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Vogel AD, Suk R, Haran C, Dickinson PG, Helke KL, Hassid M, Fitzgerald DC, Turek JW, Brockbank KGM, Rajab TK. The impact of heart valve and partial heart transplant models on the development of banking methods for tissues and organs: A concise review. Cryobiology 2024; 115:104880. [PMID: 38437898 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2024.104880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Cryopreserved human heart valves fill a crucial role in the treatment for congenital cardiac anomalies, since the use of alternative mechanical and xenogeneic tissue valves have historically been limited in babies. Heart valve models have been used since 1998 to better understand the impact of cryopreservation variables on the heart valve tissue components with the ultimate goals of improving cryopreserved tissue outcomes and potentially extrapolating results with tissues to organs. Cryopreservation traditionally relies on conventional freezing, employing cryoprotective agents, and slow cooling to sub-zero centigrade temperatures; but it is plagued by the formation of ice crystals and cell damage upon thawing. Researchers have identified ice-free vitrification procedures and developed a new rapid warming method termed nanowarming. Nanowarming is an emerging method that utilizes targeted application of energy at the nanoscale level to rapidly rewarm vitrified tissues, such as heart valves, uniformly for transplantation. Vitrification and nanowarming methods hold great promise for surgery, enabling the storage and transplantation of tissues for various applications, including tissue repair and replacement. These innovations have the potential to revolutionize complex tissue and organ transplantation, including partial heart transplantation. Banking these grafts addresses organ scarcity by extending preservation duration while preserving biological activity with maintenance of structural fidelity. While ice-free vitrification and nanowarming show remarkable potential, they are still in early development. Further interdisciplinary research must be dedicated to exploring the remaining challenges that include scalability, optimizing cryoprotectant solutions, and ensuring long-term viability upon rewarming in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Vogel
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA; Division of Research, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, AL, USA
| | - Rebecca Suk
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA; Division of Research, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, AL, USA
| | - Christa Haran
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA; Division of Research, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, AL, USA
| | - Patrick G Dickinson
- Division of Research, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, AL, USA
| | - Kristi L Helke
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Marc Hassid
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | | | - Kelvin G M Brockbank
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA; Tissue Testing Technologies LLC, North Charleston, SC, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University at Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Taufiek Konrad Rajab
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Arkansas Children's Hospital, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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Xu JX, Coker A, Dulaney Z, Furbish A, Xu FZ, Helke KL, Woster PM, Nietert PJ, Braxton AM. Establishing New Isosexual Pairs in Adult Male Guinea Pigs ( Cavia porcellus) to Facilitate Social Housing. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci 2024; 63:160-171. [PMID: 38262624 PMCID: PMC11022948 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-23-000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) are a commonly used species in biomedical research. As social creatures, compatible guinea pigs should be housed together unless scientific objectives or veterinary care require otherwise. Extensive literature suggests that adult male guinea pigs are highly aggressive in the presence of females, but data are lacking regarding the compatibility of cohoused adult males in the absence of females. Most studies that use adult males do not report housing densities. We used serial wound scoring and observations of behavior to determine whether unfamiliar adult male guinea pigs will develop stable, prosocial isosexual pairs. Wound scoring was performed before and 24 h after pairing. Serial behavioral observations assessed affiliative and agonistic behaviors at 0.5, 2, 24, and 48 h after pairing. Wound scoring and behavioral observations continued weekly for 1 mo and monthly thereafter. Wound scores were significantly higher at 24 h after pairing as compared with baseline and all other time points. Wounding was rare after week 2, indicating reduced aggression. Furthermore, affiliative behaviors significantly increased over time while agonistic behaviors were rare. Together, these data suggest that unfamiliar adult male guinea pigs establish stable prosocial pairs after an acclimation period. As was done in the present study, providing ample space, separate shelters for each animal, and the absence of female guinea pigs will likely facilitate successful pairing. We recommend consideration of a social housing program for adult male guinea pigs to provide companionship and enrich their housing environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen X Xu
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Ashton Coker
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Zadie Dulaney
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Amelia Furbish
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Frank Z Xu
- Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Kristi L Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Patrick M Woster
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Paul J Nietert
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Alicia M Braxton
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina;,
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3
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Ochoa-Rios S, Grauzam SE, Gregory R, Angel PM, Drake RR, Helke KL, Mehta AS. Spatial Omics Reveals that Cancer-Associated Glycan Changes Occur Early in Liver Disease Development in a Western Diet Mouse Model of MASLD. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:786-796. [PMID: 38206822 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a progressive disease and comprises different stages of liver damage; it is significantly associated with obese and overweight patients. Untreated MASLD can progress to life-threatening end-stage conditions, such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. N-Linked glycosylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications in the cell surface and secreted proteins. N-Linked glycan alterations have been established to be signatures of liver diseases. However, the N-linked glycan changes during the progression of MASLD to liver cancer are still unknown. Here, we induced different stages of MASLD in mice and liver-cancer-related phenotypes and elucidated the N-glycome profile during the progression of MASLD by quantitative and qualitative profiling in situ using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS). Importantly, we identified specific N-glycan structures including fucosylated and highly branched N-linked glycans at very early stages of liver injury (steatosis), which in humans are associated with cancer development, establishing the importance of these modifications with disease progression. Finally, we report that N-linked glycan alterations can be observed in our models by MALDI-IMS before liver injury is identified by histological analysis. Overall, we propose these findings as promising biomarkers for the early diagnosis of liver injury in MASLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaaron Ochoa-Rios
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Stéphane Elie Grauzam
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Rebecca Gregory
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Peggi M Angel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Richard R Drake
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Kristi L Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
| | - Anand S Mehta
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, United States
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Blackman A, Rees AC, Bowers RR, Jones CM, Vaena SG, Clark MA, Carter S, Villamor ED, Evans D, Emanuel AJ, Fullbright G, Long DT, Spruill L, Romeo MJ, Helke KL, Delaney JR. MYC is sufficient to generate mid-life high-grade serous ovarian and uterine serous carcinomas in a p53-R270H mouse model. bioRxiv 2024:2024.01.24.576924. [PMID: 38352443 PMCID: PMC10862747 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.24.576924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMM) have fundamentally changed how ovarian cancer etiology, early detection, and treatment is understood. However, previous GEMMs of high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) have had to utilize genetics rarely or never found in human HGSOC to yield ovarian cancer within the lifespan of a mouse. MYC, an oncogene, is amongst the most amplified genes in HGSOC, but it has not previously been utilized to drive HGSOC GEMMs. We coupled Myc and dominant negative mutant p53-R270H with a fallopian tube epithelium-specific promoter Ovgp1 to generate a new GEMM of HGSOC. Female mice developed lethal cancer at an average of 15.1 months. Histopathological examination of mice revealed HGSOC characteristics including nuclear p53 and nuclear MYC in clusters of cells within the fallopian tube epithelium and ovarian surface epithelium. Unexpectedly, nuclear p53 and MYC clustered cell expression was also identified in the uterine luminal epithelium, possibly from intraepithelial metastasis from the fallopian tube epithelium (FTE). Extracted tumor cells exhibited strong loss of heterozygosity at the p53 locus, leaving the mutant allele. Copy number alterations in these cancer cells were prevalent, disrupting a large fraction of genes. Transcriptome profiles most closely matched human HGSOC and serous endometrial cancer. Taken together, these results demonstrate the Myc and Trp53-R270H transgene was able to recapitulate many phenotypic hallmarks of HGSOC through the utilization of strictly human-mimetic genetic hallmarks of HGSOC. This new mouse model enables further exploration of ovarian cancer pathogenesis, particularly in the 50% of HGSOC which lack homology directed repair mutations. Histological and transcriptomic findings are consistent with the hypothesis that uterine serous cancer may originate from the fallopian tube epithelium.
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Meyerholz DK, Burrough ER, Kirchhof N, Anderson DJ, Helke KL. Swine models in translational research and medicine. Vet Pathol 2024:3009858231222235. [PMID: 38197394 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231222235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Swine are increasingly studied as animal models of human disease. The anatomy, size, longevity, physiology, immune system, and metabolism of swine are more like humans than traditional rodent models. In addition, the size of swine is preferred for surgical placement and testing of medical devices destined for humans. These features make swine useful for biomedical, pharmacological, and toxicological research. With recent advances in gene-editing technologies, genetic modifications can readily and efficiently be made in swine to study genetic disorders. In addition, gene-edited swine tissues are necessary for studies testing and validating xenotransplantation into humans to meet the critical shortfall of viable organs versus need. Underlying all of these biomedical applications, the knowledge of husbandry, background diseases and lesions, and biosecurity needs are important for productive, efficient, and reproducible research when using swine as a human disease model for basic research, preclinical testing, and translational studies.
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Mouawad JE, Sanderson M, Sharma S, Helke KL, Pilewski JM, Nadig SN, Feghali-Bostwick C. Role of Extracellular Vesicles in the Propagation of Lung Fibrosis in Systemic Sclerosis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023; 75:2228-2239. [PMID: 37390364 PMCID: PMC10756928 DOI: 10.1002/art.42638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Systemic sclerosis (SSc) has the highest mortality rate among the rheumatic diseases, with lung fibrosis leading as the cause of death. A characteristic of severe SSc-related lung fibrosis is its progressive nature. Although most research has focused on the pathology of the fibrosis, the mechanism mediating the fibrotic spread remains unclear. We hypothesized that extracellular vesicle (EV) communication drives the propagation of SSc lung fibrosis. METHODS EVs were isolated from normal (NL) or SSc-derived human lungs and primary lung fibroblasts (pLFs). EVs were also isolated from human fibrotic lungs and pLFs induced experimentally with transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ). Fibrotic potency of EVs was assessed using functional assays in vitro and in vivo. Transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence were used to analyze EVs, their cargo, extracellular matrix (ECM) fractions, and conditioned media. RESULTS SSc lungs and pLFs released significantly more EVs than NL lungs, and their EVs showed increased fibrotic content and activity. TGFβ-stimulated NL lung cores and pLFs increased packaging of fibrotic proteins, including fibronectin, collagens, and TGFβ, into released EVs. The EVs induced a fibrotic phenotype in recipient pLFs and in vivo in mouse lungs. Furthermore, EVs interacted with and contributed to the ECM. Finally, suppressing EV release in vivo reduced severity of murine lung fibrosis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight EV communication as a novel mechanism for propagation of SSc lung fibrosis. Identifying therapies that reduce EV release, activity, and/or fibrotic cargo in SSc patient lungs may be a viable therapeutic strategy to improve fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe E. Mouawad
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Matthew Sanderson
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Shailza Sharma
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Kristi L. Helke
- Departments of Comparative Medicine, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Joseph M. Pilewski
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy & Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Satish N. Nadig
- Division of Organ Transplantation, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Carol Feghali-Bostwick
- Division of Rheumatology & Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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7
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Bishara K, Kwon JH, Hill MA, Helke KL, Norris RA, Whitworth K, Prather RS, Rajab TK. Characterization of Green Fluorescent Protein in Heart Valves of a Transgenic Swine Model for Partial Heart Transplant Research. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2023; 10:254. [PMID: 37367419 PMCID: PMC10299052 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd10060254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A transgenic strain of pigs was created to express green fluorescent protein (GFP) ubiquitously using a pCAGG promoter. Here, we characterize GFP expression in the semilunar valves and great arteries of GFP-transgenic (GFP-Tg) pigs. Immunofluorescence was performed to visualize and quantify GFP expression and colocalization with nuclear staining. GFP expression was confirmed in both the semilunar valves and great arteries of GFP-Tg pigs compared to wild-type tissues (aorta, p = 0.0002; pulmonary artery, p = 0.0005; aortic valve; and pulmonic valve, p < 0.0001). The quantification of GFP expression in cardiac tissue allows this strain of GFP-Tg pigs to be used for future research in partial heart transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Bishara
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29501, USA
| | - Jennie H. Kwon
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29501, USA
| | - Morgan A. Hill
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29501, USA
| | - Kristi L. Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29501, USA
| | - Russell A. Norris
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29501, USA
| | - Kristin Whitworth
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (K.W.)
