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Crisol M, Wu K, Congdon B, Skene-Arnold TD, Laouar L, Elliott JAW, Jomha NM. Chondrocyte Viability of Particulated Porcine Articular Cartilage Is Maintained in Tissue Storage After Cryoprotectant Exposure, Vitrification, and Tissue Warming. Cartilage 2024; 15:139-146. [PMID: 37148124 DOI: 10.1177/19476035221118656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vitrification of articular cartilage (AC) is a promising technique which may enable long-term tissue banking of AC allografts. We previously developed a 2-step, dual-temperature, multi-cryoprotectant agent (CPA) loading protocol to cryopreserve particulated AC (1 mm3 cubes). Furthermore, we also determined that the inclusion of ascorbic acid (AA) effectively mitigates CPA toxicity in cryopreserved AC. Prior to clinical translation, chondrocytes must remain viable after tissue re-warming and before transplantation. However, the effects of short-term hypothermic storage of particulated AC after vitrification and re-warming are not documented. This study evaluated the chondrocyte viability of post-vitrified particulated AC during a 7-day tissue storage period at 4 °C. We hypothesized that porcine particulated AC could be stored for up to 7 days after successful vitrification without significant loss of cell viability, and these results would be enhanced when cartilage is incubated in storage medium supplemented with clinical grade AA. DESIGN Three experimental groups were examined at 5 time points: a fresh control (only incubated in medium), a vitrified - AA group, and a vitrified + AA group (N = 7). RESULTS There was a mild decline in cell viability but both treatment groups maintained a viability of greater than 80% viable cells which is acceptable for clinical translation. CONCLUSION We determined that particulated AC can be stored for up to 7 days after successful vitrification without a clinically significant decline in chondrocyte viability. This information can be used to guide tissue banks regarding the implementation of AC vitrification to increase cartilage allograft availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Crisol
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kezhou Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Sports Medicine Centre, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Barry Congdon
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Leila Laouar
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Janet A W Elliott
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Nadr M Jomha
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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2
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Tapia Lishner SE, Marquez-Curtis LA, Elliott JAW. Permeation kinetics of dimethyl sulfoxide in porcine corneoscleral discs. Cryobiology 2023; 113:104566. [PMID: 37572874 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2023.104566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The cornea is the transparent tissue in front of the eye that bends light to help the eye focus. More than five million people's vision can be restored by a corneal transplant (keratoplasty), but there is a scarcity of suitable donor tissue. Cryopreservation could potentially increase the on-demand availability of corneas by reducing expiration and contamination during hypothermic storage, and allow equitable distribution. Understanding the transport of water and cryoprotectants across the tissue is important in developing effective cryopreservation protocols. Here, we first measured the shrinking and swelling kinetics at 22 °C and 0 °C of porcine corneoscleral discs when exposed to phosphate-buffered saline and to a cryoprotectant vehicle solution containing 2.5% chondroitin sulfate and 1% dextran. Other valuable measurements were made including the density and osmolality of the vehicle solution at 0 °C, and the water fraction of porcine cornea and sclera. Using the knowledge gained from this first part to minimize background swelling, we then examined permeation kinetics of dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) in porcine corneoscleral discs at 0 °C, the temperature at which cryoprotectant loading typically occurs. The concentration data obtained as a function of time were fitted to a Fick's law model of one-dimensional diffusion to measure an effective diffusion coefficient of Me2SO, which was found to be 5.306×10-11 m2/s. We further quantified permeation kinetics of Me2SO in sclera alone at 0 °C to support our hypothesis that our measurements for corneoscleral discs will not be affected by the presence of the sclera. The obtained effective diffusion coefficient can be used in modelling aimed at developing cryopreservation protocols that minimize the exposure time of the corneas during the cryoprotectant loading step.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leah A Marquez-Curtis
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Janet A W Elliott
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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3
