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Rai D, Song Y, Hua S, Stecker K, Monster JL, Yin V, Stucchi R, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Chen F, Katrukha EA, Altelaar M, Heck AJR, Wieczorek M, Jiang K, Akhmanova A. CAMSAPs and nucleation-promoting factors control microtubule release from γ-TuRC. Nat Cell Biol 2024; 26:404-420. [PMID: 38424271 PMCID: PMC10940162 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-024-01366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
γ-Tubulin ring complex (γ-TuRC) is the major microtubule-nucleating factor. After nucleation, microtubules can be released from γ-TuRC and stabilized by other proteins, such as CAMSAPs, but the biochemical cross-talk between minus-end regulation pathways is poorly understood. Here we reconstituted this process in vitro using purified components. We found that all CAMSAPs could bind to the minus ends of γ-TuRC-attached microtubules. CAMSAP2 and CAMSAP3, which decorate and stabilize growing minus ends but not the minus-end tracking protein CAMSAP1, induced microtubule release from γ-TuRC. CDK5RAP2, a γ-TuRC-interactor, and CLASP2, a regulator of microtubule growth, strongly stimulated γ-TuRC-dependent microtubule nucleation, but only CDK5RAP2 suppressed CAMSAP binding to γ-TuRC-anchored minus ends and their release. CDK5RAP2 also improved selectivity of γ-tubulin-containing complexes for 13- rather than 14-protofilament microtubules in microtubule-capping assays. Knockout and overexpression experiments in cells showed that CDK5RAP2 inhibits the formation of CAMSAP2-bound microtubules detached from the microtubule-organizing centre. We conclude that CAMSAPs can release newly nucleated microtubules from γ-TuRC, whereas nucleation-promoting factors can differentially regulate this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipti Rai
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Yinlong Song
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Shasha Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kelly Stecker
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jooske L Monster
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Victor Yin
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Stucchi
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Yixin Xu
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yaqian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fangrui Chen
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michal Wieczorek
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology & Biophysics, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Regeneration, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Medical Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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Allroggen N, Breuer H, Bachmann S, Bell M, Zempel H. Studying Microtubule Dynamics in Human Neurons: Two-Dimensional Microtubule Tracing and Kymographs in iPSC- and SH-SY5Y-Derived Neurons for Tau Research. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2754:561-580. [PMID: 38512690 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3629-9_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The study of microtubule (MT) dynamics is essential for the understanding of cellular transport, cell polarity, axon formation, and other neurodevelopmental mechanisms. All these processes rely on the constant transition between assembly and disassembly of tubulin polymers to/from MTs, known as dynamic instability. This process is well-regulated, among others, by phosphorylation of microtubule-associated proteins (MAP), including the Tau protein. Protein kinases, in particular the microtubule affinity regulating kinase (MARK), regulate the MT-Tau interaction, inducing Tau dissociation by phosphorylation. Phosphorylated Tau dissociates from microtubules forming insoluble aggregates known as neurofibrillary tangles. These accumulations of hyperphosphorylated Tau in the neurons disrupt the physiological MT-based transport machinery within the cell and can potentially lead to the development of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related tauopathies. Further investigations on the MT cytoskeleton dynamics are essential as they may elucidate pathomechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases - particularly tauopathies - as well as fundamental neurodevelopmental processes.The study of the dynamic assembly and disassembly of the MT network requires live-cell imaging rather than conventional immunocytochemistry based on fixed samples. To investigate MT dynamics, we perform live-cell imaging of neurons transfected with a fluorescently tagged version of the microtubule plus-end tracking protein (+TIP) EB3. This protein associates with the growing ends of MTs and thus visualizes MT growth in real time. Our imaging analysis protocol allows the determination of quantity, orientation, and velocity of MT growth in the soma and neurites of transfected neurons, using ImageJ-based tracking software and kymographs. Furthermore, functional effects of Tau and MARK kinases on the MT cytoskeleton can be assessed by overexpression or downregulation experiments of the respective protein prior to the live imaging assay. We use two different human neuronal cell models, naive and differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, and neurons derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), both of which have shown success as models to study Tau-related pathologies.This protocol describes an optimized method for analysis of microtubule dynamics using fluorescent tagged EB3 protein as microtubule plus end marker. In this chapter, we outline the process of neuronal transfection, live-cell imaging, and necessary time-lapse image analysis based on ImageJ in two human-derived neuronal systems, which are suitable for the analysis of Tau trafficking and sorting studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Allroggen
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Helen Breuer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sarah Bachmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Bell
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Zempel
- Institute of Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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3
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Volkov VA, Akhmanova A. Phase separation on microtubules: from droplet formation to cellular function? Trends Cell Biol 2024; 34:18-30. [PMID: 37453878 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2023.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are cytoskeletal polymers that play important roles in numerous cellular processes, ranging from the control of cell shape and polarity to cell division and intracellular transport. Many of these roles rely on proteins that bind to microtubule ends and shafts, carry intrinsically disordered regions, and form complex multivalent interaction networks. A flurry of recent studies demonstrated that these properties allow diverse microtubule-binding proteins to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in vitro. It is proposed that LLPS could potentially affect multiple microtubule-related processes, such as microtubule nucleation, control of microtubule dynamics and organization, and microtubule-based transport. Here, we discuss the evidence in favor and against the occurrence of LLPS and its functional significance for microtubule-based processes in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Volkov
- School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands.