| | - Randall S. Prather
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; (K.W.)
| | - Taufiek Konrad Rajab
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29501, USA
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8
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Chen P, Wang S, Chen Z, Ren P, Hepfer RG, Greene ED, Campbell LH, Helke KL, Nie X, Jensen JH, Hill C, Wu Y, Brockbank KGM, Yao H. Nanowarming and ice-free cryopreservation of large sized, intact porcine articular cartilage. Commun Biol 2023; 6:220. [PMID: 36828843 PMCID: PMC9958003 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04577-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful organ or tissue long-term preservation would revolutionize biomedicine. Cartilage cryopreservation enables prolonged shelf life of articular cartilage, posing the prospect to broaden the implementation of promising osteochondral allograft (OCA) transplantation for cartilage repair. However, cryopreserved large sized cartilage cannot be successfully warmed with the conventional convection warming approach due to its limited warming rate, blocking its clinical potential. Here, we develope a nanowarming and ice-free cryopreservation method for large sized, intact articular cartilage preservation. Our method achieves a heating rate of 76.8 °C min-1, over one order of magnitude higher than convection warming (4.8 °C min-1). Using systematic cell and tissue level tests, we demonstrate the superior performance of our method in preserving large cartilage. A depth-dependent preservation manner is also observed and recapitulated through magnetic resonance imaging and computational modeling. Finally, we show that the delivery of nanoparticles to the OCA bone side could be a feasible direction for further optimization of our method. This study pioneers the application of nanowarming and ice-free cryopreservation for large articular cartilage and provides valuable insights for future technique development, paving the way for clinical applications of cryopreserved cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Shangping Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- Tissue Testing Technology LLC, North Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Pengling Ren
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - R Glenn Hepfer
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Lia H Campbell
- Tissue Testing Technology LLC, North Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kristi L Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Xingju Nie
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jens H Jensen
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Cherice Hill
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Yongren Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kelvin G M Brockbank
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA
- Tissue Testing Technology LLC, North Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Hai Yao
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA.
- Department of Orthopaedics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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9
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Siegel JB, Nasarre P, Hsu L, Mukherjee R, Gormley M, Richardson B, Khan I, Morningstar JE, Hilliard E, O’Bryan JP, Helke KL, Spruill L, Dolloff NG, Klauber-DeMore N. Secreted frizzled related-protein 2 is prognostic for human pancreatic cancer patient survival and is associated with fibrosis. Cancer Biomark 2023; 38:287-300. [PMID: 37955079 PMCID: PMC10977449 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-220044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest cancers, with five-year survival rates of 9%. We hypothesized that secreted frizzled-related protein 2 (SFRP2) may influence stromal growth in pancreatic cancer, since it increases fibrosis and collagen production in non-neoplastic pathologies. We assessed SFRP2 value as a biomarker and assessed its function in PDAC. SFRP2 gene expression in patients with PDAC was analyzed using TCGA data. Disease free survival (DFS) was analyzed using Kaplan Meier test. The effect of KRAS inhibition on SFRP2 expression in PDAC cells was assessed. The associations of stromal content with SFPR2 mRNA and protein with fibrosis were analyzed. The role of SFRP2 in mesenchymal transformation was assessed by western blot in fibroblasts. Of all cancers in TCGA, SFRP2 levels were highest in PDAC, and higher in PDAC than normal tissues (n= 234, p= 0.0003). High SFRP2 levels correlated with decreased DFS (p= 0.0097). KRAS inhibition reduced SFRP2 levels. Spearman correlation was 0.81 between stromal RNA and SFRP2 in human PDAC, and 0.75 between fibrosis and SFRP2 levels in PDAC tumors. SFRP2-treated fibroblasts displayed mesenchymal characteristics. SFRP2 is prognostic for PDAC survival, regulated by KRAS, and associated with PDAC fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie B. Siegel
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Patrick Nasarre
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Lillian Hsu
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Rupak Mukherjee
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Meghan Gormley
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Bailey Richardson
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Imran Khan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jordan E. Morningstar
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC, USA
| | - Eleanor Hilliard
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - John P. O’Bryan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kristi L. Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Laura Spruill
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Nathan G. Dolloff
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Nancy Klauber-DeMore
- Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Chen P, Wang S, Chen Z, Goodloe JB, Ren P, Hepfer RG, Greene ED, Campbell LH, Wu Y, Helke KL, Slone H, Brockbank KG, Yao H. Nanowarming of large porcine osteochondral tissues: In vitro and simulation studies. Cryobiology 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2022.11.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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11
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Mlakar L, Garrett SM, Watanabe T, Sanderson M, Nishimoto T, Heywood J, Helke KL, Pilewski JM, Herzog EL, Feghali-Bostwick C. Ameliorating Fibrosis in Murine and Human Tissues with END55, an Endostatin-Derived Fusion Protein Made in Plants. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2861. [PMID: 36359382 PMCID: PMC9687961 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ fibrosis, particularly of the lungs, causes significant morbidity and mortality. Effective treatments are needed to reduce the health burden. A fragment of the carboxyl-terminal end of collagen XVIII/endostatin reduces skin and lung fibrosis. This fragment was modified to facilitate its production in plants, which resulted in the recombinant fusion protein, END55. We found that expression of END55 had significant anti-fibrotic effects on the treatment and prevention of skin and lung fibrosis in a bleomycin mouse model. We validated these effects in a second mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis involving inducible, lung-targeted expression of transforming growth factor β1. END55 also exerted anti-fibrotic effects in human lung and skin tissues maintained in organ culture in which fibrosis was experimentally induced. The anti-fibrotic effect of END55 was mediated by a decrease in the expression of extracellular matrix genes and an increase in the levels of matrix-degrading enzymes. Finally, END55 reduced fibrosis in the lungs of patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) who underwent lung transplantation due to the severity of their lung disease, displaying efficacy in human tissues directly relevant to human disease. These findings demonstrate that END55 is an effective anti-fibrotic therapy in different organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Mlakar
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Sara M. Garrett
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Tomoya Watanabe
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Matthew Sanderson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Tetsuya Nishimoto
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Jonathan Heywood
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Kristi L. Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Joseph M. Pilewski
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Erica L. Herzog
- Yale ILD Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | - Carol Feghali-Bostwick
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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12
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Helke KL, Gudi RR, Vasu C, Delaney JR. Combination of Autophagy Selective Therapeutics With Doxil: An Assessment of Pathological Toxicity. Front Toxicol 2022; 4:937150. [PMID: 35846434 PMCID: PMC9276957 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2022.937150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Combination therapy of targeted drugs in cancer treatment is a field in constant flux, with research balancing side effects with efficacy. Efficacy from combination therapy is improved either through synthetic lethality or through prevention of recurrent clones. Previous research has shown (hydroxy-)chloroquine is insufficient to disrupt autophagy in tumors. Hence, either combinations or novel autophagy agents are desired. In vivo studies of ovarian cancer have revealed that chloroquine can be combined with up to four other autophagy drugs to suppress ovarian cancer growth. While cancer efficacy is now established for the autophagy drug combination, it is unclear what toxicities may require monitoring in human trials. Additive toxicity with chemotherapy is also unknown.Methods: To address toxicity in more depth than previous weight-monitoring studies, biochemical and histopathology studies were performed. Mouse groups were treated with autophagy drugs for 2 weeks, with or without the chemotherapy Doxil. After the last dose, mice were processed for blood biochemistry, white blood cell markers, and histopathology.Results: Data from a comprehensive blood biochemistry panel, flow cytometric measurements of blood cell markers, and histopathology are herein reported. While Doxil presented clear bone marrow and immunologic toxicity, autophagy drugs were overall less toxic and more variable in their presentation of potential toxicities. Only minor additive effects of autophagy drugs with Doxil were observed.Conclusion: Combinations of autophagy drugs may be considered for therapy in human oncology trials, with possible side effects to monitor informed by these murine pre-clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L. Helke
- Departments of Comparative Medicine, and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Radhika R. Gudi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Chenthamarakshan Vasu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Joe R. Delaney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
- *Correspondence: Joe R. Delaney,
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13
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Sharma J, Rushing BR, Hall MS, Helke KL, McRitchie SL, Krupenko NI, Sumner SJ, Krupenko SA. Sex-Specific Metabolic Effects of Dietary Folate Withdrawal in Wild-Type and Aldh1l1 Knockout Mice. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12050454. [PMID: 35629957 PMCID: PMC9143804 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ALDH1L1 (10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase), an enzyme of folate metabolism, is highly expressed in the liver. It regulates the overall flux of folate-bound one-carbon groups by converting 10-formyltetrahydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate and CO2 in a NADP+-dependent reaction. Our previous study revealed that Aldh1l1 knockout (KO) mice have an altered liver metabotype with metabolic symptoms of folate deficiency when fed a standard chow diet containing 2 ppm folic acid. Here we performed untargeted metabolomic analysis of liver and plasma of KO and wild-type (WT) male and female mice fed for 16 weeks either standard or folate-deficient diet. OPLS-DA, a supervised multivariate technique that was applied to 6595 and 10,678 features for the liver and plasma datasets, respectively, indicated that genotype and diet, alone or in combination, gave distinct metabolic profiles in both types of biospecimens. A more detailed analysis of affected metabolic pathways based on most confidently identified metabolites in the liver and plasma (OL1 and OL2a ontology level) indicated that the dietary folate restriction itself does not fully recapitulate the metabolic effect of the KO. Of note, dietary folate withdrawal enhanced the metabolic perturbations linked to the ALDH1L1 loss only for a subset of metabolites. Importantly, both the ALDH1L1 loss and dietary folate deficiency produced sex-specific metabolic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaspreet Sharma
- Nutrition Research Institute, UNC Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (J.S.); (B.R.R.); (M.S.H.); (S.L.M.); (N.I.K.); (S.J.S.)
| | - Blake R. Rushing
- Nutrition Research Institute, UNC Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (J.S.); (B.R.R.); (M.S.H.); (S.L.M.); (N.I.K.); (S.J.S.)
- Department of Nutrition, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Madeline S. Hall
- Nutrition Research Institute, UNC Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (J.S.); (B.R.R.); (M.S.H.); (S.L.M.); (N.I.K.); (S.J.S.)
- Department of Nutrition, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kristi L. Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Susan L. McRitchie
- Nutrition Research Institute, UNC Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (J.S.); (B.R.R.); (M.S.H.); (S.L.M.); (N.I.K.); (S.J.S.)
| | - Natalia I. Krupenko
- Nutrition Research Institute, UNC Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (J.S.); (B.R.R.); (M.S.H.); (S.L.M.); (N.I.K.); (S.J.S.)
- Department of Nutrition, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Susan J. Sumner
- Nutrition Research Institute, UNC Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (J.S.); (B.R.R.); (M.S.H.); (S.L.M.); (N.I.K.); (S.J.S.)
- Department of Nutrition, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sergey A. Krupenko
- Nutrition Research Institute, UNC Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (J.S.); (B.R.R.); (M.S.H.); (S.L.M.); (N.I.K.); (S.J.S.)