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Chen P, Wang S, Chen Z, Ren P, Hepfer RG, Greene ED, Campbell LH, Helke KL, Nie X, Jensen JH, Hill C, Wu Y, Brockbank KGM, Yao H. Nanowarming and ice-free cryopreservation of large sized, intact porcine articular cartilage. Commun Biol 2023; 6:220. [PMID: 36828843 PMCID: PMC9958003 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04577-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful organ or tissue long-term preservation would revolutionize biomedicine. Cartilage cryopreservation enables prolonged shelf life of articular cartilage, posing the prospect to broaden the implementation of promising osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation for cartilage repair. However, cryopreserved large sized cartilage cannot be successfully warmed with the conventional convection warming approach due to its limited warming rate, blocking its clinical potential. Here, we develope a nanowarming and ice-free cryopreservation method for large sized, intact articular cartilage preservation. Our method achieves a heating rate of 76.8 °C min-1, over one order of magnitude higher than convection warming (4.8 °C min-1). Using systematic cell and tissue level tests, we demonstrate the superior performance of our method in preserving large cartilage. A depth-dependent preservation manner is also observed and recapitulated through magnetic resonance imaging and computational modeling. Finally, we show that the delivery of nanoparticles to the OCA bone side could be a feasible direction for further optimization of our method. This study pioneers the application of nanowarming and ice-free cryopreservation for large articular cartilage and provides valuable insights for future technique development, paving the way for clinical applications of cryopreserved cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Shangping Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- Tissue Testing Technology LLC, North Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Pengling Ren
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - R Glenn Hepfer
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Lia H Campbell
- Tissue Testing Technology LLC, North Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kristi L Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Xingju Nie
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jens H Jensen
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Cherice Hill
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Yongren Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kelvin G M Brockbank
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Tissue Testing Technology LLC, North Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Hai Yao
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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4
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Yong KW, Wu K, Elliott JAW, Jomha NM. The effect of sucrose supplementation on chondrocyte viability in porcine articular cartilage following vitrification. Cryobiology 2022; 109:53-61. [PMID: 36155184 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Vitrification can extend the banking life of articular cartilage (AC) and improve osteochondral transplantation success. Current vitrification protocols require optimization to enable them to be implemented in clinical practice. Sucrose as a non-permeating cryoprotective agent (CPA) and clinical grade chondroitin sulfate (CS) and ascorbic acid (AA) as antioxidants were investigated for their ability to improve a current vitrification protocol for AC. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of sucrose and CS/AA supplementation on post-warming chondrocyte viability in vitrified AC. Porcine osteochondral dowels were randomly vitrified and warmed with one established protocol (Protocol 1) and seven modified protocols (Protocols 2-8) followed by chondrocyte viability assessment. Sucrose supplementation in both vitrification and warming media (Protocol 4) resulted in significantly higher (p = 0.018) post-warming chondrocyte viability compared to the protocol without sucrose (Protocol 1). There was no significant difference (p = 0.298) in terms of post-warming chondrocyte viability between sucrose-supplemented DMEM + CS solution (Protocol 4) and Unisol-CV (UCV) + CS (Protocol 6) solution. Clinical grade CS and AA contributed to similar post-warming chondrocyte viability to previous studies using research grade CS and AA, indicating their suitability for clinical use. The addition of an initial step (step 0) to reduce the initial concentration of CPAs to minimize osmotic effects did not enhance chondrocyte viability in the superficial layer of AC. In conclusion, sucrose-supplemented DMEM + clinical grade CS (Protocol 4) could be an ideal protocol to be investigated for future use in clinical applications involving vitrified AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kar Wey Yong
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Kezhou Wu
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Janet A W Elliott
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2R7, Canada
| | - Nadr M Jomha
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2B7, Canada
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Clark S, Jomha NM, Elliott JAW. Modeling the Simultaneous Transport of Multiple Cryoprotectants into Articular Cartilage Using a Triphasic Model. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:9566-9579. [PMID: 36351190 PMCID: PMC9707523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c05736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreserving articular cartilage by vitrification can increase the availability of tissue for osteochondral allograft transplantation to treat cartilage defects. Developing well-optimized vitrification protocols can be supported by mathematical modeling to reduce the amount of trial-and-error experimentation needed. Fick's law has been used to model cryoprotectant diffusion, but it assumes ideal, dilute solution behavior, neglects water movement, and assumes diffusion of each cryoprotectant is independent of the presence of other cryoprotectants. The modified triphasic model addresses some of these shortcomings by accounting for water movement and the nonideal, nondilute nature of cryoprotectant vitrification solutions. However, it currently only exists for solutions containing a single cryoprotectant. As such, we extend the modified triphasic model to include two permeating cryoprotectants so that simultaneous diffusion occurring in vitrification protocols can be more accurately modeled. Using previously published experimental data, we determine suitable values for the fitting parameters of the new model. We then model a successful vitrification protocol for particulated cartilage cubes by calculating concentration, freezing point, vitrifiability, and strain profiles at the end of each loading step. We observe that Fick's law consistently underestimates cryoprotectant concentration throughout the cartilage compared to the modified triphasic model, leading to an underestimation of tissue vitrifiability. We additionally observe that simultaneous diffusion of cryoprotectants increases the permeation rate of each individual cryoprotectant, which Fick's law fails to consider. This suggests that using the two-cryoprotectant modified triphasic model to develop vitrification protocols could reduce excess exposure to cryoprotectants and improve preserved tissue outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Clark
