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Zhang Z, Du G, Gong G, Sheng Y, Lu X, Cai W, Wang F, Zhao G. A novel ferrocene-palladium metal complex: synthesis, single crystal structure, in vitro cytotoxicity study and molecular docking. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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2
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Ju X, Yang Z, Zhang H, Wang Q. Role of pyroptosis in cancer cells and clinical applications. Biochimie 2021; 185:78-86. [PMID: 33746064 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chemotherapy drugs usually inhibit tumor cell growth through the apoptosis pathway. However, tumor cells become resistant to chemotherapy drugs by evading apoptosis. It is necessary to find new ways to inhibit tumor growth through other types of death. Pyroptosis is a recently identified inflammatory cell death that plays an important role in a variety of diseases, including cancer. In this review, we will systematically review recent progress in the pyroptosis signaling pathway, the role of inflammasomes in cancer in the context of pyroptosis, the role of gasdermin proteins in cancer and the role of pyroptosis in tumor immunity. We will also discuss the application of the pyroptosis pathway in clinical studies. Finally, we hope to provide new strategies for pyroptosis in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Ju
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
| | - Zhilong Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui District People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Heng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Nanjing Lishui District People's Hospital, Zhongda Hospital Lishui Branch, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Qiang Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Shahar N, Larisch S. Inhibiting the inhibitors: Targeting anti-apoptotic proteins in cancer and therapy resistance. Drug Resist Updat 2020; 52:100712. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2020.100712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Pan Z, Chen Q, Zheng X, Wang K, Duan Y, Xiao K, Jia Z, Ding X. JuBei Oral Liquid Induces Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptosis in NSCLC Cells. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:7585-7598. [PMID: 32821122 PMCID: PMC7423349 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s254464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although gefitinib brings about tremendous advances in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations, most of patients become incurable due to drug resistance. JuBei oral liquid (JB) has been widely used to treat pneumonia in clinic. Components of JB were reported to induce apoptosis in NSCLC, which indicated that JB could be a potential antitumor agent for NSCLC patients. In this study, we investigated the effect of JB on gefitinib-sensitive PC-9 and gefitinib-resistant PC-9/GR, H1975 cells as well as its underlying molecular mechanisms. Methods PC-9, PC-9/GR and H1975 cells were treated with JB, LY294002, SCH772984, gefitinib alone or in combination. Then, cell viability, colony formation, cell death, expression of mitochondria-dependent pathway proteins, expression of EGFR, PI3K/AKT, MAPK signal pathway proteins, Bcl-2 mitochondrial translocation, ROS generation and cell apoptosis were examined by MTT, colony forming, live/dead cell staining, Western blot, immunofluorescence and flow cytometry assay. Results Our results showed that JB significantly induced cell growth inhibition and apoptotic cell death in PC-9, PC-9/GR and H1975 cells. JB activated mitochondria-mediated apoptotic pathway through inhibiting Bcl-2 mitochondrial translocation while inducing Bax translocated into mitochondria along with accumulated ROS production, thereby increasing the release of cytochrome c, subsequently cleaving procaspase9 into cleaved-caspase9 and then cleaving procaspase3 into cleaved-caspase3. Furthermore, the employment of protein kinase inhibitors LY294002 and SCH772984 revealed that the induction of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis by JB was reliant on inactivation of PI3K/AKT and MAPK signal pathways. Moreover, JB could synergize with gefitinib to induce apoptosis in PC-9, PC-9/GR and H1975 cells. Conclusion These data indicated that JB could be a potential therapeutic agent for NSCLC patients harboring EGFR mutations as well as those under gefitinib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Pan
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiufang Chen
- Department of Science and Education, Women and Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiulan Zheng
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yalei Duan
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Xiao
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhirong Jia
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuansheng Ding
- Department of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
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Ali I, Suhail M, Naqshbandi MF, Fazil M, Ahmad B, Sayeed A. Role of Unani Medicines in Cancer Control and Management. CURRENT DRUG THERAPY 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1574885513666180907103659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background:Cancer is a havoc and killer disease. Several ways including allopathic chemotherapy have been used in the cancer treatment. Allopathic chemotherapy has several limitations and side effects. Unani medicine is also one of the therapies to cure cancer.Objective:In this type of treatment, herbal drugs are used for the treatment and prevention of cancer. The main attractive thing about herbal drug is no side effect as compared to allopathic chemotherapy.Methods:Actually, herbal drugs are the extracts of medicinal plants. The plant extracts are obtained by crushing and heating the main part of the plants; showing anticancer activity. The main plants used in the treatment of cancer are oroxylum indicum, dillenia indica, terminalia arjuna etc.Results:Mainly the cancers treated are of digestive system, breast, cervical, brain, blood, bone, lungs, thyroid, uterine, bladder, throat etc.Conclusion:The present review article discusses the importance of Unani system of medicine for the treatment of cancer. Besides, the future perspectives of Unani medicine in cancer treatment are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Mohd. Suhail
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Mohd. Farooq Naqshbandi
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), New Delhi- 110025, India
| | - Mohd. Fazil
- Hakim Ajmal Khan Institute for Literary & Historical Research in Unani Medicine, Dr. M. A. Ansari Health Centre, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), Jamia Nagar, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Bilal Ahmad
- Hakim Ajmal Khan Institute for Literary & Historical Research in Unani Medicine, Dr. M. A. Ansari Health Centre, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), Jamia Nagar, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Ahmad Sayeed
- Hakim Ajmal Khan Institute for Literary & Historical Research in Unani Medicine, Dr. M. A. Ansari Health Centre, Jamia Millia Islamia (Central University), Jamia Nagar, New Delhi-110025, India
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CNPY2 enhances resistance to apoptosis induced by cisplatin via activation of NF-κB pathway in human non-small cell lung cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 103:1658-1663. [PMID: 29864955 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.04.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based chemotherapeutic drugs, especial cisplatin, are the most common and effective anticancer drugs to treat the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), but the major obstacle of this treatment is the resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs due to the anti-apoptosis of cancer cells. In our study, we found that Canopy homolog 2 (CNPY2) is increased in NSCLC tissues compared to the normal lung tissues, and the upregulation of CNPY2 is correlated with poor survival. Next, colony formation, annexin V-binding and TUNEL assays revealed that overexpression of CNPY2 inhibits the apoptosis of NSCLC cells induced by cisplatin. Further assays demonstrated that the anti-apoptosis may be aroused by the hyperactivation of NF-κB signaling pathway, and blocking the NF-κB pathway promotes the apoptosis of CNPY2-upregulating cells. The above results suggest that CNPY2 can serves as a therapeutic target to promote the effect of chemotherapy in NSCLC.
