MN, Hazzazi MS, Qanash H, Shaikh A, Baty RS, Jafri I, Alsubhi NH, Alrefaei GI, Sami R, Shahid R. Epithelial Cell Adhesion Molecule ( EpCAM) Expression Can Be Modulated via NFκB. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112985. [PMID: 36428553 PMCID: PMC9687693 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is considered an essential proliferation signature in cancer. In the current research study, qPCR induced expression of EpCAM was noted in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cases. Costunolide, a sesquiterpene lactone found in crepe ginger and lettuce, is a medicinal herb with anticancer properties. Expression of EpCAM and its downstream target genes (Myc and TERT) wasdownregulated upon treatment with costunolide in Jurkat cells. A significant change in the telomere length of Jurkat cells was not noted at 72 h of costunolide treatment. An in silico study revealed hydrophobic interactions between EpCAM extracellular domain and Myc bHLH with costunolide. Reduced expression of NFκB, a transcription factor of EpCAM, Myc, and TERT in costunolide-treated Jurkat cells, suggested that costunolide inhibits gene expression by targeting NFκB and its downstream targets. Overall, the study proposes that costunolide could be a promising therapeutic biomolecule for leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saadiya Zia
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
| | - Komal Tehreem
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Batool
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2600, Australia
| | - Mehreen Ishfaq
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Shaher Bano Mirza
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Shahrukh Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
| | - Majed N. Almashjary
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
- Hematology Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohannad S. Hazzazi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
- Hematology Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia
| | - Husam Qanash
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Ha’il, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia
- Molecular Diagnostics and Personalized Therapeutics Unit, University of Ha’il, Hail 55476, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Shaikh
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 960, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Roua S. Baty
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Jafri
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf H. Alsubhi
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science and Arts, King Abdul Aziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghadeer I. Alrefaei
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, P.O. Box 80327, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rokayya Sami
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ramla Shahid
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 45550, Pakistan
- Correspondence:
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Li C, Yang S, Li R, Gong S, Huang M, Sun Y, Xiong G, Wu D, Ji M, Chen Y, Gao C, Yu Y. Dual-Aptamer-Targeted Immunomagnetic Nanoparticles to Accurately Explore the Correlations between Circulating Tumor Cells and Gastric Cancer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:7646-7658. [PMID: 35104098 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It has been acknowledged that circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are promising biomarkers in liquid biopsy for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However, the relationship between the CTC number and gastric cancer has scarcely been quantitatively investigated. Moreover, the single criterion of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) antibody/aptamer to specifically recognize epithelial CTCs cannot be universally applied for clinical applications, as it fails to recognize EpCAM-negative CTCs. Herein, we propose simple, low-cost, dual-aptamer (EpCAM and PTK7)-modified immunomagnetic Fe3O4 particles (IMNs) for efficient capture of heterogeneous CTCs and downstream analysis in gastric cancer patients. High PTK7 expression and a significant negative correlation between PTK7 and EpCAM expression were observed in primary gastric cancer tissues. Taking MGC-803 and BGC-823 cells as CTC models, the obtained dual-targeting IMNs could distinguishably recognize these cells with both high or low EpCAM and PTK7 expressions, which enhanced the accuracy of CTC recognition in gastric cancer. More than 95% of these two kinds of cells could be captured within 20 min of incubation, which was significantly more efficient than that of single EpCAM- or PTK7-modified IMNs. With this strategy, as low as five CTCs could be captured from phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), a cell mixture containing THP-1 cells, and lysed blood mediums. Moreover, the obtained CTCs can be used for subsequent gene analysis. Finally, the fabricated IMNs were successfully applied for CTC capture in 1.0 mL of peripheral blood samples from patients with gastric cancer. The detected CTC numbers in 72 participants were found to have close relationships with chemotherapy sensitivity, diagnosis, stage, and distant metastasis of patients. This work provides important references for further investigations on CTC-related diagnosis and individualized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shenhao Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuyuan Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Meng Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuqing Sun
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guixiang Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dengpan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miaojin Ji
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology of Materia Medica, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou 550025, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanyan Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221004, Jiangsu, China
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Identification, Culture and Targeting of Cancer Stem Cells. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12020184. [PMID: 35207472 PMCID: PMC8879966 DOI: 10.3390/life12020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance, tumor progression, and metastasis are features that are frequently seen in cancer that have been associated with cancer stem cells (CSCs). These cells are a promising target in the future of cancer therapy but remain largely unknown. Deregulation of pathways that govern stemness in non-tumorigenic stem cells (SCs), such as Notch, Wnt, and Hedgehog pathways, has been described in CSC pathogenesis, but it is necessary to conduct further studies to discover potential new therapeutic targets. In addition, some markers for the identification and characterization of CSCs have been suggested, but the search for specific CSC markers in many cancer types is still under development. In addition, methods for CSC cultivation are also under development, with great heterogeneity existing in the protocols used. This review focuses on the most recent aspects of the identification, characterization, cultivation, and targeting of human CSCs, highlighting the advances achieved in the clinical implementation of therapies targeting CSCs and remarking those potential areas where more research is still required.