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, AlbertaT6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Nadr M. Jomha
- Department
of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AlbertaT6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Janet A. W. Elliott
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, AlbertaT6G 1H9, Canada
- Department
of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University
of Alberta, Edmonton, AlbertaT6G 1C9, Canada
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6
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Wu K, Yong KW, Ead M, Sommerfeldt M, Skene-Arnold TD, Westover L, Duke K, Laouar L, Elliott JA, Jomha NM. Vitrified Particulated Articular Cartilage for Joint Resurfacing: A Swine Model. Am J Sports Med 2022; 50:3671-3680. [PMID: 36259633 PMCID: PMC9630855 DOI: 10.1177/03635465221123045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of particulated articular cartilage for repairing cartilage defects has been well established, but its use is currently limited by the availability and short shelf life of donor cartilage. Vitrification is an ice-free cryopreservation technology at ultralow temperatures for tissue banking. An optimized vitrification protocol has been developed for particulated articular cartilage; however, the equivalency of the long-term clinical efficacy of vitrified particulated articular cartilage compared with fresh articular cartilage has not yet been determined. HYPOTHESIS The repair effect of vitrified particulated cartilage from pigs would be equivalent to or better than that of fresh particulated cartilage stored at 4°C for 21 days. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS A total of 19 pigs were randomly divided into 3 experimental groups: fresh particulated cartilage group (n = 8), vitrified particulated cartilage group (n = 8), and negative control group (no particulated cartilage in the defect; n = 3). An additional pig was used as the initial cartilage donor for the first set of surgical procedures. Pigs were euthanized after 6 months to obtain femoral condyles, and the contralateral condyle was used as the positive (no defect) control. Samples were evaluated for gross morphology using the Outerbridge and Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) scoring systems, histology (safranin O, collagen type I/II, DAPI), and chondrocyte viability using live-dead membrane integrity staining. RESULTS There were no infections after surgery, and all 19 pigs were followed for the duration of the study. The OARSI grades for the fresh and vitrified particulated cartilage groups were 2.44 ± 1.35 and 2.00 ± 0.80, respectively, while the negative control group was graded significantly higher at 4.83 ± 0.29. Analysis of histological and fluorescent staining demonstrated that the fresh and vitrified particulated cartilage groups had equivalent regeneration within cartilage defects, with similar cell viability and densities and expression of proteoglycans and collagen type I/II. CONCLUSION The implantation of fresh or vitrified particulated cartilage resulted in the equivalent repair of focal cartilage defects when evaluated at 6 months after surgery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The vitrification of particulated cartilage is a viable option for long-term storage for cartilage tissue banking and could greatly increase the availability of donor tissue for transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhou Wu
- Sports Medicine Center, First
Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Department of Surgery, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kar Wey Yong
- Department of Surgery, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Maha Ead
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mark Sommerfeldt
- Department of Surgery, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Lindsey Westover
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kajsa Duke
- Department of Mechanical Engineering,
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Leila Laouar
- Department of Surgery, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Janet A.W. Elliott
- Department of Chemical and Materials
Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and
Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nadr M. Jomha
- Department of Surgery, University of
Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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7