- Department of Nutrition, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Correspondence:
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14
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Wang X, Oates JC, Helke KL, Gilkeson GS, Zhang XK. Camptothecin and Topotecan, Inhibitors of Transcription Factor Fli-1 and Topoisomerase, Markedly Ameliorate Lupus Nephritis in (NZB × NZW)F1 Mice and Reduce the Production of Inflammatory Mediators in Human Renal Cells. Arthritis Rheumatol 2021; 73:1478-1488. [PMID: 33559345 PMCID: PMC9853877 DOI: 10.1002/art.41685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the therapeutic effects of camptothecin (CPT) and topotecan (TPT), inhibitors of transcription factor Fli-1 and topoisomerase, on lupus nephritis in (NZB × NZW)F1 (NZBWF1) mice, and to examine the effects of CPT and TPT on inflammatory mediators in human renal cells. METHODS Female NZBWF1 mice were treated with vehicle, cyclophosphamide (CYC), CPT (1 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg), or TPT (0.03 mg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg, or 0. 3 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal injection twice a week, beginning at the age of 25 weeks (n = 8-10 mice per group). Blood and urine were collected for monitoring autoantibodies and proteinuria. Mice were euthanized at 40 weeks, and renal pathology scores were assessed. Human renal endothelial and mesangial cells were treated with CPT or TPT, and cytokine expression was measured. RESULTS None of the NZBWF1 mice treated with 1 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg of CPT or 0.3 mg/kg of TPT had proteinuria >100 mg/dl at the age of 40 weeks. One of 8 mice treated with 0.1 mg/kg of TPT and 1 of 10 mice treated with CYC had proteinuria >300 mg/dl, whereas 90% of the mice treated with vehicle had proteinuria >300 mg/dl. Compared to vehicle control, mice treated with 1 mg/kg or 2 mg/kg of CPT, 0.1 mg/kg or 0.3 mg/kg of TPT, or CYC had significantly prolonged survival, attenuated renal injury, diminished splenomegaly, reduced anti-double-stranded DNA autoantibody levels, and reduced IgG and C3 deposits in the glomeruli (all P < 0.05). Human renal cells treated with CPT or TPT had reduced expression of Fli-1 and decreased monocyte chemotactic protein 1 production following stimulation with interferon-α (IFNα) or IFNγ. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that low-dose CPT and TPT could be repurposed to treat lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008 China,Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Jim C. Oates
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA,Medical Service, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403
| | - Kristi L. Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston SC, 29425, USA
| | - Gary S. Gilkeson
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA,Medical Service, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29403
| | - Xian K. Zhang
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine. Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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15
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Krupenko NI, Sharma J, Fogle HM, Pediaditakis P, Strickland KC, Du X, Helke KL, Sumner S, Krupenko SA. Knockout of Putative Tumor Suppressor Aldh1l1 in Mice Reprograms Metabolism to Accelerate Growth of Tumors in a Diethylnitrosamine (DEN) Model of Liver Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13133219. [PMID: 34203215 PMCID: PMC8268287 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13133219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cancers often loose the enzyme of folate metabolism ALDH1L1. We proposed that such loss is advantageous for the malignant tumor growth and tested this hypothesis in mice proficient or deficient (gene knockout) in ALDH1L1 expression. Liver cancer in both groups was induced by injection of chemical carcinogen diethylnitrosamine. While the number of tumors observed in ALDH1L1 proficient and deficient mice was similar, tumors grew faster and to a larger size in the knockout mice. We conclude that the ALDH1L1 loss promotes liver tumor growth without affecting tumor initiation or multiplicity. Accelerated growth of tumors lacking the enzyme was linked to several metabolic pathways, which are beneficial for rapid proliferation. Abstract Cytosolic 10-formyltetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (ALDH1L1) is commonly downregulated in human cancers through promoter methylation. We proposed that ALDH1L1 loss promotes malignant tumor growth. Here, we investigated the effect of the Aldh1l1 mouse knockout (Aldh1l1−/−) on hepatocellular carcinoma using a chemical carcinogenesis model. Fifteen-day-old male Aldh1l1 knockout mice and their wild-type littermate controls (Aldh1l1+/+) were injected intraperitoneally with 20 μg/g body weight of DEN (diethylnitrosamine). Mice were sacrificed 10, 20, 28, and 36 weeks post-DEN injection, and livers were examined for tumor multiplicity and size. We observed that while tumor multiplicity did not differ between Aldh1l1−/− and Aldh1l1+/+ animals, larger tumors grew in Aldh1l1−/− compared to Aldh1l1+/+ mice at 28 and 36 weeks. Profound differences between Aldh1l1−/− and Aldh1l1+/+ mice in the expression of inflammation-related genes were seen at 10 and 20 weeks. Of note, large tumors from wild-type mice showed a strong decrease of ALDH1L1 protein at 36 weeks. Metabolomic analysis of liver tissues at 20 weeks showed stronger differences in Aldh1l1+/+ versus Aldh1l1−/− metabotypes than at 10 weeks, which underscores metabolic pathways that respond to DEN in an ALDH1L1-dependent manner. Our study indicates that Aldh1l1 knockout promoted liver tumor growth without affecting tumor initiation or multiplicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia I. Krupenko
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (N.I.K.); (S.S.)
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (J.S.); (H.M.F.); (P.P.)
| | - Jaspreet Sharma
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (J.S.); (H.M.F.); (P.P.)
| | - Halle M. Fogle
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (J.S.); (H.M.F.); (P.P.)
| | - Peter Pediaditakis
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (J.S.); (H.M.F.); (P.P.)
| | | | - Xiuxia Du
- Department of Bioinformatics & Genomics, UNC Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA;
| | - Kristi L. Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA;
| | - Susan Sumner
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (N.I.K.); (S.S.)
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (J.S.); (H.M.F.); (P.P.)
| | - Sergey A. Krupenko
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; (N.I.K.); (S.S.)
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA; (J.S.); (H.M.F.); (P.P.)
- Correspondence:
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16
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Helke KL, Meyerholz DK, Beck AP, Burrough ER, Derscheid RJ, Löhr C, McInnes EF, Scudamore CL, Brayton CF. Research Relevant Background Lesions and Conditions: Ferrets, Dogs, Swine, Sheep, and Goats. ILAR J 2021; 62:133-168. [PMID: 33712827 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilab005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal models provide a valuable tool and resource for biomedical researchers as they investigate biological processes, disease pathogenesis, novel therapies, and toxicologic studies. Interpretation of animal model data requires knowledge not only of the processes/diseases being studied but also awareness of spontaneous conditions and background lesions in the model that can influence or even confound the study results. Species, breed/stock, sex, age, anatomy, physiology, diseases (noninfectious and infectious), and neoplastic processes are model features that can impact the results as well as study interpretation. Here, we review these features in several common laboratory animal species, including ferret, dog (beagle), pig, sheep, and goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - David K Meyerholz
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Amanda P Beck
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Eric R Burrough
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Rachel J Derscheid
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine Department, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Christiane Löhr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Elizabeth F McInnes
- Toxicologic Pathology, Toxicology Section, Human Safety at Syngenta, in Jealott's Hill, Bracknell, United Kingdom
| | - Cheryl L Scudamore
- ExePathology, Pathologist at ExePathology, Exmouth, Devon, United Kingdom
| | - Cory F Brayton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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17
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Krupenko NI, Sharma J, Pediaditakis P, Helke KL, Hall MS, Du X, Sumner S, Krupenko SA. Aldh1l2 knockout mouse metabolomics links the loss of the mitochondrial folate enzyme to deregulation of a lipid metabolism observed in rare human disorder. Hum Genomics 2020; 14:41. [PMID: 33168096 PMCID: PMC7654619 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-020-00291-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial folate enzyme ALDH1L2 (aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member L2) converts 10-formyltetrahydrofolate to tetrahydrofolate and CO2 simultaneously producing NADPH. We have recently reported that the lack of the enzyme due to compound heterozygous mutations was associated with neuro-ichthyotic syndrome in a male patient. Here, we address the role of ALDH1L2 in cellular metabolism and highlight the mechanism by which the enzyme regulates lipid oxidation. Methods We generated Aldh1l2 knockout (KO) mouse model, characterized its phenotype, tissue histology, and levels of reduced folate pools and applied untargeted metabolomics to determine metabolic changes in the liver, pancreas, and plasma caused by the enzyme loss. We have also used NanoString Mouse Inflammation V2 Code Set to analyze inflammatory gene expression and evaluate the role of ALDH1L2 in the regulation of inflammatory pathways. Results Both male and female Aldh1l2 KO mice were viable and did not show an apparent phenotype. However, H&E and Oil Red O staining revealed the accumulation of lipid vesicles localized between the central veins and portal triads in the liver of Aldh1l2-/- male mice indicating abnormal lipid metabolism. The metabolomic analysis showed vastly changed metabotypes in the liver and plasma in these mice suggesting channeling of fatty acids away from β-oxidation. Specifically, drastically increased plasma acylcarnitine and acylglycine conjugates were indicative of impaired β-oxidation in the liver. Our metabolomics data further showed that mechanistically, the regulation of lipid metabolism by ALDH1L2 is linked to coenzyme A biosynthesis through the following steps. ALDH1L2 enables sufficient NADPH production in mitochondria to maintain high levels of glutathione, which in turn is required to support high levels of cysteine, the coenzyme A precursor. As the final outcome, the deregulation of lipid metabolism due to ALDH1L2 loss led to decreased ATP levels in mitochondria. Conclusions The ALDH1L2 function is important for CoA-dependent pathways including β-oxidation, TCA cycle, and bile acid biosynthesis. The role of ALDH1L2 in the lipid metabolism explains why the loss of this enzyme is associated with neuro-cutaneous diseases. On a broader scale, our study links folate metabolism to the regulation of lipid homeostasis and the energy balance in the cell. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40246-020-00291-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia I Krupenko
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jaspreet Sharma
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Peter Pediaditakis
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kristi L Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Madeline S Hall
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xiuxia Du
- Department of Bioinformatics & Genomics, UNC Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Susan Sumner
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sergey A Krupenko
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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18
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Helke KL, Wolfe AM, Smith AC, Swagel R, Gross RH, Yao H, McCrackin MA. Mulberry Heart Disease and Hepatosis Dietetica in Farm Pigs ( Sus scrofa domesticus) in a Research Setting. Comp Med 2020; 70:376-383. [PMID: 32674751 PMCID: PMC10080991 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-19-000162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Perioperative complications and deaths occurred while developing a novel surgical model of pediatric kyphosis in 10 to 12 kg male farm-raised Yorkshire piglets. All piglets appeared clinically normal preoperatively. Intraoperative complications included tachycardia, respiratory acidosis, and death. Postoperatively, clinical signs included posterior paresis, head pressing, prolonged anesthetic recovery, difficulty rising, and sudden death. Necropsies were performed on all piglets. Some morbidity and mortality were accurately attributed to the spinal surgery. However, the index piglet for this report died suddenly approximately 16 to 18 h after surgery. Necropsy of this animal revealed clear, serosanguineous pleural and pericardial effusions along with myocardial hemorrhage and hepatic lesions, consistent with mulberry heart disease and hepatosis dietetica, respectively. Serum vitamin E and selenium levels from this animal were below age-specific lab reference ranges. Clinical signs of vitamin E and selenium deficiency are most common in fast-growing weaner piglets. The added stress of major surgery may exacerbate the condition in young piglets. Resolution of morbidity and mortality in both juvenile and adult pigs occurred upon the use of an alternate vendor able to provide feed analyses meeting industry standards, although serum levels of vitamin E and selenium in similar ages and breed of swine were still occasionally slightly below reference ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Helke
- Comparative Medicine, Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina;,
| | - A Marissa Wolfe
- Comparative Medicine, Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Research Services, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Alison C Smith
- Comparative Medicine, Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Roxanna Swagel
- Surgical Research Laboratory, Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Richard H Gross
- Neurosurgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Hai Yao
- Bioengineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina
| | - Mary Ann McCrackin
- Comparative Medicine, Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Surgical Research Laboratory, Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina; Research Services, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
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19
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Farrand AQ, Verner RS, McGuire RM, Helke KL, Hinson VK, Boger HA. Differential effects of vagus nerve stimulation paradigms guide clinical development for Parkinson's disease. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:1323-1332. [PMID: 32629028 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.06.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) modifies brain rhythms in the locus coeruleus (LC) via the solitary nucleus. Degeneration of the LC in Parkinson's disease (PD) is an early catalyst of the spreading neurodegenerative process, suggesting that stimulating LC output with VNS has the potential to modify disease progression. We previously showed in a lesion PD model that VNS delivered twice daily reduced neuroinflammation and motor deficits, and attenuated tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive cell loss. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to characterize the differential effects of three clinically-relevant VNS paradigms in a PD lesion model. METHODS Eleven days after DSP-4 (N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine, noradrenergic lesion, administered systemically)/6-OHDA (6-hydroxydopamine, dopaminergic lesion, administered intrastriatally) rats were implanted with VNS devices, and received either low-frequency VNS, standard-frequency VNS, or high-frequency microburst VNS. After 10 days of treatment and behavioral assessment, rats were euthanized, right prefrontal cortex (PFC) was dissected for norepinephrine assessment, and the left striatum, bilateral substantia nigra (SN), and LC were sectioned for immunohistochemical detection of catecholamine neurons, α-synuclein, astrocytes, and microglia. RESULTS At higher VNS frequencies, specifically microburst VNS, greater improvements occurred in motor function, attenuation of TH-positive cell loss in SN and LC, and norepinephrine concentration in the PFC. Additionally, higher VNS frequencies resulted in lower intrasomal α-synuclein accumulation and glial density in the SN. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that higher stimulation frequencies provided the greatest attenuation of behavioral and pathological markers in this PD model, indicating therapeutic potential for these VNS paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Q Farrand
- Department of Neuroscience and Center on Aging, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, BSB Suite 403, MSC 510, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Ryan S Verner