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Lawrence EJ, Chatterjee S, Zanic M. More is different: Reconstituting complexity in microtubule regulation. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105398. [PMID: 37898404 PMCID: PMC10694663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic cytoskeletal filaments that undergo stochastic switching between phases of polymerization and depolymerization-a behavior known as dynamic instability. Many important cellular processes, including cell motility, chromosome segregation, and intracellular transport, require complex spatiotemporal regulation of microtubule dynamics. This coordinated regulation is achieved through the interactions of numerous microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) with microtubule ends and lattices. Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of microtubule regulation, focusing on results arising from biochemical in vitro reconstitution approaches using purified multiprotein ensembles. We discuss how the combinatory effects of MAPs affect both the dynamics of individual microtubule ends, as well as the stability and turnover of the microtubule lattice. In addition, we highlight new results demonstrating the roles of protein condensates in microtubule regulation. Our overall intent is to showcase how lessons learned from reconstitution approaches help unravel the regulatory mechanisms at play in complex cellular environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth J Lawrence
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Saptarshi Chatterjee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Marija Zanic
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
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5
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Wagenbach M, Vicente JJ, Wagenbach W, Wordeman L. Production of CRISPR-Cas9 Transgenic Cell Lines for Knocksideways Studies. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e965. [PMID: 38153181 PMCID: PMC10756642 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Protein activity is generally functionally integrated and spatially restricted to key locations within the cell. Knocksideways experiments allow researchers to rapidly move proteins to alternate or ectopic regions of the cell and assess the resultant cellular response. Briefly, individual proteins to be tested using this approach must be modified with moieties that dimerize under treatment with rapamycin to promote the experimental spatial relocalizations. CRISPR technology enables researchers to engineer modified protein directly in cells while preserving proper protein levels because the engineered protein will be expressed from endogenous promoters. Here we provide straightforward instructions to engineer tagged, rapamycin-relocalizable proteins in cells. The protocol is described in the context of our work with the microtubule depolymerizer MCAK/Kif2C, but it is easily adaptable to other genes and alternate tags such as degrons, optogenetic constructs, and other experimentally useful modifications. Off-target effects are minimized by testing for the most efficient target site using a split-GFP construct. This protocol involves no proprietary kits, only plasmids available from repositories (such as addgene.org). Validation, relocalization, and some example novel discoveries obtained working with endogenous protein levels are described. A graduate student with access to a fluorescence microscope should be able to prepare engineered cells with spatially controllable endogenous protein using this protocol. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Choosing a target site for gene modification Basic Protocol 2: Design of gRNA(s) for targeted gene modification Basic Protocol 3: Split-GFP test for target efficiency Basic Protocol 4: Design of the recombination template and analytical primers Support Protocol 1: Design of primers for analytical PCR Basic Protocol 5: Transfection, isolation, and validation of engineered cells Support Protocol 2: Stable transfection of engineered cells with binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wagenbach
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Juan Jesus Vicente
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Wren Wagenbach
- Bieler School of Environment, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Linda Wordeman
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
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Ma C, Wang J, Tu Q, Bo W, Hu Z, Zhuo R, Wu R, Dong Z, Qiang L, Liu Y, Liu M. Fidgetin interacting with microtubule end binding protein EB3 affects axonal regrowth in spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2023; 18:2727-2732. [PMID: 37449637 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.373716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fidgetin, a microtubule-severing enzyme, regulates neurite outgrowth, axonal regeneration, and cell migration by trimming off the labile domain of microtubule polymers. Because maintenance of the microtubule labile domain is essential for axon initiation, elongation, and navigation, it is of interest to determine whether augmenting the microtubule labile domain via depletion of fidgetin serves as a therapeutic approach to promote axonal regrowth in spinal cord injury. In this study, we constructed rat models of spinal cord injury and sciatic nerve injury. Compared with spinal cord injury, we found that expression level of tyrosinated microtubules in the labile portion of microtubules continuously increased, whereas fidgetin decreased after peripheral nerve injury. Depletion of fidgetin enhanced axon regeneration after spinal cord injury, whereas expression level of end binding protein 3 (EB3) markedly increased. Next, we performed RNA interference to knockdown EB3 or fidgetin. We found that deletion of EB3 did not change fidgetin expression. Conversely, deletion of