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Pu Z, Wang Q, Xie H, Wang G, Hao H. Clinicalpathological and prognostic significance of survivin expression in renal cell carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:19825-19833. [PMID: 28178644 PMCID: PMC5386725 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, survivin expression had been investigated as a prognostic biomarker for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), however, the results were conflicting. This study was aimed to explore the association between survivin expression and clinicalpathological features and the prognostic value for cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) in RCC. Results Eleven studies with 1,697 subjects were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that survivin expression was associated with higher tumor grade (OR=4.25, 95%CI: 3.04-5.95, p<0.001), advanced tumor stage (OR=3.83, 95%CI: 2.01-7.3, p<0.001) and lymph node metastasis (OR=4.19, 95%CI: 2.34-7.52, p<0.001), but had no association with age, gender or distant metastasis. In addition, survivin expression was also correlated with poor CSS (HR=2.08, 95%CI: 1.07-4.05, p=0.032) and poor OS (HR=2.28, 95%CI: 1.57-3.33, p<0.001). Materials and Methods Literature was searched by PubMed, Embase and Web of Science. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were extracted from eligible studies. Fixed or random effects model were used to calculate pooled HRs and 95%CIs according to heterogeneity. Conclusions This study demonstrated that survivin expression was associated with more aggressive clinical features and predicted poor CSS and OS in patients with RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichen Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qifei Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, China
| | - Haitang Xie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Anhui Provincial Center for Drug Clinical Evaluation, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Guangji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haiping Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Boudida Y, Gagaoua M, Becila S, Picard B, Boudjellal A, Herrera-Mendez CH, Sentandreu M, Ouali A. Serine Protease Inhibitors as Good Predictors of Meat Tenderness: Which Are They and What Are Their Functions? Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 56:957-72. [PMID: 25085261 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.741630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Since years, serine proteases and their inhibitors were an enigma to meat scientists. They were indeed considered to be extracellular and to play no role in postmortem muscle proteolysis. In the 1990's, we observed that protease inhibitors levels in muscles are a better predictor of meat tenderness than their target enzymes. From a practical point of view, we therefore choose to look for serine protease inhibitors rather than their target enzymes, i.e. serine proteases and the purpose of this report was to overview the findings obtained. Fractionation of a muscle crude extract by gel filtration revealed three major trypsin inhibitory fractions designed as F1 (Mr:50-70 kDa), F2 (Mr:40-60 kDa) and F3 (Mr:10-15kD) which were analyzed separately. Besides antithrombin III, an heparin dependent thrombin inhibitor, F1 and F2 comprised a large set of closely related trypsin inhibitors encoded by at least 8 genes bovSERPINA3-1 to A3-8 and able to inhibit also strongly initiator and effector caspases. They all belong to the serpin superfamily, known to form covalent complexes with their target enzymes, were located within muscle cells and found in all tissues and fluids examined irrespective of the animal species. Potential biological functions in living and postmortem muscle were proposed for all of them. In contrast to F1 and F2 which have been more extensively investigated only preliminary findings were provided for F3. Taken together, these results tend to ascertain the onset of apoptosis in postmortem muscle. However, the exact mechanisms driving the cell towards apoptosis and how apoptosis, an energy dependent process, can be completed postmortem remain still unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmine Boudida
- a Equipe Maquav, INATAA, Université Frères Mentouri , Constantine , Algeria
| | - Mohammed Gagaoua
- a Equipe Maquav, INATAA, Université Frères Mentouri , Constantine , Algeria
| | - Samira Becila
- a Equipe Maquav, INATAA, Université Frères Mentouri , Constantine , Algeria
| | - Brigitte Picard
- b UMR1213 Herbivores, URH - AMUVI, INRA de Clermont Ferrand Theix, St Genès Champanelle , France
| | | | - Carlos H Herrera-Mendez
- c Agroindustrial Engineering Department, Universidad De Guanajuato, Salvatierra , Guanajuato , Mexico
| | - Miguel Sentandreu
- d Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, CSIC , Burjassot (Valencia ), Spain
| | - Ahmed Ouali
- e UR370, QuaPA, INRA de Clermont Ferrand - Theix, St Genès Champanelle , France
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9
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Qu Y, Qu B, Wang X, Wu R, Zhang X. Knockdown of NF-κB p65 subunit expression suppresses growth of nude mouse lung tumour cell xenografts by inhibition of Bcl-2 apoptotic pathway. Cell Biochem Funct 2015; 33:320-5. [PMID: 26178579 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Qu
- Department of Oncology; Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Bo Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology; The 4th Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Hospice Ward; Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Rong Wu
- Department of Oncology; Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
| | - Xiaoye Zhang
- Department of Oncology; Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang China
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10