- Neuromodulation Division of LivaNova, PLC, 100 Cyberonics Blvd, Houston, TX, 77058, USA
| | - Ryan M McGuire
- Neuromodulation Division of LivaNova, PLC, 100 Cyberonics Blvd, Houston, TX, 77058, USA
| | - Kristi L Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, 114 Doughty St, STB 648, MSC 777; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 165 Ashley Ave, Children's Hospital 309, MSC 908, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Vanessa K Hinson
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St, CSB 309, MSC 606, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Heather A Boger
- Department of Neuroscience and Center on Aging, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, BSB Suite 403, MSC 510, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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20
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Sharma J, Krupenko NI, Sumner S, Helke KL, Krupenko SA. Effects of
Aldh1l2
Knockout on the Metabolic Profile of Mouse Liver. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.06482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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21
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Ring HL, Gao Z, Sharma A, Han Z, Lee C, Brockbank KGM, Greene ED, Helke KL, Chen Z, Campbell LH, Weegman B, Davis M, Taylor M, Giwa S, Fahy GM, Wowk B, Pagotan R, Bischof JC, Garwood M. Imaging the distribution of iron oxide nanoparticles in hypothermic perfused tissues. Magn Reson Med 2019; 83:1750-1759. [PMID: 31815324 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.28123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Herein, we evaluate the use of MRI as a tool for assessing iron oxide nanoparticle (IONP) distribution within IONP perfused organs and vascularized composite allografts (VCAs) (i.e., hindlimbs) prepared for cryopreservation. METHODS Magnetic resonance imaging was performed on room-temperature organs and VCAs perfused with IONPs and were assessed at 9.4 T. Quantitative T1 mapping and T 2 ∗ -weighted images were acquired using sweep imaging with Fourier transformation and gradient-echo sequences, respectively. Verification of IONP localization was performed through histological assessment and microcomputer tomography. RESULTS Quantitative imaging was achieved for organs and VCAs perfused with up to 642 mMFe (36 mgFe /mL), which is above previous demonstrations of upper limit detection in agarose (35.7mMFe [2 mgFe /mL]). The stability of IONPs in the perfusate had an effect on the quality of distribution and imaging within organs or VCA. Finally, MRI provided more accurate IONP localization than Prussian blue histological staining in this system, wherein IONPs remain primarily in the vasculature. CONCLUSION Using MRI, we were able to assess the distribution of IONPs throughout organs and VCAs varying in complexity. Additional studies are necessary to better understand this system and validate the calibration between T1 measurements and IONP concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hattie L Ring
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Zhe Gao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Anirudh Sharma
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Zonghu Han
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Charles Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Science, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina
| | - Kelvin G M Brockbank
- Tissue Testing Technologies LLC, North Charleston.,Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Charleston, South Carolina.,Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | | | - Kristi L Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Zhen Chen
- Tissue Testing Technologies LLC, North Charleston
| | | | | | - Monica Davis
- Sylvatica Biotech, Inc., North Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Michael Taylor
- Sylvatica Biotech, Inc., North Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Sebastian Giwa
- Sylvatica Biotech, Inc., North Charleston, South Carolina
| | | | - Brian Wowk
- 21st Century Medicine, Inc., Fontana, California
| | | | - John C Bischof
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Michael Garwood
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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22
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Beck TC, Reichel CM, Helke KL, Bhadsavle SS, Dix TA. Non-addictive orally-active kappa opioid agonists for the treatment of peripheral pain in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 856:172396. [PMID: 31103632 PMCID: PMC6696947 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Addiction to conventional opioid pain analgesics is a major societal problem that is increasing at an alarming rate. New drugs to combat the effects of opioid abuse are desperately needed. Kappa-opioid agonists are efficacious in peripheral pain models but suffer from centrally-mediated effects. In this article, we discuss our efforts in developing peripheral kappa-based opioid receptor agonists that have the potential analgesic activity of opioids but do not manifest the negative side-effects of opioid use and abuse. Further, derivatives of the tetra-peptide D-Phe-D-Phe-D-Nle-D-Arg-NH2, such as CR665, exhibit high peripheral to central selectivity in analgesic models when administered intravenously (i.v.); however, they are inactive when administered orally. Application of our laboratory's proprietary non-natural amino acid technology to CR665 produced derivatives that exhibit peripheral analgesic activity when dosed orally but do not promote CNS-based effects. Lead compound JT09 activates the kappa-opioid receptor with EC50s in the low nM range, while agonist selectivity for kappa over other peripheral opioid receptors was >33,400 fold. Results indicate that JT09 is approximately as efficacious as morphine in alleviating peripheral pain, while failing to produce undesired CNS-mediated activity. Additionally, JT09 did not promote other CNS-mediated effects associated with morphine (addiction, sedation, dysphoria, tolerance, addiction). Thus, we propose that JT09 has potential for development as a novel analgesic. PERSPECTIVE: This article presents data supporting the analgesic properties of an orally available, peripherally-restricted, kappa-opioid agonist for peripheral pain. A potential out-patient pharmaceutical that acts as efficacious as morphine in alleviating peripheral pain, while failing to produce undesired CNS-mediated effects, could help reduce the current health care burden associated with prescription opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler C. Beck
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina Campus, 280 Calhoun Street, P.O. Box 250140, Charleston, SC 29424-2303
| | - Carmela M. Reichel
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave., Room 416A BSB, Charleston, SC 29424-2303
| | - Kristi L. Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 11 Doughty St., Room 640, Charleston, SC 29424-2303
| | - Sanat S. Bhadsavle
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina Campus, 280 Calhoun Street, P.O. Box 250140, Charleston, SC 29424-2303
| | - Thomas A. Dix
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina Campus, 280 Calhoun Street, P.O. Box 250140, Charleston, SC 29424-2303
- JT Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 300 West Coleman Blvd., Suite 203, Mount Pleasant, SC 29,,,,464-2303
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23
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Farrand AQ, Helke KL, Aponte-Cofresí L, Gooz MB, Gregory RA, Hinson VK, Boger HA. Effects of vagus nerve stimulation are mediated in part by TrkB in a parkinson's disease model. Behav Brain Res 2019; 373:112080. [PMID: 31301412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.112080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is being explored as a potential therapeutic for Parkinson's disease (PD). VNS is less invasive than other surgical treatments and has beneficial effects on behavior and brain pathology. It has been suggested that VNS exerts these effects by increasing brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) to enhance pro-survival mechanisms of its receptor, tropomyosin receptor kinase-B (TrkB). We have previously shown that striatal BDNF is increased after VNS in a lesion model of PD. By chronically administering ANA-12, a TrkB-specific antagonist, we aimed to determine TrkB's role in beneficial VNS effects for a PD model. In this study, we administered a noradrenergic neurotoxin, DSP-4, intraperitoneally and one week later administered a bilateral intrastriatal dopaminergic neurotoxin, 6-OHDA. At this time, the left vagus nerve was cuffed for stimulation. Eleven days later, rats received VNS twice per day for ten days, with daily locomotor assessment. Daily ANA-12 injections were given one hour prior to the afternoon stimulation and concurrent locomotor session. Following the final VNS session, rats were euthanized, and left striatum, bilateral substantia nigra and locus coeruleus were sectioned for immunohistochemical detection of neurons, α-synuclein, astrocytes, and microglia. While ANA-12 did not avert behavioral improvements of VNS, and only partially prevented VNS-induced attenuation of neuronal loss in the locus coeruleus, it did stop neuronal and anti-inflammatory effects of VNS in the nigrostriatal system, indicating a role for TrkB in mediating VNS efficacy. However, our data also suggest that BDNF-TrkB is not the sole mechanism of action for VNS in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Q Farrand
- Dept of Neuroscience and Center on Aging, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, BSB 403, MSC 510, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Kristi L Helke
- Dept of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty St, STB 648, MSC 777, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA; Dept of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 165 Ashley Ave, Children's Hospital 309, MSC 908, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Luis Aponte-Cofresí
- Dept of Neuroscience and Center on Aging, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, BSB 403, MSC 510, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Monika B Gooz
- Dept of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President St, DDB 507, MSC 139, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Rebecca A Gregory
- Dept of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty St, STB 648, MSC 777, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Vanessa K Hinson
- Dept of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St, CSB 309, MSC 606, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Heather A Boger
- Dept of Neuroscience and Center on Aging, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, BSB 403, MSC 510, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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24
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Grey ZJ, Howie RN, Durham EL, Hall SR, Helke KL, Steed MB, LaRue AC, Muise-Helmericks RC, Cray JJ. Sub-clinical dose of bone morphogenetic protein-2 does not precipitate rampant, sustained inflammatory response in bone wound healing. Wound Repair Regen 2019; 27:335-344. [PMID: 30805987 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Large bone injuries, defects, and chronic wounds present a major problem for medicine. Several therapeutic strategies are used clinically to precipitate bone including a combination therapy delivering osteoinductive bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP-2) via an osteoconductive scaffold (absorbable collagen sponge [ACS], i.e., INFUSE). Adverse side effects reportedly associated with rhBMP2 administration include rampant inflammation and clinical failures. Although acute inflammation is necessary for proper healing in bone, inflammatory cascade dysregulation can result in sustained tissue damage and poor healing. We hypothesized that a subclinical dose of rhBMP2 modeled in the murine calvarial defect would not precipitate alterations to inflammatory markers during acute phases of bone wound healing. We utilized the 5 mm critical size calvarial defect in C57BL6 wild-type mice which were subsequently treated with ACS and a subclinical dose of rhBMP2 shown to be optimal for healing. Three and 7-day postoperative time points were used to assess the role that rhBMP-2 plays in modulating inflammation vs. ACS alone by cytokine array and histological interrogation. Data revealed that rhBMP-2 delivery resulted in substantial modulation of several markers associated with inflammation, most of which decreased to levels similar to control by the 7-day time point. Additionally, while rhBMP-2 administration increased macrophage response, this peptide had a little noticeable effect on traditional markers of macrophage polarization (M1-iNOS, M2-Arg1). These results suggest that rhBMP-2 delivered at a lower dose does not precipitate rampant inflammation. Thus, an assessment of dosing for rhBMP-2 therapies may lead to better healing outcomes and less surgical failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J Grey
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - R Nicole Howie
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Emily L Durham
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Sarah Rose Hall
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Kristi L Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Division of Lab Animal Resources 30 Courtenay Drive, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Martin B Steed
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Amanda C LaRue
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Ralph H. Johnston Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Robin C Muise-Helmericks
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - James J Cray
- Division of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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25
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McDonald LT, Lopez MF, Helke KL, McCrackin MA, Cray JJ, Becker HC, LaRue AC. Early Blood Profile of C57BL/6 Mice Exposed to Chronic Unpredictable Stress. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:230. [PMID: 31068843 PMCID: PMC6491828 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Physiological responses to psychological stressors are protective in acute fight or flight situations; however, there is increasing evidence suggesting the detrimental impact of chronic psychological stress on disease. Chronic stress has been associated with inflammation, poor prognosis, increased morbidity, and poor outcome in many diseases including atherosclerosis, cancer, and pulmonary disease. Given the systemic impact of stress, and the role of the hematopoietic system as a rapid responder to homeostatic insults, we hypothesized that early blood profile changes and biochemical alterations could be detected in a model of chronic stress. To test this hypothesis, a variation of the chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) model was employed. Following 10 days of CUS, C57BL/6 mice exhibited a chronic-stress-associated corticosterone profile. Complete blood count (CBC) revealed mild normochromic, normocytic anemia, and reduced monocyte and lymphocyte count. Serum analysis demonstrated hypoferremia with unchanged total iron binding capacity and serum ferritin levels. These findings are consistent with clinical diagnostic parameters for anemia of chronic disease and indicate that CUS results in significant changes in blood and serum biochemical profile in C57BL/6 mice. These studies identify early changes in blood parameters in response to CUS and identify hematopoietic and biochemical alterations that are often associated with increased morbidity in patients experiencing chronic-stress-associated mental health disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay T McDonald
- Research Services, Ralph H. Johnson Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Marcelo F Lopez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Kristi L Helke
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,MUSC/VA Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - M A McCrackin
- Research Services, Ralph H. Johnson Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - James J Cray
- Department of Biomedical Education and Anatomy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Howard C Becker
- Research Services, Ralph H. Johnson Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Charleston Alcohol Research Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Amanda C LaRue
- Research Services, Ralph H. Johnson Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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26
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Randise JF, Krisanits BA, Nogueira LM, Helke KL, Campbell T, Findlay VJ, Turner DP. Abstract 2234: Dietary-AGE ingestion during puberty modifies the breast microenvironment to alter mammary gland development: Linking diet, development and breast cancer risk. Cancer Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-2234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Evidence supports the notion that critical events during mammary development permanently alter developmentally regulated programs which influence the breast microenvironment to increase breast cancer risk. This is analogous to metabolic memory in diabetic patients where early metabolic events have been found to be remembered and affect disease severity later in life.