fidgetin markedly increased expression of tyrosinated microtubules and EB3. Deletion of fidgetin increased the amount of EB3 at the end of neurites and thereby increased the level of tyrosinated microtubules. Finally, we deleted EB3 and overexpressed fidgetin. We found that fidgetin trimmed tyrosinated tubulins by interacting with EB3. When fidgetin was deleted, the labile portion of microtubules was elongated, and as a result the length of axons and number of axon branches were increased. These findings suggest that fidgetin can be used as a novel therapeutic target to promote axonal regeneration after spinal cord injury. Furthermore, they reveal an innovative mechanism by which fidgetin preferentially severs labile microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University; Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Junpei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qifeng Tu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weijuan Bo
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zunlu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Run Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ronghua Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhangji Dong
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liang Qiang
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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Mosby LS, Straube A, Polin M. A general model for the motion of multivalent cargo interacting with substrates. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20230510. [PMID: 38016636 PMCID: PMC10684343 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2023.0510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Multivalent interactions are common in biology at many different length scales, and can result in the directional motion of multivalent cargo along substrates. Here, a general analytical model has been developed that can describe the directional motion of multivalent cargo as a response to position dependence in the binding and unbinding rates exhibited by their interaction sites. Cargo exhibit both an effective velocity, which acts in the direction of increasing cargo-substrate binding rate and decreasing cargo-substrate unbinding rate, and an effective diffusivity. This model can reproduce previously published experimental findings using only the binding and unbinding rate distributions of cargo interaction sites, and without any further parameter fitting. Extension of the cargo binding model to two dimensions reveals an effective velocity with the same properties as that derived for the one-dimensional case.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. S. Mosby
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Physics Department, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Institute of Advanced Study, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - A. Straube
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - M. Polin
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology & Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Physics Department, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios Avanzados, IMEDEA, Esporles, Illes Balears 07190, Spain
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Henkin G, Brito C, Thomas C, Surrey T. The minus-end depolymerase KIF2A drives flux-like treadmilling of γTuRC-uncapped microtubules. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202304020. [PMID: 37615667 PMCID: PMC10450741 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202304020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
During mitosis, microtubules in the spindle turn over continuously. At spindle poles, where microtubule minus ends are concentrated, microtubule nucleation and depolymerization, the latter required for poleward microtubule flux, happen side by side. How these seemingly antagonistic processes of nucleation and depolymerization are coordinated is not understood. Here, we reconstitute this coordination in vitro combining different pole-localized activities. We find that the spindle pole-localized kinesin-13 KIF2A is a microtubule minus-end depolymerase, in contrast to its paralog MCAK. Due to its asymmetric activity, KIF2A still allows microtubule nucleation from the γ-tubulin ring complex (γTuRC), which serves as a protective cap shielding the minus end against KIF2A binding. Efficient γTuRC uncapping requires the combined action of KIF2A and a microtubule severing enzyme, leading to treadmilling of the uncapped microtubule driven by KIF2A. Together, these results provide insight into the molecular mechanisms by which a minimal protein module coordinates microtubule nucleation and depolymerization at spindle poles consistent with their role in poleward microtubule flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gil Henkin
- Centre for Genomic Regulation(CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cláudia Brito
- Centre for Genomic Regulation(CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Thomas Surrey
- Centre for Genomic Regulation(CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
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9
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McHugh T, Welburn JPI. Potent microtubule-depolymerizing activity of a mitotic Kif18b-MCAK-EB network. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:275263. [PMID: 35502670 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise regulation of microtubule length during mitosis is essential to assemble and position the mitotic spindle and segregate chromosomes. The kinesin-13 Kif2C or MCAK acts as a potent microtubule depolymerase that diffuses short distances on microtubules, whereas the kinesin-8 Kif18b is a processive motor with weak depolymerase activity. However, the individual activities of these factors cannot explain the dramatic increase in microtubule dynamics in mitosis. Using in vitro reconstitution and single-molecule imaging, we demonstrate that Kif18b, MCAK and the plus-end tracking protein EB3 (also known as MAPRE3) act in an integrated manner to potently promote microtubule depolymerization at very low concentrations. We find that Kif18b can transport EB3 and MCAK and promotes their accumulation to microtubule plus ends through multivalent weak interactions. Together, our work defines the mechanistic basis for a cooperative Kif18b-MCAK-EB network at microtubule plus ends, that acts to efficiently shorten and regulate microtubules in mitosis, essential for correct chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni McHugh