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Lee SH, Lee JY, Jung CL, Bae IH, Suh KH, Ahn YG, Jin DH, Kim TW, Suh YA, Jang SJ. A novel antagonist to the inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) potentiates cell death in EGFR-overexpressing non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1477. [PMID: 25321484 PMCID: PMC4649530 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In the effort to develop an efficient chemotherapy drug for the treatment of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), we analyzed the anti-tumorigenic effects of a novel small molecule targeting the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAPs), HM90822B, on NSCLC cells. HM90822B efficiently decreased IAP expression, especially that of XIAP and survivin, in several NSCLC cells. Interestingly, cells overexpressing epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) due to the mutations were more sensitive to HM90822B, undergoing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis when treated. In xenograft experiments, inoculated EGFR-overexpressing NSCLC cells showed tumor regression when treated with the inhibitor, demonstrating the chemotherapeutic potential of this agent. Mechanistically, decreased levels of EGFR, Akt and phospho-MAPKs were observed in inhibitor-treated PC-9 cells on phosphorylation array and western blotting analysis, indicating that the reagent inhibited cell growth by preventing critical cell survival signaling pathways. In addition, gene-specific knockdown studies against XIAP and/or EGFR further uncovered the involvement of Akt and MAPK pathways in HM90822B-mediated downregulation of NSCLC cell growth. Together, these results support that HM90822B is a promising candidate to be developed as lung tumor chemotherapeutics by targeting oncogenic activities of IAP together with inhibiting cell survival signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-H Lee
- Institute for Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul Asan Medical Center, The University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J-Y Lee
- Institute for Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul Asan Medical Center, The University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - C L Jung
- Institute for Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul Asan Medical Center, The University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - I H Bae
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd., Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - K H Suh
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd., Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Y G Ahn
- Hanmi Research Center, Hanmi Pharm. Co., Ltd., Hwaseong, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - D-H Jin
- Institute for Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul Asan Medical Center, The University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - T W Kim
- 1] Institute for Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul Asan Medical Center, The University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea [2] Department of Medicinal Oncology, Seoul Asan Medical Center, The University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Y-A Suh
- Institute for Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul Asan Medical Center, The University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - S J Jang
- 1] Institute for Innovative Cancer Research, Asan Institute for Life Science, Seoul Asan Medical Center, The University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea [2] Department of Pathology, Seoul Asan Medical Center, The University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Yu Q, Li Q, Lu P, Chen Q. Polyphyllin D induces apoptosis in U87 human glioma cells through the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase pathway. J Med Food 2014; 17:1036-42. [PMID: 25045920 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2013.2957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphyllin D (PD), an active component from a traditional medicinal herb Paris polyphylla, which has long been used for the treatment of cancer in Asian countries, has been found to hold significant antitumor activity in vivo or in vitro. However, there were few reports on the effects and underlying mechanism of PD on apoptosis in U87 human glioma cells. The present study was conducted to evaluate apoptotic induction of PD in U87 human glioma cells, and explore its underlying pathway. U87 glioma cells were cultured and treated with varied concentrations of PD (from 10(-8) to 10(-4) M). The inhibition of U87 glioma cell proliferation by PD was assessed by MTT assay. The apoptosis of U87 glioma cells was detected by flow cytometry, and western blot analysis was used to examine human B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), human Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, total-c-jun NH2-terminal kinase (t-JNK), and phosphorylation-JNK (p-JNK) protein expression in U87 human glioma cells. The treatment with PD for 24 h significantly inhibited the proliferation of U87 human glioma cells in a concentration-dependent manner. PD increased apoptosis and significantly upregulated the expression of Bax, caspase-3, and p-JNK associated with apoptosis, but downregulated antiapoptotic Bcl-2 expression in U87 human glioma cells. Our data provided evidences that PD induces apoptosis in U87 human glioma cells. This effect might be associated with the JNK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Yu
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
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Abstract
Survivin, a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein family, is one of the most cancer-specific proteins identified to date. Survivin expression is low or undetectable in most adult tissues, but, alternatively, is overexpressed in a large number of tumors. This multifunctional protein is recognized as a key regulator in apoptosis, proliferation and angiogenesis in the tumor environment. Several studies have shown a correlation between survivin upregulation and poor cancer prognosis, and, as expected, its downregulation or inactivation leads to inhibition of tumor growth. Therefore, survivin has attracted increasing attention both as a potential cancer biomarker and as a new target for anticancer therapies. This review summarizes and discusses survivin expression and its potential as a prognostic and diagnostic biomarker in different types of tumors, as well as provides an overview of the current therapeutic challenges of targeting survivin as a treatment strategy.