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are highly reactive metabolites that irreversibly accumulate in tissues as we age. AGE accumulation can contribute to pro-inflammatory and -oxidant phenotypes when signaling through the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). The pathogenic effects of AGE-RAGE signaling include tissue degeneration, protein dysfunction, aberrant cell signaling, and reduced genetic fidelity. AGEs form during normal metabolism but critically, lifestyle factors such as poor diet, a sedentary lifestyle and being obese also contribute to the AGE accumulation pool. The permanence of AGE adducts and their ability to mediate chronic and persistent inflammatory and oxidative stresses is particularly compatible to the concept of metabolic memory.
Our dietary studies in pubertal FVB/n mice fed a high AGE diet show a significant dysregulation of mammary gland development and hyperplastic lesion formation. We observe delayed mammary ductal extension, increased ductal branching and aberrant terminal end-bud (TEB) morphology. The basal myoepithelial cell layer surrounding mammary ducts and TEBs was irregular and epithelial cell proliferation was increased. Molecular characterization of these hyperplastic lesions were defined using DCIS progression markers by histopathological staining and qRT-PCR. Elevated AGE levels accompanied increased RAGE expression and increased macrophage and fibroblast infiltration around the TEBs. In attempt to reverse the effects caused by a high AGE diet, mice were fed a control diet after a pubertal high AGE diet. Hyperplastic lesions persisted despite diet intervention. Importantly, hyperplastic lesions were not observed in mice fed a control diet during puberty, then switched to a high AGE diet. These data indicate that exposure to AGE induced changes during puberty may leave a long-lasting imprint analogous to metabolic memory.
In conclusion, increased AGE consumption during pubertal growth results in significant disruption of normal mammary development and the appearance of hyperplastic lesions by adulthood. Consumption of a high AGE diet despite a control diet intervention, reveals hyperplastic lesions indicative of metabolic memory. We hypothesize that the high AGE diet may leave a metabolic imprint on the mammary gland microenvironment, increasing the risk of future breast cancer development.
Citation Format: Jaime F. Randise, Bradley A. Krisanits, Lourdes M. Nogueira, Kristi L. Helke, Taaliah Campbell, Victoria J. Findlay, David P. Turner. Dietary-AGE ingestion during puberty modifies the breast microenvironment to alter mammary gland development: Linking diet, development and breast cancer risk [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2234.
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27
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Steinkamp HM, Hathaway-Schrader JD, Chavez MB, Aartun JD, Zhang L, Jensen T, Shojaee Bakhtiari A, Helke KL, Stumpo DJ, Alekseyenko AV, Novince CM, Blackshear PJ, Kirkwood KL. Tristetraprolin Is Required for Alveolar Bone Homeostasis. J Dent Res 2018. [PMID: 29514008 DOI: 10.1177/0022034518756889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tristetraprolin (TTP) is an RNA-binding protein that targets numerous immunomodulatory mRNA transcripts for degradation. Many TTP targets are key players in the pathogenesis of periodontal bone loss, including tumor necrosis factor-α. To better understand the extent that host immune factors play during periodontal bone loss, we assessed alveolar bone levels, inflammation and osteoclast activity in periodontal tissues, and immune response in draining cervical lymph nodes in TTP-deficient and wild-type (WT) mice in an aging study. WT and TTP-deficient (knockout [KO]) mice were used for all studies under specific pathogen-free conditions. Data were collected on mice aged 3, 6, and 9 mo. Microcomputed tomography (µCT) was performed on maxillae where 3-dimensional images were generated and bone loss was assessed. Decalcified sections of specimens were scored for inflammation and stained with tartrate-resistant acid phosphate (TRAP) to visualize osteoclasts. Immunophenotyping was performed on single-cell suspensions isolated from primary and peripheral lymphoid tissues using flow cytometry. Results presented indicate that TTP KO mice had significantly more alveolar bone loss over time compared with WT controls. Bone loss was associated with significant increases in inflammatory cell infiltration and an increased percentage of alveolar bone surfaces apposed with TRAP+ cells. Furthermore, it was found that the draining cervical lymph nodes were significantly enlarged in TTP-deficient animals and contained a distinct pathological immune profile compared with WT controls. Finally, the oral microbiome in the TTP KO mice was significantly different with age from WT cohoused mice. The severe bone loss, inflammation, and increased osteoclast activity observed in these mice support the concept that TTP plays a critical role in the maintenance of alveolar bone homeostasis in the presence of oral commensal flora. This study suggests that TTP is required to inhibit excessive inflammatory host responses that contribute to periodontal bone loss, even in the absence of specific periodontal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Steinkamp
- 1 Department of Oral Health Sciences and Center for Oral Health Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - J D Hathaway-Schrader
- 1 Department of Oral Health Sciences and Center for Oral Health Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - M B Chavez
- 1 Department of Oral Health Sciences and Center for Oral Health Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - J D Aartun
- 1 Department of Oral Health Sciences and Center for Oral Health Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - L Zhang
- 1 Department of Oral Health Sciences and Center for Oral Health Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,2 Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - T Jensen
- 1 Department of Oral Health Sciences and Center for Oral Health Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - A Shojaee Bakhtiari
- 3 Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - K L Helke
- 4 Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - D J Stumpo
- 3 Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - A V Alekseyenko
- 1 Department of Oral Health Sciences and Center for Oral Health Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,3 Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - C M Novince
- 1 Department of Oral Health Sciences and Center for Oral Health Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - P J Blackshear
- 5 Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Departments of Biochemistry & Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - K L Kirkwood
- 2 Department of Oral Biology, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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28
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Killoy KM, Harlan BA, Pehar M, Helke KL, Johnson JA, Vargas MR. Decreased glutathione levels cause overt motor neuron degeneration in hSOD1 WT over-expressing mice. Exp Neurol 2018; 302:129-135. [PMID: 29307609 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) cause familial forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal disorder characterized by the progressive loss of motor neurons. Several lines of evidence have shown that SOD1 mutations cause ALS through a gain of a toxic function that remains to be fully characterized. A significant share of our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the neurodegenerative process in ALS comes from the study of rodents over-expressing ALS-linked mutant hSOD1. These mutant hSOD1 models develop an ALS-like phenotype. On the other hand, hemizygous mice over-expressing wild-type hSOD1 at moderate levels (hSOD1WT, originally described as line N1029) do not develop paralysis or shortened life-span. To investigate if a decrease in antioxidant defenses could lead to the development of an ALS-like phenotype in hSOD1WT mice, we used knockout mice for the glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit [GCLM(-/-)]. GCLM(-/-) mice are viable and fertile but display a 70-80% reduction in total glutathione levels. GCLM(-/-)/hSOD1WT mice developed overt motor symptoms (e.g. tremor, loss of extension reflex in hind-limbs, decreased grip strength and paralysis) characteristic of mice models over-expressing ALS-linked mutant hSOD1. In addition, GCLM(-/-)/hSOD1WT animals displayed shortened life span. An accelerated decrease in the number of large neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and degeneration of spinal root axons was observed in symptomatic GCLM(-/-)/hSOD1WT mice when compared to age-matched GCLM(+/+)/hSOD1WT mice. Our results show that under conditions of chronic decrease in glutathione, moderate over-expression of wild-type SOD1 leads to overt motor neuron degeneration, which is similar to that induced by ALS-linked mutant hSOD1 over-expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelby M Killoy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Benjamin A Harlan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Mariana Pehar
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kristi L Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Johnson
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Waisman Center, Molecular and Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Marcelo R Vargas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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29
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Farrand AQ, Helke KL, Gregory RA, Gooz M, Hinson VK, Boger HA. Vagus nerve stimulation improves locomotion and neuronal populations in a model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Stimul 2017; 10:1045-1054. [PMID: 28918943 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder with no disease-modifying therapies, and symptomatic treatments are often limited by debilitating side effects. In PD, locus coeruleus noradrenergic (LC-NE) neurons degenerate prior to substantia nigra dopaminergic (SN-DA) neurons. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) activates LC neurons, and decreases pro-inflammatory markers, allowing improvement of LC targets, making it a potential PD therapeutic. OBJECTIVE To assess therapeutic potential of VNS in a PD model. METHODS To mimic the progression of PD degeneration, rats received a systemic injection of noradrenergic neurotoxin DSP-4, followed one week later by bilateral intrastriatal injection of dopaminergic neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine. At this time, a subset of rats also had vagus cuffs implanted. After eleven days, rats received a precise VNS regimen twice a day for ten days, and locomotion was measured during each afternoon session. Immediately following final stimulation, rats were euthanized, and left dorsal striatum, bilateral SN and LC were sectioned for immunohistochemical detection of monoaminergic neurons (tyrosine hydroxylase, TH), α-synuclein, astrocytes (GFAP) and microglia (Iba-1). RESULTS VNS significantly increased locomotion of lesioned rats. VNS also resulted in increased expression of TH in striatum, SN, and LC; decreased SN α-synuclein expression; and decreased expression of glial markers in the SN and LC of lesioned rats. Additionally, saline-treated rats after VNS, had higher LC TH and lower SN Iba-1. CONCLUSIONS Our findings of increased locomotion, beneficial effects on LC-NE and SN-DA neurons, decreased α-synuclein density in SN TH-positive neurons, and neuroinflammation suggest VNS has potential as a novel PD therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Q Farrand
- Dept of Neuroscience and Center on Aging, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, BSB403, MSC510, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Kristi L Helke
- Dept of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty St, STB 648, MSC 777, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Dept of Pathology, Medical University of South Carolina, 165 Ashley Ave, Children's Hospital 309, MSC 908, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Rebecca A Gregory
- Dept of Neuroscience and Center on Aging, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, BSB403, MSC510, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Dept of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty St, STB 648, MSC 777, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Monika Gooz
- Dept of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 70 President St, DDB 507, MSC 139, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Vanessa K Hinson
- Dept of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas St, CSB 309, MSC 606, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Heather A Boger
- Dept of Neuroscience and Center on Aging, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, BSB403, MSC510, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Wada M, Canals D, Adada M, Coant N, Salama MF, Helke KL, Arthur JS, Shroyer KR, Kitatani K, Obeid LM, Hannun YA. P38 delta MAPK promotes breast cancer progression and lung metastasis by enhancing cell proliferation and cell detachment. Oncogene 2017; 36:6649-6657. [PMID: 28783172 PMCID: PMC5746050 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The protein p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase delta isoform (p38δ) is a poorly studied member of the MAPK family. Data analysis from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database revealed that p38δ is highly expressed in all types of human breast cancers. Using a human breast cancer tissue array, we confirmed elevation in cancer tissue. The breast cancer mouse model, MMTV-PyMT (PyMT), developed breast tumors with lung metastasis; however, mice deleted in p38δ (PyMT/p38δ−/−) exhibited delayed primary tumor formation and highly reduced lung metastatic burden. At the cellular level, we demonstrate that targeting of p38δ in breast cancer cells, MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 resulted in a reduced rate of cell proliferation. Additionally, cells lacking p38δ also displayed an increased cell-matrix adhesion and reduced cell detachment. This effect on cell adhesion was molecularly supported by the regulation of the focal adhesion kinase (FAK) by p38δ in the human breast cell lines. These studies define a previously unappreciated role for p38δ in breast cancer development and evolution by regulating tumor growth and altering metastatic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wada
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - D Canals
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - M Adada
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - N Coant
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - M F Salama
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - K L Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - J S Arthur
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - K R Shroyer