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Warner RM, Brown KS, Benson JD, Eroglu A, Higgins AZ. Multiple cryoprotectant toxicity model for vitrification solution optimization. Cryobiology 2022; 108:1-9. [PMID: 36113568 PMCID: PMC9529850 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Vitrification is a promising cryopreservation technique for complex specimens such as tissues and organs. However, it is challenging to identify mixtures of cryoprotectants (CPAs) that prevent ice formation without exerting excessive toxicity. In this work, we developed a multi-CPA toxicity model that predicts the toxicity kinetics of mixtures containing five of the most common CPAs used in the field (glycerol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, and formamide). The model accounts for specific toxicity, non-specific toxicity, and interactions between CPAs. The proposed model shows reasonable agreement with training data for single and binary CPA solutions, as well as ternary CPA solution validation data. Sloppy model analysis was used to examine the model parameters that were most important for predictions, providing clues about mechanisms of toxicity. This analysis revealed that the model terms for non-specific toxicity were particularly important, especially the non-specific toxicity of propylene glycol, as well as model terms for specific toxicity of formamide and interactions between formamide and glycerol. To demonstrate the potential for model-based design of vitrification methods, we paired the multi-CPA toxicity model with a published vitrification/devitrification model to identify vitrifiable CPA mixtures that are predicted to have minimal toxicity. The resulting optimized vitrification solution composition was a mixture of 7.4 molal glycerol, 1.4 molal DMSO, and 2.4 molal formamide. This demonstrates the potential for mathematical optimization of vitrification solution composition and sets the stage for future studies to optimize the complete vitrification process, including CPA mixture composition and CPA addition and removal methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross M Warner
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Kevin S Brown
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA; College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - James D Benson
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ali Eroglu
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia - Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Adam Z Higgins
- School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.
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Chen CM, Chen YC, Wang JY, Chen CF, Chao KY, Wu PK, Chen WM. A Cryoprotectant-Gel Composite Designed to Preserve Articular Cartilage during Frozen Osteoarticular Autograft Reconstruction for Malignant Bone Tumors: An Animal-Based Study. Cartilage 2022; 13:19476035221109228. [PMID: 35979907 PMCID: PMC9393690 DOI: 10.1177/19476035221109228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We designed a highly adhesive cryoprotectant-gel composite (CGC), based on regular liquid-form cryoprotectant base (CB), aiming to protect cartilage tissue during frozen osteoarticular autograft reconstruction for high-grade sarcoma around the joint. This study aimed to evaluate its effectiveness in rat and porcine distal femur models. DESIGN Fresh articular cartilage samples harvested from distal rat and porcine femurs were divided into 4 test groups: untreated control group, liquid nitrogen (LN) freezing group, LN freezing group pretreated with CB (CB group), and LN freezing group pretreated with CGC (CGC group). Microscopic and macroscopic evaluation of cartilage condition, TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) assay, and apoptotic protein analysis of chondrocytes were performed to confirm our results. RESULTS In the rat model, CGC could prevent articular cartilage from roughness and preserve more proteoglycans when compared with the LN freezing and CB groups. Western blot analysis showed CGC could prevent cartilage from LN-induced apoptosis supported by caspase-3/8 apoptotic signaling cascade. Macroscopically, we observed CGC could reduce both articular clefting and loss of articular luminance after freezing in the porcine model. In both models, CGC could reduce articular chondrocytes from degeneration. Fewer TUNEL-positive apoptotic and more viable chondrocytes in cartilage tissue were observed in the CGC group in our animal models. CONCLUSION Our study proved that CGC could effectively prevent cartilage surface and chondrocytes from cryoinjury after LN freezing. Freezing articular cartilage surrounded with high concentration of CGC can be a better alternative to preserve articular cartilage during limb salvage surgery for malignant bone tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Ming Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic &
Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan,Therapeutical and Research Center of
Musculoskeletal Tumor, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan,Institute of Clinical Medicine, School
of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan,Department of Orthopaedic, School of
Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic &
Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan,Therapeutical and Research Center of
Musculoskeletal Tumor, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jir-You Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic &
Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan,Therapeutical and Research Center of
Musculoskeletal Tumor, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan,Institute of Traditional Medicine,
School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Fong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic &
Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan,Therapeutical and Research Center of
Musculoskeletal Tumor, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan,Department of Orthopaedic, School of
Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Yu Chao
- Department of Orthopaedic &
Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan,Therapeutical and Research Center of
Musculoskeletal Tumor, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Po-Kuei Wu
- Department of Orthopaedic &
Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan,Therapeutical and Research Center of
Musculoskeletal Tumor, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan,Department of Orthopaedic, School of
Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan,Po-Kuei Wu, Department of Orthopaedic &
Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, 201, Section 2, Shih-Pai Road,
Taipei City 112, Taiwan.