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
| | - Julie P I Welburn
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, Scotland, UK
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10
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van den Berg CM, Volkov VA, Schnorrenberg S, Huang Z, Stecker KE, Grigoriev I, Gilani S, Frikstad KAM, Patzke S, Zimmermann T, Dogterom M, Akhmanova A. CSPP1 stabilizes growing microtubule ends and damaged lattices from the luminal side. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:213861. [PMID: 36752787 PMCID: PMC9948759 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202208062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic cytoskeletal polymers, and their organization and stability are tightly regulated by numerous cellular factors. While regulatory proteins controlling the formation of interphase microtubule arrays and mitotic spindles have been extensively studied, the biochemical mechanisms responsible for generating stable microtubule cores of centrioles and cilia are poorly understood. Here, we used in vitro reconstitution assays to investigate microtubule-stabilizing properties of CSPP1, a centrosome and cilia-associated protein mutated in the neurodevelopmental ciliopathy Joubert syndrome. We found that CSPP1 preferentially binds to polymerizing microtubule ends that grow slowly or undergo growth perturbations and, in this way, resembles microtubule-stabilizing compounds such as taxanes. Fluorescence microscopy and cryo-electron tomography showed that CSPP1 is deposited in the microtubule lumen and inhibits microtubule growth and shortening through two separate domains. CSPP1 also specifically recognizes and stabilizes damaged microtubule lattices. These data help to explain how CSPP1 regulates the elongation and stability of ciliary axonemes and other microtubule-based structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyntha M. van den Berg
- https://ror.org/04pp8hn57Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vladimir A. Volkov
- https://ror.org/04pp8hn57Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,https://ror.org/02e2c7k09Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ziqiang Huang
- EMBL Imaging Centre, EMBL-Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kelly E. Stecker
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ilya Grigoriev
- https://ror.org/04pp8hn57Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sania Gilani
- https://ror.org/00j9c2840Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway,Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kari-Anne M. Frikstad
- https://ror.org/00j9c2840Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sebastian Patzke
- https://ror.org/00j9c2840Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Marileen Dogterom
- https://ror.org/02e2c7k09Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- https://ror.org/04pp8hn57Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands,Correspondence to Anna Akhmanova:
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11
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Radhakrishnan RM, Kizhakkeduth ST, Nair VM, Ayyappan S, Lakshmi RB, Babu N, Prasannajith A, Umeda K, Vijayan V, Kodera N, Manna TK. Kinetochore-microtubule attachment in human cells is regulated by the interaction of a conserved motif of Ska1 with EB1. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:102853. [PMID: 36592928 PMCID: PMC9926122 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The kinetochore establishes the linkage between chromosomes and the spindle microtubule plus ends during mitosis. In vertebrates, the spindle-kinetochore-associated (Ska1,2,3) complex stabilizes kinetochore attachment with the microtubule plus ends, but how Ska is recruited to and stabilized at the kinetochore-microtubule interface is not understood. Here, our results show that interaction of Ska1 with the general microtubule plus end-associated protein EB1 through a conserved motif regulates Ska recruitment to kinetochores in human cells. Ska1 forms a stable complex with EB1 via interaction with the motif in its N-terminal disordered loop region. Disruption of this interaction either by deleting or mutating the motif disrupts Ska complex recruitment to kinetochores and induces chromosome alignment defects, but it does not affect Ska complex assembly. Atomic-force microscopy imaging revealed that Ska1 is anchored to the C-terminal region of the EB1 dimer through its loop and thereby promotes formation of extended structures. Furthermore, our NMR data showed that the Ska1 motif binds to the residues in EB1 that are the binding sites of other plus end targeting proteins that are recruited to microtubules by EB1 through a similar conserved motif. Collectively, our results demonstrate that EB1-mediated Ska1 recruitment onto the microtubule serves as a general mechanism for the formation of vertebrate kinetochore-microtubule attachments and metaphase chromosome alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjith M Radhakrishnan
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Safwa T Kizhakkeduth
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Vishnu M Nair
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Shine Ayyappan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - R Bhagya Lakshmi