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Li C, Feng X, Yang S, Xu H, Yin X, Yu Y. Capture, Detection, and Simultaneous Identification of Rare Circulating Tumor Cells Based on a Rhodamine 6G-Loaded Metal-Organic Framework. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:52406-52416. [PMID: 34709779 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) play a key role in the development of tumor metastasis. It will be a big step forward for CTC application as a reliable clinical liquid biopsy marker to be able to identify the captured CTCs while achieving a high capture efficiency within one analytical system. Herein, in this work, a stimuli-responsive and rhodamine 6G (Rho 6G)-entrapped fluorescent metal-organic framework (MOF) probe, named MOF-Rho 6G-DNA, was designed to capture, detect, and subsequently identify CTCs from blood samples of cancer patients. The probe was fabricated by modifying the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) hairpin DNA aptamer with Rho 6G enclosed and an Arm-DNA-attached UiO-66-NH2 MOF by sequence complementation. CTCs could be captured by the EpCAM hairpin DNA on the probe; as a result, Rho 6G loaded in the probe was released, and the number of CTCs was positively related to the concentration of released Rho 6G. An excellent correlation of fluorescence intensities with CTC numbers was obtained from 2 to 500 cells/mL. More importantly, the MOF-Rho 6G-DNA probe simultaneously realized rapid identification of the captured cells within 30 min by only relying on the residue Rho 6G in the MOF cavity. The captured target cells can be conveniently released from the probe using the complementary DNA sequence. These performance features of the probe were further verified by blood samples from patients of various types of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu 221004, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xingqing Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu 221004, Xuzhou, China
| | - Shenhao Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu 221004, Xuzhou, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu 221004, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxing Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu 221004, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yanyan Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University, Jiangsu 221004, Xuzhou, China
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Curtin J, Choi SW, Thomson PJ, Lam AKY. Characterization and clinicopathological significance of circulating tumour cells in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021; 51:289-299. [PMID: 34154876 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2021.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) are cancer cells released by cancer into the peripheral circulation. Haematogenous tumour spread is a hallmark of metastatic malignancy and a key factor in cancer recurrence and prognosis. CTCs have diagnostic and prognostic significance for a number of adenocarcinomas and melanoma. A review of the published peer-reviewed literature was performed to determine the clinical relevance of CTCs as a biomarker in the management of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Fourteen studies met the eligibility criteria. With regard to patients with OSCC, this review found the following: (1) CTCs have been detected using multiple techniques; (2) the presence of CTCs does not appear to be related to tumour differentiation or size; (3) CTCs may be detected without lymph node involvement; (4) the detection of CTCs may be prognostic for both disease-free survival and overall survival; (5) quantification of CTCs may reflect the efficacy of therapy; (6) CTCs may be of value for ongoing patient monitoring. Preliminary evidence suggests that CTCs have diagnostic and prognostic potential as a biomarker for oral cancer management and warrant further investigation to determine their appropriate place in the management of OSCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Curtin
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
| | - S-W Choi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - P J Thomson
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - A K-Y Lam
- School of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
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11
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Zhang Y, Li C, Jia R, Gao R, Zhao Y, Ji Q, Cai J, Li Q, Wang Y. PEG-poly(amino acid)s/EpCAM aptamer multifunctional nanoparticles arrest the growth and metastasis of colorectal cancer. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:3705-3717. [PMID: 34008621 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00160d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tanshinone II-A (TSIIA) is a derivative of a phenanthrene-quinone extracted from a TCM herb, Salvia miltiorrhiza, and has been widely adopted in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). It is known that TSIIA can lead to the apoptosis and differentiation of certain cell lines and it suppresses the proliferation and metastasis of tumors. However, its poor water solubility and low bioavailability when taken orally have prevented this drug being utilized effectively in the body. A nanoparticle (NP) drug carrier system is a technology that can effectively improve drug utilization and targeting ability. In this study, a new NP drug carrier system is reported: EpCAM targeting TSIIA-encapsulated poly(amino acid)s NPs (EpCAM-TSIIA-NPs). The results show that this