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - K Kitatani
- Tohoku Medical Megabank Organization and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - L M Obeid
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Northport VA Medical Center, Northport, NY, USA
| | - Y A Hannun
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.,Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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31
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Goodwin J, Neugent ML, Lee SY, Choe JH, Choi H, Jenkins DMR, Ruthenborg RJ, Robinson MW, Jeong JY, Wake M, Abe H, Takeda N, Endo H, Inoue M, Xuan Z, Yoo H, Chen M, Ahn JM, Minna JD, Helke KL, Singh PK, Shackelford DB, Kim JW. The distinct metabolic phenotype of lung squamous cell carcinoma defines selective vulnerability to glycolytic inhibition. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15503. [PMID: 28548087 PMCID: PMC5458561 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) are the two predominant subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and are distinct in their histological, molecular and clinical presentation. However, metabolic signatures specific to individual NSCLC subtypes remain unknown. Here, we perform an integrative analysis of human NSCLC tumour samples, patient-derived xenografts, murine model of NSCLC, NSCLC cell lines and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and reveal a markedly elevated expression of the GLUT1 glucose transporter in lung SqCC, which augments glucose uptake and glycolytic flux. We show that a critical reliance on glycolysis renders lung SqCC vulnerable to glycolytic inhibition, while lung ADC exhibits significant glucose independence. Clinically, elevated GLUT1-mediated glycolysis in lung SqCC strongly correlates with high 18F-FDG uptake and poor prognosis. This previously undescribed metabolic heterogeneity of NSCLC subtypes implicates significant potential for the development of diagnostic, prognostic and targeted therapeutic strategies for lung SqCC, a cancer for which existing therapeutic options are clinically insufficient. Adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma are distinct subtypes of non-small cell lung cancer. Here, the authors show that increased glycolytic flux, via increased glucose transporter Glut1 expression, is a core metabolic feature of squamous cell carcinoma that renders it sensitive to glycolysis inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Goodwin
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Michael L Neugent
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Shin Yup Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Joshua H Choe
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA.,St Mark's School of Texas, Dallas, Texas 75230, USA
| | - Hyunsung Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Dana M R Jenkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Robin J Ruthenborg
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Maddox W Robinson
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Ji Yun Jeong
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Masaki Wake
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hajime Abe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Norihiko Takeda
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8655, Japan
| | - Hiroko Endo
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka 541-8567, Japan
| | - Masahiro Inoue
- Department of Biochemistry, Osaka International Cancer Institute, Osaka 541-8567, Japan
| | - Zhenyu Xuan
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA.,The Center for Systems Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Hyuntae Yoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Jung-Mo Ahn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - John D Minna
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | | | - Pankaj K Singh
- The Eppley Institute for Cancer and Allied Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, USA
| | - David B Shackelford
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Jung-Whan Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
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32
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Lee R, Reese C, Carmen-Lopez G, Perry B, Bonner M, Zemskova M, Wilson CL, Helke KL, Silver RM, Hoffman S, Tourkina E. Deficient Adipogenesis of Scleroderma Patient and Healthy African American Monocytes. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:174. [PMID: 28420992 PMCID: PMC5376579 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes from systemic sclerosis (SSc, scleroderma) patients and healthy African Americans (AA) are deficient in the regulatory protein caveolin-1 leading to enhanced migration toward chemokines and fibrogenic differentiation. While dermal fibrosis is the hallmark of SSc, loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue is a lesser-known feature. To better understand the etiology of SSc and the predisposition of AA to SSc, we studied the adipogenic potential of SSc and healthy AA monocytes. The ability of SSc and healthy AA monocytes to differentiate into adipocyte-like cells (ALC) is inhibited compared to healthy Caucasian (C) monocytes. We validated that monocyte-derived ALCs are distinct from macrophages by flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. Like their enhanced fibrogenic differentiation, their inhibited adipogenic differentiation is reversed by the caveolin-1 scaffolding domain peptide (CSD, a surrogate for caveolin-1). The altered differentiation of SSc and healthy AA monocytes is additionally regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) which is also present at reduced levels in these cells. In vivo studies further support the importance of caveolin-1 and PPARγ in fibrogenesis and adipogenesis. In SSc patients, healthy AA, and mice treated systemically with bleomycin, adipocytes lose caveolin-1 and PPARγ and the subcutaneous adipose layer is diminished. CSD treatment of these mice leads to a reappearance of the caveolin-1+/PPARγ+/FABP4+ subcutaneous adipose layer. Moreover, many of these adipocytes are CD45+, suggesting they are monocyte derived. Tracing experiments with injected EGFP+ monocytes confirm that monocytes contribute to the repair of the adipose layer when it is damaged by bleomycin treatment. Our observations strongly suggest that caveolin-1 and PPARγ work together to maintain a balance between the fibrogenic and adipogenic differentiation of monocytes, that this balance is altered in SSc and in healthy AA, and that monocytes make a major contribution to the repair of the adipose layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Lee
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC, USA
| | - Charles Reese
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC, USA
| | - Gustavo Carmen-Lopez
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC, USA
| | - Beth Perry
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC, USA
| | - Michael Bonner
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC, USA
| | - Marina Zemskova
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC, USA
| | - Carole L Wilson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy and Sleep Medicine, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC, USA
| | - Kristi L Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC, USA
| | - Richard M Silver
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC, USA
| | - Stanley Hoffman
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC, USA.,Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC, USA
| | - Elena Tourkina
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC, USA.,Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC, USA
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33
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Helke KL, McCrackin MA, Galloway AM, Poole AZ, Salgado CD, Marriott BP. Effects of antimicrobial use in agricultural animals on drug-resistant foodborne salmonellosis in humans: A systematic literature review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:472-488. [PMID: 27602884 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2016.1230088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Controversy continues concerning antimicrobial use in food animals and its relationship to drug-resistant infections in humans. We systematically reviewed published literature for evidence of a relationship between antimicrobial use in agricultural animals and drug-resistant meat or dairy-borne non-typhoidal salmonellosis in humans. Based on publications from the United States (U.S.), Canada, and Denmark from January 2010 to July 2014, 858 articles received title and abstract review, 104 met study criteria for full article review with 68 retained for which data are presented. Antibiotic exposure in both cattle and humans found an increased likelihood of Salmonella colonization, whereas in chickens, animals not exposed to antibiotics (organic) were more likely to be Salmonella positive and those that had antibiotic exposure were more likely to harbor antimicrobial resistant Salmonella organisms. In swine literature, only tylosin exposure was examined and no correlation was found among exposure, Salmonella colonization, or antimicrobial resistance. No studies that identified farm antimicrobial use also traced antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella from farm to fork.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Helke
- a Department of Comparative Medicine , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
| | - M A McCrackin
- a Department of Comparative Medicine , Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA.,b Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center Department of Research Service , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
| | - Ashley M Galloway
- c Department of Medicine , Nutrition Section, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
| | - Ann Z Poole
- c Department of Medicine , Nutrition Section, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
| | - Cassandra D Salgado
- d Department of Medicine , Infectious Disease Division, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
| | - Bernadette P Marriott
- c Department of Medicine , Nutrition Section, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA.,e Department of Psychiatry , Nutrition Section, Division of Gastroenterology, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
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34
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McCrackin MA, Helke KL, Galloway AM, Poole AZ, Salgado CD, Marriott BP. Effect of Antimicrobial Use in Agricultural Animals on Drug-resistant Foodborne Campylobacteriosis in Humans: A Systematic Literature Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 56:2115-32. [PMID: 26580432 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2015.1119798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Controversy continues concerning antimicrobial use in food animals and its relationship to drug-resistant infections in humans. We systematically reviewed published literature for evidence of a relationship between antimicrobial use in agricultural animals and drug-resistant foodborne campylobacteriosis in humans. Based on publications from the United States (U.S.), Canada and Denmark from 2010 to July 2014, 195 articles were retained for abstract review, 50 met study criteria for full article review with 36 retained for which data are presented. Two publications reported increase in macrolide resistance of Campylobacter coli isolated from feces of swine receiving macrolides in feed, and one of these described similar findings for tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones. A study in growing turkeys demonstrated increased macrolide resistance associated with therapeutic dosing with Tylan® in drinking water. One publication linked tetracycline-resistant C. jejuni clone SA in raw cow's milk to a foodborne outbreak in humans. No studies that identified farm antimicrobial use also traced antimicrobial-resistant Campylobacter from farm to fork. Recent literature confirms that on farm antibiotic selection pressure can increase colonization of animals with drug-resistant Campylobacter spp. but is inadequately detailed to establish a causal relationship between use of antimicrobials in agricultural animals and prevalence of drug-resistant foodborne campylobacteriosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A McCrackin
- a Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center Research Service , Charleston , South Carolina , USA.,b Department of Comparative Medicine , College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
| | - Kristi L Helke
- b Department of Comparative Medicine , College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
| | - Ashley M Galloway
- c Nutrition Section, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, and Military Division, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
| | - Ann Z Poole
- c Nutrition Section, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, and Military Division, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
| | - Cassandra D Salgado
- d Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
| | - Bernadette P Marriott
- c Nutrition Section, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, and Military Division, Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina , Charleston , South Carolina , USA
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35
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Qi X, Li G, Liu D, Motamarry A, Huang X, Wolfe AM, Helke KL, Haemmerich D, Staveley-O'Carroll KF, Kimchi ET. Development of a radiofrequency ablation platform in a clinically relevant murine model of hepatocellular cancer. Cancer Biol Ther 2016; 16:1812-9. [PMID: 26537481 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1095412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
RFA is used in treatment of patients with hepatocellular cancer (HCC); however, tumor location and size often limit therapeutic efficacy. The absence of a realistic animal model and a radiofrequency ablation (RFA) suitable for small animals presents significant obstacles in developing new strategies. To establish a realistic RFA platform that allows the development of effective RFA-integrated treatment in an orthotopic murine model of HCC, a human cardiac radiofrequency generator was modified for murine use. Parameters were optimized and RFA was then performed in normal murine livers and HCCs. The effects of RFA were monitored by measuring the ablation zone and transaminases. The survival of tumor-bearing mice with and without RFA was monitored, ablated normal liver and HCCs were evaluated macroscopically and histologically. We demonstrated that tissue-mimicking media was able to optimize RFA parameters. Utilizing this information we performed RFA in normal and HCC-bearing mice. RFA was applied to hepatic parenchyma and completely destroyed small tumors and part of large tumors. Localized healing of the ablation and normalization of transaminases occurred within 7 days post RFA. RFA treatment extended the survival of small tumor-bearing mice. They survived at least 5 months longer than the controls; however, mice with larger tumors only had a slight therapeutic effect after RFA. Collectively, we performed RFA in murine HCCs and observed a significant therapeutic effect in small tumor-bearing mice. The quick recovery of tumor-bearing mice receiving RFA mimics observations in human subjects. This platform provides us a unique opportunity to study RFA in HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Qi