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Neethu Babu
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Anjaly Prasannajith
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Kenichi Umeda
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-Nano LSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Vinesh Vijayan
- School of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Noriyuki Kodera
- Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-Nano LSI), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Tapas K Manna
- School of Biology, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
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12
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Petrova DP, Khabudaev KV, Bedoshvili YD, Likhoshway YV. Phylogeny and structural peculiarities of the EB proteins of diatoms. J Struct Biol 2021; 213:107775. [PMID: 34364984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2021.107775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The end-binding proteins are a family of microtubule-associated proteins; this family belongs to plus-end-tracking proteins (+TIPs) that regulate microtubule growth and stabilisation. Although the genes encoding EB proteins are found in all eukaryotic genomes, most studies of them have centred on one or another taxonomic group, without a broad comparative analysis. Here, we present a first phylogenetic analysis and a comparative analysis of domain structures of diatom EB proteins in comparison with other phyla of Chromista, red and green algae, as well as model organisms A. thaliana and H. sapiens. Phylogenetically, diatom EB proteins are separated into six clades, generally corresponding to the phylogeny of their respective organisms. The domain structure of this family is highly variable, but the CH and EBH domains responsible for binding tubulin and other MAPs are mostly conserved. Homologous modelling of the F. cylindrus EB protein shows that conserved motifs of the CH domain are positioned on the protein surface, which is necessary for their functioning. We hypothesise that high variance of the diatom C-terminal domain is caused by previously unknown interactions with a CAP-GLY motif of dynactin subunit p150. Our findings contribute to wider possibilities for further investigations of the cytoskeleton in diatoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya P Petrova
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
| | - Kirill V Khabudaev
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia
| | | | - Yelena V Likhoshway
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia.
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13
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Adriaans IE, Hooikaas PJ, Aher A, Vromans MJ, van Es RM, Grigoriev I, Akhmanova A, Lens SM. MKLP2 Is a Motile Kinesin that Transports the Chromosomal Passenger Complex during Anaphase. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2628-2637.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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14
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Collective effects of XMAP215, EB1, CLASP2, and MCAK lead to robust microtubule treadmilling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12847-12855. [PMID: 32457163 PMCID: PMC7293651 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2003191117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Treadmilling is a complex behavior of active polymers characterized by polymerization at one polymer end and simultaneous depolymerization at the other end. Treadmilling is an essential feature of cytoskeletal filaments driving actin-based cell motility, bacterial cell division and transport, and reorganization of microtubule arrays in plants. Although microtubule treadmilling occurs in many cellular contexts, how cells coordinate growth at microtubule plus ends and shrinkage at microtubule minus ends to achieve treadmilling is not understood. Here, we employ predictive computational modeling and a multiprotein in vitro assay to reconstitute cellular-like microtubule treadmilling. Our work provides a deeper understanding of how active polymer systems can be tuned to give rise to robust yet dynamic cytoskeletal architectures. Microtubule network remodeling is essential for fundamental cellular processes including cell division, differentiation, and motility. Microtubules are active biological polymers whose ends stochastically and independently switch between phases of growth and shrinkage. Microtubule treadmilling, in which the microtubule plus end grows while the minus end shrinks, is observed in cells; however, the underlying mechanisms are not known. Here, we use a combination of computational and in vitro reconstitution approaches to determine the conditions leading to robust microtubule treadmilling. We find that microtubules polymerized from tubulin alone can treadmill, albeit with opposite directionality and order-of-magnitude slower rates than observed in cells. We then employ computational simulations to predict that the combinatory effects of four microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs), namely EB1, XMAP215, CLASP2, and MCAK, can promote fast and sustained plus-end-leading treadmilling. Finally, we experimentally confirm the predictions of our computational model using a multi-MAP, in vitro microtubule dynamics assay to reconstitute robust plus-end-leading treadmilling, consistent with observations in cells. Our results demonstrate how microtubule dynamics can be modulated to achieve a dynamic balance between assembly and disassembly at opposite polymer ends, resulting in treadmilling over long periods of time. Overall, we show how the collective effects of multiple components give rise to complex microtubule behavior that may be used for global network remodeling in cells.