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Li J, Wang Y, DU L, Xu C, Cao J, Wang Q, Liu Q, Fan F. Radiation-induced cytochrome c release and the neuroprotective effects of the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk in the hypoglossal nucleus. Exp Ther Med 2013; 7:383-388. [PMID: 24396410 PMCID: PMC3881038 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that neuronal cell death occurs via extrinsic (death receptors) and intrinsic (mitochondria) pathways. Radiation induces caspase activation fundamentally via the mitochondrial pathway. To investigate the role of caspase, a cell permeable pan-caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk [N-benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp(OMe)-fluoromethylketone], was used to investigate the effects of caspase blockade in vivo following irradiation. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (weight, 250–300 g) underwent irradiation at room temperature with a 4-Gy dose of radiation. Since z-VAD-fmk does not penetrate the blood-brain barrier, it was applied intracerebroventricularly via a bolus injection (0.2 μg/h for 1 h). Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) demonstrated that z-VAD-fmk reduced the numbers of TUNEL-positive cells within the hypoglossal nucleus, suggesting that intervention in the caspase cascade following radiation may have therapeutic applications. The caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk reduced the expression and activation of caspase-3, caspase-8 and caspase-9 in the irradiated rats, indicating that caspase may be a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of brain radiation injury. Treatment with z-VAD-fmk also reduced the appearance of cytochrome c within the cytosolic fraction following radiation. The hypoglossal nucleus may be used as a model of radiation-induced injury in the central nervous system, providing visual information and displaying apoptotic nuclear morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China ; Department of Human Anatomy, The Medical School of Inner Mongolia University for the Nationalities, Tongliao, Neimenggu 028041, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Liqing DU
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Chang Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Jia Cao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Qin Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
| | - Feiyue Fan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nankai, Tianjin 300192, P.R. China
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Livin promotes progression of breast cancer through induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and activation of AKT signaling. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1413-22. [PMID: 23524337 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) are closely correlated with proliferation, apoptosis, motility, and metastasis. Livin is the most recently identified IAP, and its role in breast progression remains unknown. In our study, analyses of 50 patients with breast cancer revealed that the positive expression rate of Livin was higher in breast cancer tissues (62%) relative to that in adjacent (35%) and normal tissues (25%). Livin expression in breast cancer correlated with the clinical stage and axillary lymph node metastasis and could be used as a prognostic marker. Our in vitro experiment revealed that Livin was highly expressed in high-invasive MDA-MB-231 cells as compared to low-invasive cells (MCF-7). Suppression of Livin by short-hairpin RNA reduced the Livin expression of MDA-MB-231 cells and subsequently inhibited tumor cell growth, proliferation, and colony formation and induced tumor cell apoptosis, motility, migration, and invasion. Overexpression of Livin in MCF7 cells resulted in increased migration and invasion capabilities of the cells without affecting proliferation and apoptosis. In addition, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was induced by Livin expression in breast cancer cell lines. The high level of phosphorylated AKT in MDA-MB-231 cells was suppressed by Livin knockdown. Further, Livin-induced migration and invasion could be abolished by either the application of the phosphoinositide-3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 or knockdown of AKT expression using small-interfering RNA. In conclusion, Livin serves as an independent prognostic indicator for breast cancer. Livin expression promotes breast cancer metastasis through the activation of AKT signaling and induction of EMT in breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo.
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15
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Roscioli E, Hamon R, Lester S, Murgia C, Grant J, Zalewski P. Zinc-rich inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) as regulatory factors in the epithelium of normal and inflamed airways. Biometals 2013; 26:205-27. [PMID: 23460081 DOI: 10.1007/s10534-013-9618-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Integrity of the airway epithelium (AE) is important in the context of inhaled allergens and noxious substances, particularly during asthma-related airway inflammation where there is increased vulnerability of the AE to cell death. Apoptosis involves a number of signaling pathways which activate procaspases leading to cleavage of critical substrates. Understanding the factors which regulate AE caspases is important for development of strategies to minimize AE damage and airway inflammation, and therefore to better control asthma. One such factor is the essential dietary metal zinc. Zinc deficiency results in enhanced AE apoptosis, and worsened airway inflammation. This has implications for asthma, where abnormalities in zinc homeostasis have been observed. Zinc is thought to suppress the steps involved in caspase-3 activation. One target of zinc is the family of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) which are endogenous regulators of caspases. More studies are needed to identify the roles of IAPs in regulating apoptosis in normal and inflamed airways and to study their interaction with labile zinc ions. This new information will provide a framework for future clinical studies aimed at monitoring and management of airway zinc levels as well as minimising airway damage and inflammation in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Roscioli
- Discipline of Medicine, The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Research, The Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Adelaide, Woodville, SA, 5011, Australia.
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Abstract
MicroRNAs have been implicated as important mediators of cancer cell homeostasis, and accumulating data suggest compelling roles for them in the apoptosis pathway. X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) is a potent caspase inhibitor and an important barrier to apoptotic cell death, but the mechanisms which determine the diverse range of XIAP expression seen in cancer remains unclear. In this study, we present evidence that miR-24 directly targets the 3′UTR of the XIAP mRNA to exert translational repression. Using a heuristic algorithm of bioinformatics analysis and in vitro screening, we identified miR-24 as a candidate regulator of XIAP expression. Array CGH and SKY analysis reveal that genomic copy number loss at the miR-24 locus is concordant with loss of endogenous miR-24 in cancer cells. Using a luciferase construct of the XIAP 3′UTR, we showed that miR-24 specifically coordinates to the XIAP mRNA. And interference with miR-24’s binding of the critical seed region, resulting from site-directed mutagenesis of the 3′UTR, significantly abrogated miR-24’s effects on XIAP expression. Moreover, miR-24 over-expression can overcome apoptosis-resistance in cancer cells via down-regulation of XIAP expression, and the resulting cancer cell death induced by TRAIL is executed by the canonical caspase-mediated apoptosis pathway. In summary, our data suggest a novel mechanism by which miR-24 directly modulates XIAP expression level and consequently the apoptosis threshold in cancer cells.
