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Wang DX, Zhu XD, Ma XR, Wang LB, Dong ZJ, Lin RR, Cao YN, Zhao JW. Loss of Growth Differentiation Factor 11 Shortens Telomere Length by Downregulating Telomerase Activity. Front Physiol 2021; 12:726345. [PMID: 34588995 PMCID: PMC8473905 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.726345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of telomere length is essential to delay replicative cellular senescence. It is controversial on whether growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) can reverse cellular senescence, and this work aims to establish the causality between GDF11 and the telomere maintenance unequivocally. Using CRISPR/Cas9 technique and a long-term in vitro culture model of cellular senescence, we show here that in vitro genetic deletion of GDF11 causes shortening of telomere length, downregulation of telomeric reverse transcriptase (TERT) and telomeric RNA component (TERC), the key enzyme and the RNA component for extension of the telomere, and reduction of telomerase activity. In contrast, both recombinant and overexpressed GDF11 restore the transcription of TERT in GDF11KO cells to the wild-type level. Furthermore, loss of GDF11-induced telomere shortening is likely caused by enhancing the nuclear entry of SMAD2 which inhibits the transcription of TERT and TERC. Our results provide the first proof-of-cause-and-effect evidence that endogenous GDF11 plays a causal role for proliferative cells to maintain telomere length, paving the way for potential rejuvenation of the proliferative cells, tissues, and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di-Xian Wang
- Department of Pathology and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xu-Dong Zhu
- Institute of Ageing Research, Hangzhou Normal University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ru Ma
- Department of Pathology and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Bin Wang
- The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhao-Jun Dong
- Department of Pathology and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong-Rong Lin
- Department of Pathology and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Na Cao
- Department of Pathology and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Wei Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Liu JP, Nicholls C, Chen SM, Li H, Tao ZZ. Strategies of treating cancer by cytokine regulation of chromosome end remodelling. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2010; 37:88-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05251.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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De Boeck G, Forsyth RG, Praet M, Hogendoorn PCW. Telomere-associated proteins: cross-talk between telomere maintenance and telomere-lengthening mechanisms. J Pathol 2009; 217:327-44. [PMID: 19142887 DOI: 10.1002/path.2500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres, the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, have been the subject of intense investigation over the last decade. As telomere dysfunction has been associated with ageing and developing cancer, understanding the exact mechanisms regulating telomere structure and function is essential for the prevention and treatment of human cancers and age-related diseases. The mechanisms by which cells maintain telomere lengthening involve either telomerase or the alternative lengthening of the telomere pathway, although specific mechanisms of the latter and the relationship between the two are as yet unknown. Many cellular factors directly (TRF1/TRF2) and indirectly (shelterin-complex, PinX, Apollo and tankyrase) interact with telomeres, and their interplay influences telomere structure and function. One challenge comes from the observation that many DNA damage response proteins are stably associated with telomeres and contribute to several other aspects of telomere function. This review focuses on the different components involved in telomere maintenance and their role in telomere length homeostasis. Special attention is paid to understanding how these telomere-associated factors, and mainly those involved in double-strand break repair, perform their activities at the telomere ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitte De Boeck
- N. Goormaghtigh Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Ghent, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Akhter S, Legerski RJ. SNM1A acts downstream of ATM to promote the G1 cell cycle checkpoint. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 377:236-41. [PMID: 18848520 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.09.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We have shown previously that SNM1A colocalizes with 53BP1 at sites of double-strand breaks (DSBs) induced by IR, and that these proteins interact with or without DNA damage. However, the role of SNM1A in the DNA damage response has not been elucidated. Here, we show that SNM1A is required for an efficient G1 checkpoint arrest after IR exposure. Interestingly, the localization of SNM1A to sites of DSBs does not require either 53BP1 or H2AX, nor does the localization of 53BP1 require SNM1A. However, the localization of SNM1A does require ATM. Furthermore, SNM1A is shown to be a phosphorylation substrate of ATM in vitro, and to interact with ATM in vivo particularly after exposure of cells to IR. In addition, in the absence of SNM1A the activation of the downstream ATM target p53 is reduced. These findings suggest that SNM1A acts with ATM to promote the G1 cell cycle checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamima Akhter
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Dominski Z. Nucleases of the metallo-beta-lactamase family and their role in DNA and RNA metabolism. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2007; 42:67-93. [PMID: 17453916 DOI: 10.1080/10409230701279118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Proteins of the metallo-beta-lactamase family with either demonstrated or predicted nuclease activity have been identified in a number of organisms ranging from bacteria to humans and has been shown to be important constituents of cellular metabolism. Nucleases of this family are believed to utilize a zinc-dependent mechanism in catalysis and function as 5' to 3' exonucleases and or endonucleases in such processes as 3' end processing of RNA precursors, DNA repair, V(D)J recombination, and telomere maintenance. Examples of metallo-beta-lactamase nucleases include CPSF-73, a known component of the cleavage/polyadenylation machinery, which functions as the endonuclease in 3' end formation of both polyadenylated and histone mRNAs, and Artemis that opens DNA hairpins during V(D)J recombination. Mutations in two metallo-beta-lactamase nucleases have been implicated in human diseases: tRNase Z required for 3' processing of tRNA precursors has been linked to the familial form of prostate cancer, whereas inactivation of Artemis causes severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). There is also a group of as yet uncharacterized proteins of this family in bacteria and archaea that based on sequence similarity to CPSF-73 are predicted to function as nucleases in RNA metabolism. This article reviews the cellular roles of nucleases of the metallo-beta-lactamase family and the recent advances in studying these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Dominski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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