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15
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Rodríguez-García R, Volkov VA, Chen CY, Katrukha EA, Olieric N, Aher A, Grigoriev I, López MP, Steinmetz MO, Kapitein LC, Koenderink G, Dogterom M, Akhmanova A. Mechanisms of Motor-Independent Membrane Remodeling Driven by Dynamic Microtubules. Curr Biol 2020; 30:972-987.e12. [PMID: 32032506 PMCID: PMC7090928 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule-dependent organization of membranous organelles occurs through motor-based pulling and by coupling microtubule dynamics to membrane remodeling. For example, tubules of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can be extended by kinesin- and dynein-mediated transport and through the association with the tips of dynamic microtubules. The binding between ER and growing microtubule plus ends requires End Binding (EB) proteins and the transmembrane protein STIM1, which form a tip-attachment complex (TAC), but it is unknown whether these proteins are sufficient for membrane remodeling. Furthermore, EBs and their partners undergo rapid turnover at microtubule ends, and it is unclear how highly transient protein-protein interactions can induce load-bearing processive motion. Here, we reconstituted membrane tubulation in a minimal system with giant unilamellar vesicles, dynamic microtubules, an EB protein, and a membrane-bound protein that can interact with EBs and microtubules. We showed that these components are sufficient to drive membrane remodeling by three mechanisms: membrane tubulation induced by growing microtubule ends, motor-independent membrane sliding along microtubule shafts, and membrane pulling by shrinking microtubules. Experiments and modeling demonstrated that the first two mechanisms can be explained by adhesion-driven biased membrane spreading on microtubules. Optical trapping revealed that growing and shrinking microtubule ends can exert forces of ∼0.5 and ∼5 pN, respectively, through attached proteins. Rapidly exchanging molecules that connect membranes to dynamic microtubules can thus bear a sufficient load to induce membrane deformation and motility. Furthermore, combining TAC components and a membrane-attached kinesin in the same in vitro assays demonstrated that they can cooperate in promoting membrane tubule extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruddi Rodríguez-García
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584, the Netherlands
| | - Vladimir A Volkov
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629, the Netherlands
| | - Chiung-Yi Chen
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584, the Netherlands
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584, the Netherlands
| | - Natacha Olieric
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Amol Aher
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584, the Netherlands
| | - Ilya Grigoriev
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584, the Netherlands
| | | | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen 5232, Switzerland; University of Basel, Biozentrum, Klingelbergstrasse, Basel 4056, Switzerland
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584, the Netherlands
| | - Gijsje Koenderink
- Department of Living Matter, AMOLF, Science Park 104, Amsterdam 1098, the Netherlands
| | - Marileen Dogterom
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, Delft 2629, the Netherlands.
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584, the Netherlands.
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16
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Wagenbach M, Vicente JJ, Ovechkina Y, Domnitz S, Wordeman L. Functional characterization of MCAK/Kif2C cancer mutations using high-throughput microscopic analysis. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:580-588. [PMID: 31746663 PMCID: PMC7202071 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-09-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The microtubule (MT)-depolymerizing activity of MCAK/Kif2C can be quantified by expressing the motor in cultured cells and measuring tubulin fluorescence levels after enough hours have passed to allow tubulin autoregulation to proceed. This method allows us to score the impact of point mutations within the motor domain. We found that, despite their distinctly different activities, many mutations that impact transport kinesins also impair MCAK/Kif2C's depolymerizing activity. We improved our workflow using CellProfiler to significantly speed up the imaging and analysis of transfected cells. This allowed us to rapidly interrogate a number of MCAK/Kif2C motor domain mutations documented in the cancer database cBioPortal. We found that a large proportion of these mutations adversely impact the motor. Using green fluorescent protein-FKBP-MCAK CRISPR cells we found that one deleterious hot-spot mutation increased chromosome instability in a wild-type (WT) background, suggesting that such mutants have the potential to promote tumor karyotype evolution. We also found that increasing WT MCAK/Kif2C protein levels over that of endogenous MCAK/Kif2C similarly increased chromosome instability. Thus, endogenous MCAK/Kif2C activity in normal cells is tuned to a mean level to achieve maximal suppression of chromosome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Wagenbach
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Juan Jesus Vicente
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Yulia Ovechkina
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Sarah Domnitz
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Linda Wordeman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195
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17