new targeted NP drug carrier system has higher cytotoxicity, better water solubility and better targeting ability, and can effectively suppress the proliferation and metastasis of tumors. In addition, the invasion and metastasis mechanism of colorectal cancer (CRC) under β-catenin nuclear meditation suppressed by EpCAM-TSIIA-NPs is also discussed. It is found that the immune-targeted type EpCAM-TSIIA-NPs could effectively enhance the expression of APC and axin when compared to normal NPs. It could improve the stability of β-catenin destruction complex and suppress the occurrence and progression of tumors by stopping the nuclear activities of β-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingru Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China. and Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Chunpu Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Ru Jia
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Ruixuan Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
| | - Yiyang Zhao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China. and Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Qing Ji
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jianfeng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E. Fowler Avenue, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China. and Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China. and Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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12
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Pogorzelska-Dyrbus J, Szepietowski JC. Adhesion Molecules in Non-melanoma Skin Cancers: A Comprehensive Review. In Vivo 2021; 35:1327-1336. [PMID: 33910810 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are the most frequently diagnosed cancers, generating significant medical and financial problems. Cutaneous carcinogenesis is a very complex process characterized by genetic and molecular alterations, and mediated by various proteins and pathways. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are transmembrane proteins responsible for cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix adhesion, engaged in all steps of tumor progression. Based on their structures they are divided into five major groups: cadherins, integrins, selectins, immunoglobulins and CD44 family. Cadherins, integrins and CD44 are the most studied in the context of non-melanoma skin cancers. The differences in expression of adhesion molecules may be related to the invasiveness of these tumors, through the loss of tissue integrity, neovascularization and alterations in intercellular signaling processes. In this article, each group of CAMs is briefly described and the present knowledge on their role in the development of non-melanoma skin cancers is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacek C Szepietowski
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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13
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Gaston C, De Beco S, Doss B, Pan M, Gauquelin E, D'Alessandro J, Lim CT, Ladoux B, Delacour D. EpCAM promotes endosomal modulation of the cortical RhoA zone for epithelial organization. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2226. [PMID: 33850145 PMCID: PMC8044225 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22482-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
At the basis of cell shape and behavior, the organization of actomyosin and its ability to generate forces are widely studied. However, the precise regulation of this contractile network in space and time is unclear. Here, we study the role of the epithelial-specific protein EpCAM, a contractility modulator, in cell shape and motility. We show that EpCAM is required for stress fiber generation and front-rear polarity acquisition at the single cell level. In fact, EpCAM participates in the remodeling of a transient zone of active RhoA at the cortex of spreading epithelial cells. EpCAM and RhoA route together through the Rab35/EHD1 fast recycling pathway. This endosomal pathway spatially organizes GTP-RhoA to fine tune the activity of actomyosin resulting in polarized cell shape and development of intracellular stiffness and traction forces. Impairment of GTP-RhoA endosomal trafficking either by silencing EpCAM or by expressing Rab35/EHD1 mutants prevents proper myosin-II activity, stress fiber formation and ultimately cell polarization. Collectively, this work shows that the coupling between co-trafficking of EpCAM and RhoA, and actomyosin rearrangement is pivotal for cell spreading, and advances our understanding of how biochemical and mechanical properties promote cell plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Gaston
- Cell Adhesion and Mechanics, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Simon De Beco
- Cell Adhesion and Mechanics, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Bryant Doss
- Mechanobiology Institute, T-lab, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Meng Pan
- Mechanobiology Institute, T-lab, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Estelle Gauquelin
- Cell Adhesion and Mechanics, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Joseph D'Alessandro
- Cell Adhesion and Mechanics, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | | | - Benoit Ladoux
- Cell Adhesion and Mechanics, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Delacour
- Cell Adhesion and Mechanics, Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR7592, Paris Diderot University, Paris, France.