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17
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Cancer therapy and vaccination. J Immunol Methods 2012; 382:1-23. [PMID: 22658969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, both in developed and in developing nations. It may affect people at all ages, even fetuses, but the risk for most varieties increases with age. Current therapeutic approaches which include surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are associated with adverse side effects arising from lack of specificity for tumors. The goal of any therapeutic strategy is to impact on the target tumor cells with limited detrimental effect to normal cell function. Immunotherapy is cancer specific and can target the disease with minimal impact on normal tissues. Cancer vaccines are capable of generating an active tumor-specific immune response and serve as an ideal treatment due to their specificity for tumor cells and long lasting immunological memory that may safeguard against recurrences. Cancer vaccines are designed to either prevent (prophylactic) or treat established cancer (therapeutic). Identification of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) and tumor-specific antigens (TSAs) has led to increased efforts to develop vaccination strategies. Vaccines may be composed of whole cells or cell extracts, genetically modified tumor cells to express costimulatory molecules, dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with TAAs, immunization with soluble proteins or synthetic peptides, recombinant viruses or bacteria encoding tumor-associated antigens, and plasmid DNA encoding TSAs or TAAs in conjunction with appropriate immunomodulators. All of these antitumor vaccination approaches aim to induce specific immunological responses and localized to TAAs, destroying tumor cells alone and leaving the vast majority of other healthy cells of the body untouched.
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Xu Y, Zheng W, Wang T, Wang P, Zhu L, Ma X. Genetic protein TmSm(T34A) enhances sensitivity of chemotherapy to breast cancer cell lines as a synergistic drug to doxorubicin. Biomed Pharmacother 2012; 66:368-72. [PMID: 22560635 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2011.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to eliminate common side effects to cancer patients and resistance from chemotherapy, a genetic protein TmSm(T34A) was investigated as a sensitizer to doxorubicin. The results indicated TmSm(T34A) enhanced the sensitivity of three breast cancer cell lines to doxorubicin with low dose, and reduced the dose of doxorubicin significantly in contrast to common effective dose. As a synergistic therapy, the TmSm(T34A) also caused strongest apoptotic activity in MCF-7, and the possible molecular mechanisms were explored primarily. The research showed the TmSm(T34A) is promising to be a potential drug in strengthening therapy effects of breast cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Xu
- School of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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Liao CH, Guh JH, Chueh SC, Yu HJ. Anti-angiogenic effects and mechanism of prazosin. Prostate 2011; 71:976-84. [PMID: 21541974 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha1-adrenoceptors antagonists (doxazosin, terazosin, prazosin) are commonly prescribed for benign prostate hyperplasia and hypertension. Doxazosin and terazosin exhibit anti-angiogenic effects and apoptotic activities against multiple cell types and are potential preventive agents for prostate cancer. Prazosin induces apoptosis in three prostate cancer cell lines. We hypothesized that prazosin, a more potent alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist with a distinct mechanism, exhibits anti-angiogenic activity. METHODS We examined the effect of prazosin on growth and tube formation of human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). We used flow cytometry to assess the effect of prazosin on cell cycle progression and Western blotting to assess its effect on the expression of various apoptotic proteins. RESULTS Prazosin inhibited the growth of HUVEC with an IC(50) of 6.53 µM and suppressed tube formation in a dose-dependent manner. Unlike prostate cancer cells, prazosin did not arrest cell cycle progression at the G2/M checkpoint. We used rhodamine 123 staining to show that prazosin (20 µM) treatment induced a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential by 12 hr. Prazosin treatment of HUVECs resulted in reduced MCL-1 expression, increased Bad, and Bcl-xL expression, cytochrome c release, and induction of apoptosis via the intrinsic apoptosis pathway. Prazosin induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells and normal HUVEC cells via different mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that prazosin exhibits anti-angiogenic activity and differentially modulates apoptotic pathways depending on the cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hou Liao
- Department of Surgery, Fu Jen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
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20
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Guan H, Song L, Cai J, Huang Y, Wu J, Yuan J, Li J, Li M. Sphingosine kinase 1 regulates the Akt/FOXO3a/Bim pathway and contributes to apoptosis resistance in glioma cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19946. [PMID: 21625639 PMCID: PMC3097221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism through which Sphingosine kinase-1 (SPHK1) exerts its anti-apoptosis activity in glioma cancer cells. We here report that dysregulation of SPHK1 alters the sensitivity of glioma to apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. Further mechanistic study examined the expression of Bcl-2 family members, including Bcl-2, Mcl-1, Bax and Bim, in SPHK1-overexpressing glioma cells and revealed that only pro-apoptotic Bim was downregulated by SPHK1. Moreover, the transcriptional level of Bim was also altered by SPHK1 in glioma cells. We next confirmed the correlation between SPHK1 and Bim expression in primary glioma specimens. Importantly, increasing SPHK1 expression in glioma cells markedly elevated Akt activity and phosphorylated inactivation of FOXO3a, which led to downregulation of Bim. A pharmacological approach showed that these effects of SPHK1 were dependent on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). Furthermore, effects of SPHK1 on Akt/FOXO3a/Bim pathway could be reversed by SPHK1 specific RNA interference or SPHK1 inhibitor. Collectively, our results indicate that regulation of the Akt/FOXO3a/Bim pathway may be a novel mechanism by which SPHK1 protects glioma cells from apoptosis, thereby involved in glioma tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Guan