| | - Wei-Ming Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic &
Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan,Therapeutical and Research Center of
Musculoskeletal Tumor, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan,Department of Orthopaedic, School of
Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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9
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Dong R, Clark S, Laouar L, Heinrichs L, Wu K, Jomha NM, Elliott JAW. Evaluation of the permeation kinetics of formamide in porcine articular cartilage. Cryobiology 2022; 107:57-63. [PMID: 35636502 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cryopreservation of articular cartilage will increase tissue availability for osteochondral allografting and improve clinical outcomes. However, successful cryopreservation of articular cartilage requires the precise determination of cryoprotectant permeation kinetics to develop effective vitrification protocols. To date, permeation kinetics of the cryoprotectant formamide in articular cartilage have not been sufficiently explored. The objective of this study was to determine the permeation kinetics of formamide into porcine articular cartilage for application in vitrification. The permeation of dimethyl sulfoxide was first measured to validate existing methods from our previously published literature. Osteochondral dowels from dissected porcine femoral condyles were incubated in 6.5 M dimethyl sulfoxide for a designated treatment time (1 s, 1 min, 2 min, 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 30 min, 60 min, 120 min, 180 min, 24 h) at 22 °C (N = 3). Methods were then repeated with 6.5 M formamide at one of three temperatures: 4 °C, 22 °C, 37 °C (N = 3). Following incubation, cryoprotectant efflux into a wash solution occurred, and osmolality was measured from each equilibrated wash solution. Concentrations of effluxed cryoprotectant were calculated and diffusion coefficients were determined using an analytical solution to Fick's law for axial and radial diffusion in combination with a least squares approach. The activation energy of formamide was determined from the Arrhenius equation. The diffusion coefficient (2.7-3.3 × 10-10 m2/s depending on temperature) and activation energy (0.9±0.6 kcal/mol) for formamide permeation in porcine articular cartilage were established. The determined permeation kinetics of formamide will facilitate its precise use in future articular cartilage vitrification protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Dong
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shannon Clark
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Leila Laouar
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Luke Heinrichs
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kezhou Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Sports Medicine Centre, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Nadr M Jomha
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Janet A W Elliott
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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10
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Modelling and experimental studies on mass transport of multiple cryoprotective agents in articular cartilage. Cryobiology 2022; 108:57-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Successful preservation of articular cartilage will increase the availability of osteochondral allografts to treat articular cartilage defects. We compared the effects of 2 methods for storing cartilage tissues using 10-mm diameter osteochondral dowels or femoral condyles at -196°C: (a) storage with a surrounding vitrification solution versus (b) storage without a surrounding vitrification solution. We investigated the effects of 2 additives (chondroitin sulfate and ascorbic acid) for vitrification of articular cartilage. DESIGN Healthy porcine stifle joints (n = 11) from sexually mature pigs were collected from a slaughterhouse within 6 hours after slaughtering. Dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylene glycol, and propylene glycol were permeated into porcine articular cartilage using an optimized 7-hour 3-step cryoprotectant permeation protocol. Chondrocyte viability was assessed by a cell membrane integrity stain and chondrocyte metabolic function was assessed by alamarBlue assay. Femoral condyles after vitrification were assessed by gross morphology for cartilage fractures. RESULTS There were no differences in the chondrocyte viability (~70%) of 10-mm osteochondral dowels after vitrification with or without the surrounding vitrification solution. Chondrocyte viability in porcine femoral condyles was significantly higher after vitrification without the surrounding vitrification solution (~70%) compared to those with the surrounding vitrification solution (8% to 36%). Moreover, articular cartilage fractures were not seen in femoral condyles vitrified without surrounding vitrification solution compared to fractures seen in condyles with surrounding vitrification solution. CONCLUSIONS Vitrification of femoral condyle allografts can be achieved by our optimized approach. Removing the surrounding vitrification solution is advantageous for vitrification outcomes of large size osteochondral allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhou Wu
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery,
Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First
Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong,
China
| | - Leila Laouar
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery,
Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Janet A. W. Elliott
- Department of Chemical and Materials
Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and
Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nadr M. Jomha
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery,
Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Nadr M. Jomha, 2D2.32 WMC, Division of
Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta Hospital,
Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2B7.