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14
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Lenárt S, Lenárt P, Šmarda J, Remšík J, Souček K, Beneš P. Trop2: Jack of All Trades, Master of None. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E3328. [PMID: 33187148 PMCID: PMC7696911 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12113328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trophoblast cell surface antigen 2 (Trop2) is a widely expressed glycoprotein and an epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) family member. Although initially identified as a transmembrane protein, other subcellular localizations and processed forms were described. Its congenital mutations cause a gelatinous drop-like corneal dystrophy, a disease characterized by loss of barrier function in corneal epithelial cells. Trop2 is considered a stem cell marker and its expression associates with regenerative capacity in various tissues. Trop2 overexpression was described in tumors of different origins; however, functional studies revealed both oncogenic and tumor suppressor roles. Nevertheless, therapeutic potential of Trop2 was recognized and clinical studies with drug-antibody conjugates have been initiated in various cancer types. One of these agents, sacituzumab govitecan, has been recently granted an accelerated approval for therapy of metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. In this article, we review the current knowledge about the yet controversial function of Trop2 in homeostasis and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sára Lenárt
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (S.L.); (P.L.); (J.Š.); (K.S.)
| | - Peter Lenárt
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (S.L.); (P.L.); (J.Š.); (K.S.)
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Šmarda
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (S.L.); (P.L.); (J.Š.); (K.S.)
| | - Ján Remšík
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Karel Souček
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (S.L.); (P.L.); (J.Š.); (K.S.)
- Department of Cytokinetics, Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 612 65 Brno, Czech Republic
- Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Beneš
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (S.L.); (P.L.); (J.Š.); (K.S.)
- Center of Biomolecular and Cellular Engineering, International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne’s University Hospital, 656 91 Brno, Czech Republic
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15
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Kashefi-Kheyrabadi L, Kim J, Chakravarty S, Park S, Gwak H, Kim SI, Mohammadniaei M, Lee MH, Hyun KA, Jung HI. Detachable microfluidic device implemented with electrochemical aptasensor (DeMEA) for sequential analysis of cancerous exosomes. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 169:112622. [PMID: 32977087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The quantification of cancer-derived exosomes has a strong potential for minimally invasive diagnosis of cancer during its initial stage. As cancerous exosomes form a small fraction of all the exosomes present in blood, ultra-sensitive detection is a prerequisite for the development of exosome-based cancer diagnostics. Herein, a detachable microfluidic device implemented with an electrochemical aptasensor (DeMEA) is introduced for highly sensitive and in-situ quantification of cancerous exosomes. To fabricate the aptasensor, a nanocomposite was applied on the electrode surface followed by electroplating of gold nanostructures. Subsequently, an aptamer against an epithelial cell adhesion molecule is immobilized on the electrode surface to specifically detect cancer-specific exosomes. A microfluidic vortexer is then constructed and implemented in the sensing system to increase the collision between the exosomes and sensing surface using hydrodynamically generated transverse flow. The microfluidic vortexer was integrated with the aptasensor via a 3D printed magnetic housing. The detachable clamping of the two different devices provides an opportunity to subsequently harvest the exosomes for downstream analysis. The DeMEA has high sensitivity and specificity with an ultra-low limit of detection of 17 exosomes/μL over a wide dynamic range (1 × 102 to 1 × 109) exosomes/μL in a short period. As proof of the concept, the aptasensor can be separated from the 3D printed housing to harvest and analyze the exosomes by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Moreover, the DeMEA quantifies the exosomes from plasma samples of patients with breast cancer at different stages of the disease. The DeMEA provides a bright horizon for the application of microfluidic integrated biosensors for the early detection of cancerous biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Kashefi-Kheyrabadi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea; School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Junmoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sudesna Chakravarty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hogyeong Gwak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Il Kim
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, 262 Seongsan-no, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohsen Mohammadniaei
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ho Lee
- School of Integrative Engineering, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-A Hyun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyo-Il Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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16