- a Department of Surgery ; Division of Surgical Oncology; Medical University of South Carolina ; Charleston , SC USA.,b Hollings Cancer Center; Medical University of South Carolina ; Charleston , SC USA
| | - Guangfu Li
- a Department of Surgery ; Division of Surgical Oncology; Medical University of South Carolina ; Charleston , SC USA.,b Hollings Cancer Center; Medical University of South Carolina ; Charleston , SC USA
| | - Dai Liu
- a Department of Surgery ; Division of Surgical Oncology; Medical University of South Carolina ; Charleston , SC USA.,b Hollings Cancer Center; Medical University of South Carolina ; Charleston , SC USA
| | - Anjan Motamarry
- d Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Medical University of South Carolina ; Charleston , SC USA
| | - Xiangwei Huang
- a Department of Surgery ; Division of Surgical Oncology; Medical University of South Carolina ; Charleston , SC USA.,b Hollings Cancer Center; Medical University of South Carolina ; Charleston , SC USA
| | - A Marissa Wolfe
- c Department of Comparative Medicine; Medical University of South Carolina ; Charleston , SC USA
| | - Kristi L Helke
- c Department of Comparative Medicine; Medical University of South Carolina ; Charleston , SC USA.,d Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine; Medical University of South Carolina ; Charleston , SC USA
| | - Dieter Haemmerich
- e Department of Pediatrics ; Medical University of South Carolina ; Charleston , SC USA
| | - Kevin F Staveley-O'Carroll
- a Department of Surgery ; Division of Surgical Oncology; Medical University of South Carolina ; Charleston , SC USA.,b Hollings Cancer Center; Medical University of South Carolina ; Charleston , SC USA
| | - Eric T Kimchi
- a Department of Surgery ; Division of Surgical Oncology; Medical University of South Carolina ; Charleston , SC USA.,b Hollings Cancer Center; Medical University of South Carolina ; Charleston , SC USA
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36
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Farrand AQ, Gregory RA, Bäckman CM, Helke KL, Boger HA. Altered glutamate release in the dorsal striatum of the MitoPark mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2016; 1651:88-94. [PMID: 27659966 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the degeneration of dopamine (DA) neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD). In addition, animal models of PD utilizing neurotoxins, such as 6-hydroxydopamine and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, have shown that these toxins disrupt mitochondrial respiration by targeting complex I of the electron transport chain, thereby impairing DA neurons in these models. A MitoPark mouse model was created to mimic the mitochondrial dysfunction observed in the DA system of PD patients. These mice display the same phenotypic characteristics as PD, including accelerated decline in motor function and DAergic systems with age. Previously, these mice have responded to L-Dopa treatment and develop L-Dopa induced dyskinesia (LID) as they age. A potential mechanism involved in the formation of LID is greater glutamate release into the dorsal striatum as a result of altered basal ganglia neurocircuitry due to reduced nigrostriatal DA neurotransmission. Therefore, the focus of this study was to assess various indicators of glutamate neurotransmission in the dorsal striatum of MitoPark mice at an age in which nigrostriatal DA has degenerated. At 28 weeks of age, MitoPark mice had, upon KCl stimulation, greater glutamate release in the dorsal striatum compared to control mice. In addition, uptake kinetics were slower in MitoPark mice. These findings were coupled with reduced expression of the glutamate re-uptake transporter, GLT-1, thus providing an environment suitable for glutamate excitotoxic events, leading to altered physiological function in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Q Farrand
- Department of Neuroscience and Center on Aging, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, BSB 403, MSC 510, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Rebecca A Gregory
- Department of Neuroscience and Center on Aging, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, BSB 403, MSC 510, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty St, STB 648, MSC 777, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Cristina M Bäckman
- Integrative Neuroscience Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Kristi L Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 114 Doughty St, STB 648, MSC 777, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
| | - Heather A Boger
- Department of Neuroscience and Center on Aging, Medical University of South Carolina, 173 Ashley Ave, BSB 403, MSC 510, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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37
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Brannick EM, DeWilde CA, Frey E, Gluckman TL, Keen JL, Larsen MR, Mont SL, Rosenbaum MD, Stafford JR, Helke KL. Taking stock and making strides toward wellness in the veterinary workplace. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2016; 247:739-42. [PMID: 26383746 DOI: 10.2460/javma.247.7.739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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38
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Helke KL, Nelson KN, Sargeant AM, Jacob B, McKeag S, Haruna J, Vemireddi V, Greeley M, Brocksmith D, Navratil N, Stricker-Krongrad A, Hollinger C. Pigs in Toxicology. Toxicol Pathol 2016; 44:575-90. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623316639389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Both a rodent and a nonrodent species are required for evaluation in nonclinical safety studies conducted to support human clinical trials. Historically, dogs and nonhuman primates have been the nonrodent species of choice. Swine, especially the miniature swine or minipigs, are increasingly being used in preclinical safety as an alternate nonrodent species. The pig is an appropriate option for these toxicology studies based on metabolic pathways utilized in xenobiotic biotransformation. Both similarities and differences exist in phase I and phase II biotransformation pathways between humans and pigs. There are numerous breeds of pigs, yet only a few of these breeds are characterized with regard to both xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes and background pathology findings. Some specific differences in these enzymes based on breed and sex are known. Although swine have been used extensively in biomedical research, there is also a paucity of information in the current literature detailing the incidence of background lesions and differences between commonly used breeds. Here, the xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes are compared between humans and pigs, and minipig background pathology changes are reviewed with emphasis on breed differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L. Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Binod Jacob
- Charles River Laboratories, Spencerville, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Derek Brocksmith
- Sinclair Research Center and Sinclair Bio Resources, Auxvasse, Missouri, USA
| | | | | | - Charlotte Hollinger
- Zoological Health Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York, USA
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39
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Helke KL, Nelson KN, Sargeant AM, Jacob B, McKeag S, Haruna J, Vemireddi V, Greeley M, Brocksmith D, Navratil N, Stricker-Krongrad A, Hollinger C. Background Pathological Changes in Minipigs. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 44:325-37. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623315611762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Swine, especially the miniature swine or minipigs, are increasingly being used in preclinical safety assessment of small molecules, biopharmaceutical agents, and medical devices as an alternate nonrodent species. Although swine have been used extensively in biomedical research, there is a paucity of information in the current literature detailing the incidence of background lesions and differences in incidence between commonly used breeds. This article is a collaborative effort between multiple organizations to define and document lesions found in the common breeds of minipigs used for toxicological risk assessment in North America (NA) and the European Union (EU). We retrospectively assessed 10 years of historical control data from several institutions located in NA and EU, covering the period of 2004–2015. Here we report the background lesions with consideration of breed and geographical location. To our knowledge, this is the first report documenting spontaneous background lesions in commonly used breeds of swine in both NA and EU. This report serves as a resource to pathologists and will aid in interpretation of findings and differentiation of background from test article–related changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L. Helke
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | | | | | - Binod Jacob
- Charles River Laboratories, Spencerville, Ohio, USA
| | - Sean McKeag
- Covance Laboratories Limited, Harrogate, North Yorkshire, UK
| | | | | | | | - Derek Brocksmith
- Sinclair Research Center and Sinclair Bio Resources, Auxvasse, Missouri, USA
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Abstract
Swine are used in biomedical research as models for biomedical research and for teaching. This chapter covers normative biology and behavior along with common and emerging swine diseases. Xenotransplantation is discussed along with similarities and differences of swine immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L. Helke
- Departments of Comparative Medicine and Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Raimon Duran-Struuck
- Columbia Center of Translational Immunology, Department of Surgery; Institute of Comparative Medicine; Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - M. Michael Swindle
- Medical University of South Carolina, Department of Comparative Medicine and Department of Surgery, Charleston, SC, USA
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Farrand AQ, Gregory RA, Scofield MD, Helke KL, Boger HA. Effects of aging on glutamate neurotransmission in the substantia nigra of Gdnf heterozygous mice. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:1569-76. [PMID: 25577412 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) helps protect dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal tract. Although the cause of nigrostriatal degeneration is unknown, one theory is that excess glutamate from the subthalamic nucleus results in excitotoxic events in the substantia nigra (SN). Because dopaminergic degeneration is accompanied by a reduction in GDNF, we examined glutamate neurotransmission in the SN using a Gdnf heterozygous mouse model (Gdnf(+/-)) at 8 and 12 months of age. At 8 months, Gdnf(+/-) mice have greater glutamate release and higher basal glutamate levels, which precede the SN dopaminergic degeneration observed at 12 months of age. However, at 12 months, Gdnf(+/-) mice have lower basal levels of glutamate and less glutamate release than wild-type mice. Also at 8 months, Gdnf(+/-) mice have lower levels of glutamate transporter-1 and greater glial fibrillary acidic protein levels in the SN compared with wild-type mice, differences that increase with age. These data suggest that reduced levels of GDNF induce excess glutamate release and dysregulation of glutamate transporter-1, causing excitotoxicity in the SN that precedes dopaminergic degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Q Farrand
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Rebecca A Gregory
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Michael D Scofield
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kristi L Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Heather A Boger
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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Oleinik NV, Helke KL, Kistner-Griffin E, Krupenko NI, Krupenko SA. Rho GTPases RhoA and Rac1 mediate effects of dietary folate on metastatic potential of A549 cancer cells through the control of cofilin phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:26383-26394. [PMID: 25086046 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.569657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Folate, an important nutrient in the human diet, has been implicated in cancer, but its role in metastasis is not established. We have shown previously that the withdrawal of medium folate leads to the inhibition of migration and invasion of A549 lung carcinoma cells. Here we have demonstrated that medium folate regulates the function of Rho GTPases by enabling their carboxyl methylation and translocation to plasma membrane. Conversely, the lack of folate leads to the retention of these proteins in endoplasmic reticulum. Folate also promoted the switch from inactive (GDP-bound) to active (GTP-bound) GTPases, resulting in the activation of downstream kinases p21-activated kinase and LIM kinase and phosphorylation of the actin-depolymerizing factor cofilin. We have further demonstrated that in A549 cells two GTPases, RhoA and Rac1, but not Cdc42, are immediate sensors of folate status: the siRNA silencing of RhoA or Rac1 blocked effects of folate on cofilin phosphorylation and cellular migration and invasion. The finding that folate modulates metastatic potential of cancer cells was confirmed in an animal model of lung cancer using tail vein injection of A549 cells in SCID mice. A folate-rich diet enhanced lung colonization and distant metastasis to lymph nodes and decreased overall survival (35 versus 63 days for mice on a folate-restricted diet). High folate also promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition in cancer cells and experimental mouse tumors. Our study provides experimental evidence for a mechanism of metastasis promotion by dietary folate and highlights the interaction between nutrients and metastasis-related signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Oleinik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Kristi L Helke
- Comparative Medicine and Laboratory Animal Resources, and Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Emily Kistner-Griffin
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Natalia I Krupenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425
| | - Sergey A Krupenko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425.