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Rai A, Liu T, Glauser S, Katrukha EA, Estévez-Gallego J, Rodríguez-García R, Fang WS, Díaz JF, Steinmetz MO, Altmann KH, Kapitein LC, Moores CA, Akhmanova A. Taxanes convert regions of perturbed microtubule growth into rescue sites. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:355-365. [PMID: 31819210 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0546-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are polymers of tubulin dimers, and conformational transitions in the microtubule lattice drive microtubule dynamic instability and affect various aspects of microtubule function. The exact nature of these transitions and their modulation by anticancer drugs such as Taxol and epothilone, which can stabilize microtubules but also perturb their growth, are poorly understood. Here, we directly visualize the action of fluorescent Taxol and epothilone derivatives and show that microtubules can transition to a state that triggers cooperative drug binding to form regions with altered lattice conformation. Such regions emerge at growing microtubule ends that are in a pre-catastrophe state, and inhibit microtubule growth and shortening. Electron microscopy and in vitro dynamics data indicate that taxane accumulation zones represent incomplete tubes that can persist, incorporate tubulin dimers and repeatedly induce microtubule rescues. Thus, taxanes modulate the material properties of microtubules by converting destabilized growing microtubule ends into regions resistant to depolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Rai
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tianyang Liu
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Simon Glauser
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Juan Estévez-Gallego
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruddi Rodríguez-García
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wei-Shuo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Beijing, China
| | - J Fernando Díaz
- Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Biozentrum, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Carolyn A Moores
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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18
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EB1-dependent long survival of glioblastoma-grafted mice with the oral tubulin-binder BAL101553 is associated with inhibition of tumor angiogenesis. Oncotarget 2020; 11:759-774. [PMID: 32165998 PMCID: PMC7055546 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) are aggressive brain tumors with limited treatment options. Cancer stem-like cells (CSLCs) contribute to GBM invasiveness, representing promising targets. BAL101553, a prodrug of BAL27862, is a novel small molecule tubulin-binding agent, promoting tumor cell death through spindle assembly checkpoint activation, which is currently in Phase 1/2a in advanced solid tumor patients including GBM. This study aimed to evaluate long-term daily oral BAL101553 treatment of mice orthotopically grafted with GBM CSLCs (GBM6) according to EB1 expression-level, and to decipher its mechanism of action on GBM stem cells. Oral treatment with BAL101553 for 100 days provoked a large EB1 expression level-dependent survival benefit, together with a decrease in tumor growth and brain invasion. Formation of vascular structures by the fluorescent GBM6-GFP-sh0 cells, mimicking endothelial vascular networks, was observed in the brains of control grafted mice. Following BAL101553 treatment, vessels were no longer detectable, suggesting inhibition of the endothelial trans-differentiation of GBM stem cells. In vitro, BAL27862 treatment resulted in a switch to the endothelial-like phenotype of GBM6 towards an astrocytic phenotype. Moreover, the drug inhibited secretion of VEGF, thus preventing normal endothelial cell migration activated by CSLCs. The decrease in VEGF secretion was confirmed in a human GBM explant following drug treatment. Altogether, our data first confirm the potential of EB1 expression as a response-predictive biomarker of BAL101553 in GBM we previously published and add new insights in BAL101553 long-term action by counteracting CSLCs mediated tumor angiogenesis. Our results strongly support BAL101553 clinical studies in GBM patients.
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19
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Roostalu J, Thomas C, Cade NI, Kunzelmann S, Taylor IA, Surrey T. The speed of GTP hydrolysis determines GTP cap size and controls microtubule stability. eLife 2020; 9:e51992. [PMID: 32053491 PMCID: PMC7018511 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are cytoskeletal polymers whose function depends on their property to switch between states of growth and shrinkage. Growing microtubules are thought to be stabilized by a GTP cap at their ends. The nature of this cap, however, is still poorly understood. End Binding proteins (EBs) recruit a diverse range of regulators of microtubule function to growing microtubule ends. Whether the EB binding region is identical to the GTP cap is unclear. Using mutated human tubulin with blocked GTP hydrolysis, we demonstrate that EBs bind with high affinity to the GTP conformation of microtubules. Slowing-down GTP hydrolysis leads to extended GTP caps. We find that cap length determines microtubule stability and that the microtubule conformation changes gradually in the cap as GTP is hydrolyzed. These results demonstrate the critical importance of the kinetics of GTP hydrolysis for microtubule stability and establish that the GTP cap coincides with the EB-binding region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Surrey
- The Francis Crick InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
- Centre for Genomic RegulationBarcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyBarcelonaSpain
- ICREABarcelonaSpain
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20