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Libing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junchao Cai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongbo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jueheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jie Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecules from Oceanic Microorganisms (Sun Yat-sen University), Department of Education of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Mengfeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control (Sun Yat-Sen University), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Microbiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Song L, Xiong H, Li J, Liao W, Wang L, Wu J, Li M. Sphingosine kinase-1 enhances resistance to apoptosis through activation of PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway in human non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:1839-49. [PMID: 21325072 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-0720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study was to examine the effect of sphingosine kinase-1 (SPHK1) on chemotherapeutics-induced apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, which is relatively insensitive to chemotherapy, and its clinical significance in NSCLC progression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The correlation of SPHK1 expression and clinical features of NSCLC was analyzed in 218 paraffin-embedded archived NSCLC specimens by immunohistochemical analysis. The effect of SPHK1 on apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutics was examined both in vitro and in vivo, using Annexin V staining and TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling) assays. Western blotting and luciferase analysis were performed to examine the impact of SPHK1 on the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB signaling. RESULTS The expression of SPHK1 was markedly increased in NSCLC and correlated with tumor progression and poor survival of patients with NSCLC. Upregulation of SPHK1 significantly inhibited doxorubicin- or docetaxel-induced apoptosis, associated with induction of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-xl, c-IAP1, c-IAP2, and TRAF1. In contrast, silencing SPHK1 expression or inhibiting SPHK1 activity with specific inhibitor, SK1-I, significantly enhanced the sensitivity of NSCLC cells to apoptosis induced by chemotherapeutics both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we demonstrated that upregulation of SPHK1 activated the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway, and that inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway abrogated the antiapoptotic effect of SPHK1 on NSCLC cells. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that SPHK1 is a potential pharmacologic target for the treatment of NSCLC and inhibition of SPHK1 expression or its kinase activity might represent a novel strategy to sensitize NSCLC to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libing Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in Southern China, Department of Experimental Research, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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Oikawa T, Unno Y, Matsuno K, Sawada JI, Ogo N, Tanaka K, Asai A. Identification of a small-molecule inhibitor of the interaction between Survivin and Smac/DIABLO. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 393:253-8. [PMID: 20117083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.01.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The protein Survivin is selectively overexpressed in a variety of cancers, but not in normal tissues. It has been reported to be involved in cell survival and cell division. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in its function are not clear, although several binding partner proteins have been proposed to date. Here, we report the identification of a novel small molecule Survivin antagonist, which disrupts the Survivin-Smac/DIABLO interaction in cells. In order to identify Survivin-directed antagonists, we developed a high-throughput screening system based on AlphaScreen technology, which allows the identification of small molecules with the ability to inhibit the interaction of Survivin with Smac/DIABLO or INCENP in vitro. We screened chemical libraries, generated in-house, using this system and identified a 5-deazaflavin analog (compound 1) as a hit compound that selectively inhibited the interaction of Survivin with Smac/DIABLO but not INCENP. In cultured cells, compound 1 abrogated the formation of the complex between Survivin and Smac/DIABLO. In addition, this compound was able to sensitize cultured cells to doxorubicin-mediated DNA damage stress and synergistically enhance apoptotic cell death. Thus, the small-molecule inhibitor described here may serve as a proof-of-principle agent for discriminating between the multiple functions of Survivin.
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23
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Chen YS, Li HR, Lin M, Chen G, Xie BS, Xu NL, Lin LF. Livin abrogates apoptosis of SPC-A1 cell by regulating JNKI signaling pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2009; 37:2241-7. [PMID: 19690982 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-009-9711-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Livin, a novel member of inhibitors of apoptosis protein, is highly expressed in tumor tissues. It is a potential target in tumor therapy. Silencing its gene expression has been found to promote tumor cell apoptosis or increase tumor sensitivity to therapies. This paper studied the effect of livin anti-apoptotic activity and examined its molecular mechanisms. In the study, higher levels of cell apoptosis were measured by FACS in the experiment group with livin expression silenced than that in controls (P < 0.05). After livin gene expression was knocked down, cleaved caspase-3 protein was up-regulated but caspase-3 mRNA expression was almost the same, the phosphorylated JNK1 protein was down-regulated but JNK1 mRNA and total JNK1 protein expression was approximately the same too. The results suggest that livin may exert anti-apoptotic action on SPC-A1 by activating JNK1 signaling pathway and inhibiting caspase-3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Sheng Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Fujian Provincial Hospital, 350001, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China.