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12
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Abstract
Fluid interfaces with nanoscale radii of curvature are generating great interest, both for their applications and as tools to probe our fundamental understanding. One important question is what is the smallest radius of curvature at which the three main thermodynamic combined equilibrium equations are valid: the Kelvin equation for the effect of curvature on vapor pressure, the Gibbs-Thomson equation for the curvature-induced freezing point depression, and the Ostwald-Freundlich equation for the curvature-induced increase in solubility. The objective of this Perspective is to provide conceptual, molecular modeling, and experimental support for the validity of these thermodynamic combined equilibrium equations down to the smallest interfacial radii of curvature. Important concepts underpinning thermodynamics, including ensemble averaging and Gibbs's treatment of bulk phase heterogeneities in the region of an interface, give reason to believe that these equations might be valid to smaller scales than was previously thought. There is significant molecular modeling and experimental support for all three of the Kelvin equation, the Gibbs-Thomson equation, and the Ostwald-Freundlich equation for interfacial radii of curvature from 1 to 4 nm. There is even evidence of sub-nanometer quantitative accuracy for the Kelvin equation and the Gibbs-Thomson equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet A W Elliott
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
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13
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Tirgar P, Sarmadi F, Najafi M, Kazemi P, AzizMohseni S, Fayazi S, Zandi G, Ziaie N, Shoushtari Zadeh Naseri A, Ehrlicher A, Dashtizad M. Toward embryo cryopreservation-on-a-chip: A standalone microfluidic platform for gradual loading of cryoprotectants to minimize cryoinjuries. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2021; 15:034104. [PMID: 34025896 PMCID: PMC8133792 DOI: 10.1063/5.0047185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Embryo vitrification is a fundamental practice in assisted reproduction and fertility preservation. A key step of this process is replacing the internal water with cryoprotectants (CPAs) by transferring embryos from an isotonic to a hypertonic solution of CPAs. However, this applies an abrupt osmotic shock to embryos, resulting in molecular damages that have long been a source of concern. In this study, we introduce a standalone microfluidic system to automate the manual process and minimize the osmotic shock applied to embryos. This device provides the same final CPA concentrations as the manual method but with a gradual increase over time instead of sudden increases. Our system allows the introduction of the dehydrating non-permeating CPA, sucrose, from the onset of CPA-water exchange, which in turn reduced the required time of CPA loading for successful vitrification without compromising its outcomes. We compared the efficacy of our device and the conventional manual procedure by studying vitrified-warmed mouse blastocysts based on their re-expansion and hatching rates and transcription pattern of selected genes involved in endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, heat shock, and apoptosis. While both groups of embryos showed comparable re-expansion and hatching rates, on-chip loading reduced the detrimental gene expression of cryopreservation. The device developed here allowed us to automate the CPA loading process and push the boundaries of cryopreservation by minimizing its osmotic stress, shortening the overall process, and reducing its molecular footprint.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mojgan Najafi
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory (EmBio Lab), Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran 1497716316, Iran
| | | | | | - Samaneh Fayazi
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory (EmBio Lab), Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran 1497716316, Iran
| | - Ghazaleh Zandi
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory (EmBio Lab), Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran 1497716316, Iran
| | - Nikta Ziaie
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory (EmBio Lab), Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran 1497716316, Iran
| | - Aida Shoushtari Zadeh Naseri
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory (EmBio Lab), Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran 1497716316, Iran
| | - Allen Ehrlicher
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A0B9, Canada
| | - Mojtaba Dashtizad