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Dana H, Mahmoodi Chalbatani G, Gharagouzloo E, Miri SR, Memari F, Rasoolzadeh R, Zinatizadeh MR, Kheirandish Zarandi P, Marmari V. In silico Analysis, Molecular Docking, Molecular Dynamic, Cloning, Expression and Purification of Chimeric Protein in Colorectal Cancer Treatment. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:309-329. [PMID: 32158188 PMCID: PMC6986173 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s231958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a type of cancer in humans that leads to high mortality and morbidity. CD166 and CD326 are immunoglobulins that are associated with cell migration. These molecules are included in tumorigenesis of CRC and serve a great marker of CRC stem cells. In the present study, we devised a novel chimeric protein including the V1-domain of the CD166 and two epitopes of CD326 to use in diagnostic or therapeutic applications. Methods In silico techniques were launched to characterize the properties and structure of the protein. We have predicted physicochemical properties, structures, stability, MHC class I binding properties and ligand-receptor interaction of this chimeric protein by means of computational bioinformatics tools and servers. The sequence of chimeric gene was optimized for expression in prokaryotic host using online tools and cloned into pET-28a plasmid. The recombinant pET28a was transformed into the E. coli BL21DE3. Expression of recombinant protein was examined by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. Results The designed chimeric protein retained high stability and the same immunogenicity as of the original proteins. Bioinformatics data indicated that the epitopes of the synthetic chimeric protein might induce B-cell- and T-cell-mediated immune responses. Furthermore, a gene was synthesized using the codon bias of a prokaryotic expression system. This synthetic gene expressed a bacterial expression system. The recombinant protein with molecular weights of 27kDa was expressed and confirmed by anti-his Western blot analysis. Conclusion The designed recombinant protein may be useful as a CRC diagnostic tool and for developing a protective vaccine against CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Dana
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
| | | | - Elahe Gharagouzloo
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Rouhollah Miri
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereidoon Memari
- Cancer Research Center, Cancer Institute of Iran, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Rasoolzadeh
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Vahid Marmari
- Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
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17
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Carneiro FP, Muniz-Junqueira MI, De Vasconcelos Carneiro M, De Araújo Oliveira Í, Soares AC, De Vargas Haar N, Takano GHS, De Sousa Vianna LM, De Carvalho Caldas G, Vieira DLM, Frutuoso LL, Brito LMR, De Siqueira RVM, Parente AM, De Castro TMML, Peres I, Mendes LMS, Dos Santos Borges TK, Ferreira VM, Motoyama AB. Anti-EpCAM antibodies for detection of metastatic carcinoma in effusions and peritoneal wash. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:2019-2024. [PMID: 31423273 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) has been used as diagnostic/prognostic marker and therapeutic target. The aim of the present study was to compare immunoreactivity of antibodies against distinct epitopes in the ectodomain of EpCAM for detection of carcinoma from different primary sites and of different histological types in effusions and peritoneal wash. Two antibodies against epitopes in the EGF-like domain I (clones Moc-31 and Ber-EP4) and one antibody against the epitope in the cysteine-poor region (158210) of EpCAM were used (all commercially available). Independently of the clone used, EpCAM overexpression was observed in almost all samples when all the adenocarcinoma samples were analyzed together. By using Moc-31, EpCAM overexpression was observed in all samples of adenocarcinoma. Absence of EpCAM overexpression was observed in a few adenocarcinoma samples at some sites of tumor origin, including ovary, breast and stomach, when Ber-EP4 and 158210 were used. Regarding carcinomas aside from adenocarcinomas, histological types, such as squamous cell, urothelial and small cell carcinoma showed different degrees of EpCAM expression according to the antibody used. In squamous cell carcinoma, overexpression was observed only with the clone 158210. It was concluded that, overall, most samples of metastatic carcinoma from effusions showed overexpression of EpCAM. However, there are significant variations in its detection according to the primary site, histological type of the carcinoma and depending on the antibody used. Thus, the use of more than one type of anti-EpCAM antibody would increase the chance of its detection in metastatic carcinoma effusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Pirani Carneiro
- Pathological Anatomy Center of University Hospital of Brasília, Brasília 70840-050, Brazil.,Pathology Department of Brasília University, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil.,Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília 71966-700, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lígia Lins Frutuoso
- Pathological Anatomy Center of University Hospital of Brasília, Brasília 70840-050, Brazil
| | | | | | - Amanda Moreira Parente
- Pathological Anatomy Center of University Hospital of Brasília, Brasília 70840-050, Brazil
| | | | - Isabela Peres
- Pathological Anatomy Center of University Hospital of Brasília, Brasília 70840-050, Brazil
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18
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Abstract
Cancer-initiating cells (CIC) are the driving force in tumor progression. There is strong evidence that CIC fulfill this task via exosomes (TEX), which modulate and reprogram stroma, nontransformed cells, and non-CIC. Characterization of CIC, besides others, builds on expression of CIC markers, many of which are known as metastasis-associated molecules. We here discuss that the linkage between CIC/CIC-TEX and metastasis-associated molecules is not fortuitously, but relies on the contribution of these markers to TEX biogenesis including loading and TEX target interactions. In addition, CIC markers contribute to TEX binding- and uptake-promoted activation of signaling cascades, transcription initiation, and translational control. Our point of view will be outlined for pancreas and colon CIC highly expressing CD44v6, Tspan8, EPCAM, claudin7, and LGR5, which distinctly but coordinately contribute to tumor progression. Despite overwhelming progress in unraveling the metastatic cascade and the multiple tasks taken over by CIC-TEX, there remains a considerable gap in linking CIC biomarkers, TEX, and TEX-initiated target modulation with metastasis. We will try to outline possible bridges, which could allow depicting pathways for new and expectedly powerful therapeutic interference with tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Margot Zöller
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China.