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Helke KL, Queen SE, Mankowski JL. 14-3-3 Protein in CSF reflects SIV-mediated pre-synaptic damage. Curr HIV Res 2014; 11:281-7. [PMID: 24016180 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x1131100049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) remain prevalent despite effective combined anti-retroviral therapy (cART). Cognitive function has been shown to inversely correlate with decreased synaptic and dendritic density. In this study, macaques inoculated with SIV were examined over a 3-month course of infection to characterize the appearance of the neuronal damage marker 14-3-3 protein in CSF and to determine whether CSF 14-3-3 levels directly reflected synaptic alterations. SIV-infected macaques with 14-3-3 in CSF had significantly lower levels of the presynaptic protein synaptophysin in cortical grey matter. Synaptophysin levels were inversely correlated with amount of SIV RNA in the CNS. In contrast, levels of 14-3-3 in CSF did not correspond with either alterations in levels of the postsynaptic protein PSD-95 or viral replication in the brain. These findings suggest that the appearance of 14-3-3 in CSF during asymptomatic infection reflects pre-synaptic damage in SIV-infected macaques and thus may serve as a marker of the early synaptic alterations that underlie HIV-induced neurocognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Helke
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Zhang Y, Helke KL, Coelho SG, Valencia JC, Hearing VJ, Sun S, Liu B, Li Z. Essential role of the molecular chaperone gp96 in regulating melanogenesis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 27:82-9. [PMID: 24024552 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Through a process known as melanogenesis, melanocyte produces melanin in specialized organelles termed melanosomes, which regulates pigmentation of the skin, eyes, and hair. Gp96 is a constitutively expressed heat shock protein in the endoplasmic reticulum whose expression is further upregulated upon ultraviolet irradiation. However, the roles and mechanisms of this chaperone in pigmentation biology are unknown. In this study, we found that knockdown of gp96 by RNA interference significantly perturbed melanin synthesis and blocked late melanosome maturation. Gp96 knockdown did not impair the expression of tyrosinase, an essential enzyme in melanin synthesis, but compromised its catalytic activity and melanosome translocation. Further, mice with melanocyte-specific deletion of gp96 displayed decreased pigmentation. A mechanistic study revealed that the defect in melanogenesis can be rescued by activation of the canonical Wnt pathway, consistent with the critical roles of gp96 in chaperoning Wnt-coreceptor LRP6. Thus, this work uncovered the essential role of gp96 in regulating melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Zhang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION In regulatory toxicological testing, both a rodent and non-rodent species are required. Historically, dogs and non-human primates (NHP) have been the species of choice of the non-rodent portion of testing. The pig is an appropriate option for these tests based on metabolic pathways utilized in xenobiotic biotransformation. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on the Phase I and Phase II biotransformation pathways in humans and pigs and highlights the similarities and differences of these models. This is a growing field and references are sparse. Numerous breeds of pigs are discussed along with specific breed differences in these enzymes that are known. While much available data are presented, it is grossly incomplete and sometimes contradictory based on methods used. EXPERT OPINION There is no ideal species to use in toxicology. The use of dogs and NHP in xenobiotic testing continues to be the norm. Pigs present a viable and perhaps more reliable model of non-rodent testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi L Helke
- Medical University South Carolina, Comparative Medicine, 114 Doughty St, Ste 648, MSC777, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Heffernan-Stroud LA, Helke KL, Jenkins RW, De Costa AM, Hannun YA, Obeid LM. Defining a role for sphingosine kinase 1 in p53-dependent tumors. Oncogene 2012; 31:1166-75. [PMID: 21765468 PMCID: PMC3278571 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2011.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Revised: 06/12/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
p53 is a crucial tumor suppressor that is mutated or deleted in a majority of cancers. Exactly how p53 prevents tumor progression has proved elusive for many years; however, this information is crucial to define targets for chemotherapeutic development that can effectively restore p53 function. Bioactive sphingolipids have recently emerged as important regulators of proliferative, apoptotic and senescent cellular processes. In this study, we demonstrate that the enzyme sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1), a critical enzyme in the regulation of the key bioactive sphingolipids ceramide, sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), serves as a key downstream target for p53 action. Our results show that SK1 is proteolysed in response to genotoxic stress in a p53-dependent manner. p53 null mice display elevation of SK1 levels and a tumor-promoting dysregulation of bioactive sphingolipids in which the anti-growth sphingolipid ceramide is decreased and the pro-growth sphingolipid S1P is increased. Importantly, deletion of SK1 in p53 null mice completely abrogated thymic lymphomas in these mice and prolonged their life span by ~30%. Deletion of SK1 also significantly attenuated the formation of other cancers in p53 heterozygote mice. The mechanism of p53 tumor suppression by loss of SK1 is mediated by elevations of sphingosine and ceramide, which in turn were accompanied by increased expression of cell cycle inhibitors and tumor cell senescence. Thus, targeting SK1 may restore sphingolipid homeostasis in p53-dependent tumors and provide insights into novel therapeutic approaches to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda A. Heffernan-Stroud
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and Pathobiology Program, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
| | - Kristi L. Helke
- Department of Comparative Medicine/Lab Animal Resources, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
| | - Russell W. Jenkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
| | - Anna-Maria De Costa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
| | - Yusuf A. Hannun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
| | - Lina M. Obeid
- Ralph H. Johnson VAMC, Charleston, SC
- Molecular and Cellular Biology and Pathobiology Program, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403, USA
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Mack JT, Helke KL, Normand G, Green C, Townsend DM, Tew KD. ABCA2 transporter deficiency reduces incidence of TRAMP prostate tumor metastasis and cellular chemotactic migration. Cancer Lett 2010; 300:154-61. [PMID: 21041019 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the effects of ATP-binding cassette transporter 2 (ABCA2) deficiency on the progression of prostate cancer, congenic Abca2 knockout (KO) mice were crossed to the transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) model. ABCA2 expression was elevated in wild-type/TRAMP (WT/Tg) dorsal prostate, a region comprising the most aggressive tumors in this model, compared to non-transgenic WT mice. Primary prostate tumor progression was similar in KO/Tg and WT/Tg mice with respect to pathological score, prostate tumor growth, as calculated using MRI volumetry, and proliferative index, as determined by PCNA immunostaining. Vimentin, a marker of the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, was expressed at similar levels in prostate, but elevated in histologically normal seminal vesicles (SV) in KO/Tg mice (P < 0.02), concomitant with an increased SV volume (P < 0.01). These changes in the SV did not exacerbate the metastatic phenotype of this disease model; rather, KO/Tg mice aged 20-25 weeks had no detectable metastases while 38% of WT/Tg developed metastases to lung and/or lymph nodes. The absence of a metastatic phenotype in KO/Tg mice was reprised in stable ABCA2 knockdown (KD) cells where chemotactic, but not random, migration was impaired (P = 0.0004). Expression levels of sphingolipid biosynthetic enzymes were examined due to the established link of the transporter with sphingolipid homeostasis. Galactosylceramide synthase (GalCerS) mRNA levels were over 8-fold higher in KD cells (P = 0.001), while lactosylceramide synthase (LacCerS) and CTP:choline cytidylyltransferase (CCT) were significantly reduced (P < 0.0001 and 0.03, respectively). Overall, we demonstrate that ABCA2-deficiency inhibits prostate tumor metastasis in vivo and decreases chemotactic potential of cells, conceivably due to altered sphingolipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody T Mack
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, 29425, United States
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Boger HA, Mannangatti P, Samuvel DJ, Saylor AJ, Bender TS, McGinty JF, Fortress AM, Zaman V, Huang P, Middaugh LD, Randall PK, Jayanthi LD, Rohrer B, Helke KL, Granholm AC, Ramamoorthy S. Effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor on dopaminergic function and motor behavior during aging. Genes Brain Behav 2010; 10:186-98. [PMID: 20860702 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2010.00654.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is critical in synaptic plasticity and in the survival and function of midbrain dopamine neurons. In this study, we assessed the effects of a partial genetic deletion of BDNF on motor function and dopamine (DA) neurotransmitter measures by comparing Bdnf(+/-) with wildtype mice (WT) at different ages. Bdnf(+/-) and WT mice had similar body weights until 12 months of age; however, at 21 months, Bdnf(+/-) mice were significantly heavier than WT mice. Horizontal and vertical motor activity was reduced for Bdnf(+/-) compared to WT mice, but was not influenced by age. Performance on an accelerating rotarod declined with age for both genotypes and was exacerbated for Bdnf(+/-) mice. Body weight did not correlate with any of the three behavioral measures studied. Dopamine neurotransmitter markers indicated no genotypic difference in striatal tyrosine hydroxylase, DA transporter (DAT) or vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) immunoreactivity at any age. However, DA transport via DAT (starting at 12 months) and VMAT2 (starting at 3 months) as well as KCl-stimulated DA release were reduced in Bdnf(+/-) mice and declined with age suggesting an increasingly important role for BDNF in the release and uptake of DA with the aging process. These findings suggest that a BDNF expression deficit becomes more critical to dopaminergic dynamics and related behavioral activities with increasing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Boger
- Department of Neurosciences and the Center on Aging, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Schutt DJ, Swindle MM, Helke KL, Bastarrika G, Schwarz F, Haemmerich D. Sequential activation of ground pads reduces skin heating during radiofrequency tumor ablation: in vivo porcine results. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2009; 57:746-53. [PMID: 19822466 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2009.2033385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Skin burns below ground pads during monopolar RF ablation are increasingly prevalent, thereby hindering the development of higher power RF generators capable of creating larger tumor ablation zones in combination with multiple or new applicators. Our goal was to evaluate reduction in skin temperatures via additional ground pads in an in vivo porcine model. Three ground pads placed on the animal's abdomen were activated either simultaneously or sequentially, where activation timing was adjusted to equilibrate skin temperature below each pad. Thirteen RF ablations (n = 4 simultaneous at 300 W, n = 5 sequential at 300 W, and n = 4 sequential at 375 W) were performed for 12 min via two internally cooled cluster electrodes placed in the gluteus maximus of domestic swine. Temperature rise at each pad and burn degree as determined via histology were compared. Ablation zone size was determined via T2-weighted MRI. Maximum temperature rise was significantly higher with simultaneous activation than with either of the sequential activation group (21.4 degrees C versus 8.1 degrees C or 9.6 degrees C, p < 0.01). Ablation zone diameters during simultaneous (300 W) and sequential activations (300 and 375 W) were and 6.9 +/- 0.3, 5.6 +/- 0.3, and 7.5 +/- 0.6 cm, respectively. Sequential activation of multiple ground pads results in significantly lower skin temperatures and less severe burns, as measured by histological examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Schutt
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29403 USA
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Abstract
Eimerioriniid coccidia commonly infect vertebrates and might contribute to morbidity and mortality under captive conditions. The common genus Eimeria typically shows tissue specificity, usually being limited to the epithelium of the gut; disseminated infections are rare in vertebrates. Disseminated visceral coccidiosis was found in two wild-caught adult female Indo-gangetic flap-shelled turtles (Lissemys punctata andersonii) that died while in captivity at a zoo. Sporulated oocysts of Eimeria spp. were found in lung and liver of one turtle and in auditory canal, nasal mucosa, pharynx, lung, liver, kidney, spleen, and intestine of the second. Two distinct species of Eimeria were indicated for the latter case by polymerase chain reaction amplification and sequencing of a portion of the 18S rRNA gene; one species was present in nasal mucosa and liver, with a separate species in lung, spleen, and intestine. Severity of inflammation was correlated with coccidial density. Coccidia were in melanomacrophages in liver and spleen; in the interstitium of auditory canal, nasal mucosa, pharynx, lung, and intestine; and within the interstitium and epithelial cells of the renal tubules in kidney. We suggest these disseminated infections might have been facilitated by a compromised immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Helke
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Broadway Research Building, Room 863, 733 North Broadway Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205-2196, USA.
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