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Ravindran J, Prasad S, Aggarwal BB. Curcumin and cancer cells: how many ways can curry kill tumor cells selectively? AAPS J 2009; 11:495-510. [PMID: 19590964 PMCID: PMC2758121 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-009-9128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 488] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a hyperproliferative disorder that is usually treated by chemotherapeutic agents that are toxic not only to tumor cells but also to normal cells, so these agents produce major side effects. In addition, these agents are highly expensive and thus not affordable for most. Moreover, such agents cannot be used for cancer prevention. Traditional medicines are generally free of the deleterious side effects and usually inexpensive. Curcumin, a component of turmeric (Curcuma longa), is one such agent that is safe, affordable, and efficacious. How curcumin kills tumor cells is the focus of this review. We show that curcumin modulates growth of tumor cells through regulation of multiple cell signaling pathways including cell proliferation pathway (cyclin D1, c-myc), cell survival pathway (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, cFLIP, XIAP, c-IAP1), caspase activation pathway (caspase-8, 3, 9), tumor suppressor pathway (p53, p21) death receptor pathway (DR4, DR5), mitochondrial pathways, and protein kinase pathway (JNK, Akt, and AMPK). How curcumin selectively kills tumor cells, and not normal cells, is also described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaraj Ravindran
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, BOX 143, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Sahdeo Prasad
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, BOX 143, Houston, TX 77030 USA
| | - Bharat B. Aggarwal
- Cytokine Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, BOX 143, Houston, TX 77030 USA
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25
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Ryan BM, O'Donovan N, Duffy MJ. Survivin: a new target for anti-cancer therapy. Cancer Treat Rev 2009; 35:553-62. [PMID: 19559538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2009.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Survivin is one of the most cancer-specific proteins identified to date, being upregulated in almost all human tumors. Biologically, survivin has been shown to inhibit apoptosis, enhance proliferation and promote angiogenesis. Because of its upregulation in malignancy and its key role in apoptosis, proliferation and angiogenesis, survivin is currently attracting considerable attention as a new target for anti-cancer therapies. In several animal model systems, downregulation of survivin or inactivation of its function has been shown to inhibit tumor growth. Strategies under investigation to target survivin include antisense oligonucleotides, siRNA, ribozymes, immunotherapy and small molecular weight molecules. The translation of these findings to the clinic is currently ongoing with a number of phase I/II clinical trials targeting survivin in progress. These include use of the antisense oligonucleotide LY2181308, the low molecular weight molecule inhibitor YM155 and survivin-directed autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The optimum use of survivin antagonists in the treatment of cancer is likely to be in combination with conventional cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bríd M Ryan
- Cancer Prevention Fellowship Program, Office of Preventive Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4258, USA.
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26
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Goel A, Jhurani S, Aggarwal BB. Multi-targeted therapy by curcumin: how spicy is it? Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 52:1010-30. [PMID: 18384098 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200700354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although traditional medicines have been used for thousands of years, for most such medicines neither the active component nor their molecular targets have been very well identified. Curcumin, a yellow component of turmeric or curry powder, however, is an exception. Although inhibitors of cyclooxygenase-2, HER2, tumor necrosis factor, EGFR, Bcr-abl, proteosome, and vascular endothelial cell growth factor have been approved for human use by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), curcumin as a single agent can down-regulate all these targets. Curcumin can also activate apoptosis, down-regulate cell survival gene products, and up-regulate p53, p21, and p27. Although curcumin is poorly absorbed after ingestion, multiple studies have suggested that even low levels of physiologically achievable concentrations of curcumin may be sufficient for its chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activity. Thus, curcumin regulates multiple targets (multitargeted therapy), which is needed for treatment of most diseases, and it is inexpensive and has been found to be safe in human clinical trials. The present article reviews the key molecular mechanisms of curcumin action and compares this to some of the single-targeted therapies currently available for human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Goel
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Internal Medicine, Charles A Sammons Cancer Center and Baylor Research Institute, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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LaCasse EC, Mahoney DJ, Cheung HH, Plenchette S, Baird S, Korneluk RG. IAP-targeted therapies for cancer. Oncogene 2008; 27:6252-75. [PMID: 18931692 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2008.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage, chromosomal abnormalities, oncogene activation, viral infection, substrate detachment and hypoxia can all trigger apoptosis in normal cells. However, cancer cells acquire mutations that allow them to survive these threats that are part and parcel of the transformation process or that may affect the growth and dissemination of the tumor. Eventually, cancer cells accumulate further mutations that make them resistant to apoptosis mediated by standard cytotoxic chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family members, defined by the presence of a baculovirus IAP repeat (BIR) protein domain, are key regulators of cytokinesis, apoptosis and signal transduction. Specific IAPs regulate either cell division, caspase activity or survival pathways mediated through binding to their BIR domains, and/or through their ubiquitin-ligase RING domain activity. These protein-protein interactions and post-translational modifications are the subject of intense investigations that shed light on how these proteins contribute to oncogenesis and resistance to therapy. In the past several years, we have seen multiple approaches of IAP antagonism enter the clinic, and the rewards of such strategies are about to reap benefit. Significantly, small molecule pan-IAP antagonists that mimic an endogenous inhibitor of the IAPs, called Smac, have demonstrated an unexpected ability to sensitize cancer cells to tumor necrosis factor-alpha and to promote autocrine or paracrine production of this cytokine by the tumor cell and possibly, other cells too. This review will focus on these and other developmental therapeutics that target the IAPs in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C LaCasse
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Curcumin inhibits proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis of different cancers through interaction with multiple cell signaling proteins. Cancer Lett 2008; 269:199-225. [PMID: 18479807 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 713] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2008] [Revised: 03/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Because most cancers are caused by dysregulation of as many as 500 different genes, agents that target multiple gene products are needed for prevention and treatment of cancer. Curcumin, a yellow coloring agent in turmeric, has been shown to interact with a wide variety of proteins and modify their expression and activity. These include inflammatory cytokines and enzymes, transcription factors, and gene products linked with cell survival, proliferation, invasion, and angiogenesis. Curcumin has been found to inhibit the proliferation of various tumor cells in culture, prevents carcinogen-induced cancers in rodents, and inhibits the growth of human tumors in xenotransplant or orthotransplant animal models either alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic agents or radiation. Several phase I and phase II clinical trials indicate that curcumin is quite safe and may exhibit therapeutic efficacy. These aspects of curcumin are discussed further in detail in this review.