- Pancreas Section, University Hospital of Surgery, Heidelberg, Germany.
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19
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Camargo S, Shamis Y, Assis A, Mitrani E. An in vivo Like Micro-Carcinoma Model. Front Oncol 2019; 9:410. [PMID: 31192122 PMCID: PMC6540606 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We here present a novel micro-system which allows to reconstitute an in vivo lung carcinoma where the various constituting epithelial and/or stromal structural and/or cellular components can be incorporated at will. In contrast to various "organs on a chip" the model is based on the observation that in nature, epithelial cells are always supported by a connective tissue or stroma. The model is based on acellular micro-scaffolds of microscopic dimensions which enable seeded cells to obtain gases and nutrients through diffusion thus avoiding the need for vascularization. As a proof of concept, we show that in this model, Calu-3 cells can form a well-organized, continuous, polarized, one-layer epithelium lining the stromal derived alveolar cavities, and express a different pattern of tumor-related genes than when grown as standard monolayer cultures on plastic culture dishes. To our knowledge, this model, introduces for the first time a system where the function of carcinogenic cells can be tested in vitro in an environment that closely mimics the natural in vivo situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Camargo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yulia Shamis
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Assaf Assis
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Eduardo Mitrani
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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20
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Mu W, Wang Z, Zöller M. Ping-Pong-Tumor and Host in Pancreatic Cancer Progression. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1359. [PMID: 31921628 PMCID: PMC6927459 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of high pancreatic cancer (PaCa) mortality and trials dampening PaCa mortality rates are not satisfying. Tumor progression is driven by the crosstalk between tumor cells, predominantly cancer-initiating cells (CIC), and surrounding cells and tissues as well as distant organs, where tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (TEX) are of major importance. A strong stroma reaction, recruitment of immunosuppressive leukocytes, perineural invasion, and early spread toward the peritoneal cavity, liver, and lung are shared with several epithelial cell-derived cancer, but are most prominent in PaCa. Here, we report on the state of knowledge on the PaCIC markers Tspan8, alpha6beta4, CD44v6, CXCR4, LRP5/6, LRG5, claudin7, EpCAM, and CD133, which all, but at different steps, are engaged in the metastatic cascade, frequently via PaCIC-TEX. This includes the contribution of PaCIC markers to TEX biogenesis, targeting, and uptake. We then discuss PaCa-selective features, where feedback loops between stromal elements and tumor cells, including distorted transcription, signal transduction, and metabolic shifts, establish vicious circles. For the latter particularly pancreatic stellate cells (PSC) are responsible, furnishing PaCa to cope with poor angiogenesis-promoted hypoxia by metabolic shifts and direct nutrient transfer via vesicles. Furthermore, nerves including Schwann cells deliver a large range of tumor cell attracting factors and Schwann cells additionally support PaCa cell survival by signaling receptor binding. PSC, tumor-associated macrophages, and components of the dysplastic stroma contribute to perineural invasion with signaling pathway activation including the cholinergic system. Last, PaCa aggressiveness is strongly assisted by the immune system. Although rich in immune cells, only immunosuppressive cells and factors are recovered in proximity to tumor cells and hamper effector immune cells entering the tumor stroma. Besides a paucity of immunostimulatory factors and receptors, immunosuppressive cytokines, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T-cells, and M2 macrophages as well as PSC actively inhibit effector cell activation. This accounts for NK cells of the non-adaptive and cytotoxic T-cells of the adaptive immune system. We anticipate further deciphering the molecular background of these recently unraveled intermingled phenomena may turn most lethal PaCa into a curatively treatable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mu
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Wei Mu
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong, Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Margot Zöller
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong, Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, China
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