- Embryo Biotechnology Laboratory (EmBio Lab), Department of Animal Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran 1497716316, Iran
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14
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Wu K, Shardt N, Laouar L, Elliott JAW, Jomha NM. Vitrification of particulated articular cartilage via calculated protocols. NPJ Regen Med 2021; 6:15. [PMID: 33741977 PMCID: PMC7979917 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-021-00123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Preserving viable articular cartilage is a promising approach to address the shortage of graft tissue and enable the clinical repair of articular cartilage defects in articulating joints, such as the knee, ankle, and hip. In this study, we developed two 2-step, dual-temperature, multicryoprotectant loading protocols to cryopreserve particulated articular cartilage (cubes ~1 mm3 in size) using a mathematical approach, and we experimentally measured chondrocyte viability, metabolic activity, cell migration, and matrix productivity after implementing the designed loading protocols, vitrification, and warming. We demonstrated that porcine and human articular cartilage cubes can be successfully vitrified and rewarmed, maintaining high cell viability and excellent cellular function. The vitrified particulated articular cartilage was stored for a period of 6 months with no significant deterioration in chondrocyte viability and functionality. Our approach enables high-quality long-term storage of viable articular cartilage that can alleviate the shortage of grafts for use in clinically repairing articular cartilage defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kezhou Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Nadia Shardt
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Leila Laouar
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Janet A W Elliott
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
| | - Nadr M Jomha
- Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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15
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Abstract
Gibbsian composite-system thermodynamics is the framework governing the equilibrium of composite systems, including systems that at equilibrium have more than one value of pressure because of the action of surface tension, semipermeable membranes, or fields, and thus cannot be treated as simple systems. J. W. Gibbs's paper that lays out composite-system thermodynamics, "On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances", communicated in two parts in 1876 and 1878, is widely regarded as one of the most important pieces of scientific literature of its century. Many scientists adopted and stressed the importance of Gibbsian thermodynamics. In 1960, H. B. Callen wrote a textbook that made Gibbsian composite-system thermodynamics more accessible to thermodynamicists. However, Callen's book left out Gibbs's work on curved fluid interfaces and did not treat the complicated nonideal systems of interest to today's thermodynamicists. In this Feature Article, I have attempted to convey in a comprehensive manner the framework of Gibbsian composite-system thermodynamics including in detail the treatment of systems with interface effects and with nonideal, multicomponent phases. This work lays out the relationships between important equilibrium equations including the following: the Gibbs-Duhem equation, the Gibbs adsorption equation, the Young-Laplace equation, the Young equation, the Cassie-Baxter equation, the Wenzel equation, the Kelvin equation, the Gibbs-Thompson equation, and the Ostwald-Freundlich equation, including nonideal and multicomponent forms. Equations of state that are often useful for Gibbsian composite-system thermodynamics are reviewed including adsorption isotherms and our own work on two semiempirical equations of state: the Elliott et al. form of the osmotic virial equation and the Shardt-Elliott-Connors-Wright equation for the temperature and composition dependence of surface tension. I summarize the work of our group developing Gibbisan composite-system thermodynamics including new equations for such things as the curvature-induced depression of the eutectic temperature or the removal of azeotropes by nanoscale fluid interface curvature. Gibbsian composite-system thermodynamics has broad applications in biotechnology, nanostructured materials, surface textures and coatings, microfluidics, nanoscience, atmospheric and environmental physics, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet A W Elliott
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
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