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Cheung HH, Plenchette S, Kern CJ, Mahoney DJ, Korneluk RG. The RING domain of cIAP1 mediates the degradation of RING-bearing inhibitor of apoptosis proteins by distinct pathways. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:2729-40. [PMID: 18434593 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-01-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Inhibitor of Apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are key repressors of apoptosis. Several IAP proteins contain a RING domain that functions as an E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Here we investigated the interplay of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and RING-mediated IAP turnover. We found that the CARD-RING domain of cIAP1 (cIAP1-CR) is capable of down-regulating protein levels of RING-bearing IAPs such as cIAP1, cIAP2, XIAP, and Livin, while sparing NAIP and Survivin, which do not possess a RING domain. To determine whether polyubiquitination was required, we tested the ability of cIAP1-CR to degrade IAPs under conditions that impair ubiquitination modifications. Remarkably, although the ablation of E1 ubiquitin-activating enzyme prevented cIAP1-CR-mediated down-regulation of cIAP1 and cIAP2, there was no impact on degradation of XIAP and Livin. XIAP mutants that were not ubiquitinated in vivo were readily down-regulated by cIAP1-CR. Moreover, XIAP degradation in response to cisplatin and doxorubicin was largely prevented in cIAP1-silenced cells, despite cIAP2 up-regulation. The knockdown of cIAP1 and cIAP2 partially blunted Fas ligand-mediated down-regulation of XIAP and protected cells from cell death. Together, these results show that the E3 ligase RING domain of cIAP1 targets RING-bearing IAPs for proteasomal degradation by ubiquitin-dependent and -independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herman H Cheung
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
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Abstract
About 330 targets bind approved drugs, 270 encoded by the human genome and 60 belonging to pathogenic organisms. A large number of druggable targets have been recently proposed from preclinical and first clinical data, but a huge reservoir of putative drug targets, possibly several thousands, remains to be explored. This overview considers the different types of ligands and their selectivity in the main superfamilies of drug targets, enzymes, membrane transporters and ion channels, and the various classes of membrane and nuclear receptors with their signalling pathway. Recently approved drugs such as monoclonal antibodies, tyrosine kinase and proteasome inhibitors, and major drugs under clinical studies are reviewed with their molecular target and therapeutic interest. The druggability of emerging targets is discussed, such as multidrug resistance transporters and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotides-gated (HCN), cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) and transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and receptor activator of NFkappaB (RANK) receptors, integrins, and orphan or recently deorphanized G-protein-coupled and nuclear receptors. Large advances have been made in the therapeutical use of recombinant cytokines and growth factors (i.e. tasonermin, TNFalpha-1a; becaplermin, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF); dibotermin-alpha, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)2; anakinra, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IRAP), and in enzyme replacement therapy, i.e. algasidase (alpha-galactosidase) and laronidase (alpha-l-iduronidase). New receptor classes are emerging, e.g. membrane aminopeptidases, and novel concepts are stimulating drug research, e.g. epigenetic therapy, but the molecular target of some approved drugs, such as paracetamol and imidazolines, still need to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves Landry
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, UMR-CNRS 7175, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Louis Pasteur-Strasbourg I, BP 24, 67401, Illkirch Cedex, France.
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Vucic D, Fairbrother WJ. The inhibitor of apoptosis proteins as therapeutic targets in cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:5995-6000. [PMID: 17947460 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-07-0729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a cell suicide process with a major role in development and homeostasis in vertebrates and invertebrates. Inhibition of apoptosis enhances the survival of cancer cells and facilitates their escape from immune surveillance and cytotoxic therapies. Among the principal molecules contributing to this phenomenon are the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins, a family of antiapoptotic regulators that block cell death in response to diverse stimuli through interactions with inducers and effectors of apoptosis. IAP proteins are expressed in the majority of human malignancies at elevated levels and play an active role in promoting tumor maintenance through the inhibition of cellular death and participation in signaling pathways associated with malignancies. Here, we discuss the role of IAP proteins in cancer and options for targeting IAP proteins for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domagoj Vucic
- Department of Protein Engineering, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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Abstract
Apoptosis has been accepted as a fundamental component in the pathogenesis of cancer, in addition to other human diseases including neurodegeneration, coronary disease and diabetes. The origin of cancer involves deregulated cellular proliferation and the suppression of apoptotic processes, ultimately leading to tumor establishment and growth. Several lines of evidence point toward the IAP family of proteins playing a role in oncogenesis, via their effective suppression of apoptosis. The central mechanisms of IAP apoptotic suppression appear to be through direct caspase and pro-caspase inhibition (primarily caspase 3 and 7) and modulation of, and by, the transcription factor NF-kappaB. Thus, when the IAPs are over-expressed or over-active, as is the case in many cancers, cells are no longer able to die in a physiologically programmed fashion and become increasingly resistant to standard chemo- and radiation therapies. To date several approaches have been taken to target and eliminate IAP function in an attempt to re-establish sensitivity, reduce toxicity, and improve efficacy of cancer treatment. In this review, we address IAP proteins as therapeutic targets for the treatment of cancer and emphasize the importance of novel therapeutic approaches for cancer therapy. Novel targets of IAP function are being identified and include gene therapy strategies and small molecule inhibitors that are based on endogenous IAP antagonists. As well, molecular mechanistic approaches, such as RNAi to deplete IAP expression, are in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Hunter
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1H 8L1
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