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van de Willige D, Hummel JJ, Alkemade C, Kahn OI, Au FK, Qi RZ, Dogterom M, Koenderink GH, Hoogenraad CC, Akhmanova A. Cytolinker Gas2L1 regulates axon morphology through microtubule-modulated actin stabilization. EMBO Rep 2019; 20:e47732. [PMID: 31486213 PMCID: PMC6831992 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201947732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Crosstalk between the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons underlies cellular morphogenesis. Interactions between actin filaments and microtubules are particularly important for establishing the complex polarized morphology of neurons. Here, we characterized the neuronal function of growth arrest‐specific 2‐like 1 (Gas2L1), a protein that can directly bind to actin, microtubules and microtubule plus‐end‐tracking end binding proteins. We found that Gas2L1 promotes axon branching, but restricts axon elongation in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Using pull‐down experiments and in vitro reconstitution assays, in which purified Gas2L1 was combined with actin and dynamic microtubules, we demonstrated that Gas2L1 is autoinhibited. This autoinhibition is relieved by simultaneous binding to actin filaments and microtubules. In neurons, Gas2L1 primarily localizes to the actin cytoskeleton and functions as an actin stabilizer. The microtubule‐binding tail region of Gas2L1 directs its actin‐stabilizing activity towards the axon. We propose that Gas2L1 acts as an actin regulator, the function of which is spatially modulated by microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieudonnée van de Willige
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Ja Hummel
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Celine Alkemade
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.,Living Matter Department, AMOLF, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Olga I Kahn
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Franco Kc Au
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Robert Z Qi
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Marileen Dogterom
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Department of Biology, Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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21
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Strothman C, Farmer V, Arpağ G, Rodgers N, Podolski M, Norris S, Ohi R, Zanic M. Microtubule minus-end stability is dictated by the tubulin off-rate. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:2841-2853. [PMID: 31420452 PMCID: PMC6719460 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201905019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic organization of microtubule minus ends is vital for the formation and maintenance of acentrosomal microtubule arrays. In vitro, both microtubule ends switch between phases of assembly and disassembly, a behavior called dynamic instability. Although minus ends grow slower, their lifetimes are similar to those of plus ends. The mechanisms underlying these distinct dynamics remain unknown. Here, we use an in vitro reconstitution approach to investigate minus-end dynamics. We find that minus-end lifetimes are not defined by the mean size of the protective GTP-tubulin cap. Rather, we conclude that the distinct tubulin off-rate is the primary determinant of the difference between plus- and minus-end dynamics. Further, our results show that the minus-end-directed kinesin-14 HSET/KIFC1 suppresses tubulin off-rate to specifically suppress minus-end catastrophe. HSET maintains its protective minus-end activity even when challenged by a known microtubule depolymerase, kinesin-13 MCAK. Our results provide novel insight into the mechanisms of minus-end dynamics, essential for our understanding of microtubule minus-end regulation in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Strothman
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Veronica Farmer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Göker Arpağ
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Nicole Rodgers
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Marija Podolski
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Stephen Norris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
| | - Ryoma Ohi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Marija Zanic
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
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22
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Fréal A, Rai D, Tas RP, Pan X, Katrukha EA, van de Willige D, Stucchi R, Aher A, Yang C, Altelaar AFM, Vocking K, Post JA, Harterink M, Kapitein LC, Akhmanova A, Hoogenraad CC. Feedback-Driven Assembly of the Axon Initial Segment. Neuron 2019; 104:305-321.e8. [PMID: 31474508 PMCID: PMC6839619 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The axon initial segment (AIS) is a unique neuronal compartment that plays a crucial role in the generation of action potential and neuronal polarity. The assembly of the AIS requires membrane, scaffolding, and cytoskeletal proteins, including Ankyrin-G and TRIM46. How these components cooperate in AIS formation is currently poorly understood. Here, we show that Ankyrin-G acts as a scaffold interacting with End-Binding (EB) proteins and membrane proteins such as Neurofascin-186 to recruit TRIM46-positive microtubules to the plasma membrane. Using in vitro reconstitution and cellular assays, we demonstrate that TRIM46 forms parallel microtubule bundles and stabilizes them by acting as a rescue factor. TRIM46-labeled microtubules drive retrograde transport of Neurofascin-186 to the proximal axon, where Ankyrin-G prevents its endocytosis, resulting in stable accumulation of Neurofascin-186 at the AIS. Neurofascin-186 enrichment in turn reinforces membrane anchoring of Ankyrin-G and subsequent recruitment of TRIM46-decorated microtubules. Our study reveals feedback-based mechanisms driving AIS assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Fréal
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Axonal Signaling, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dipti Rai
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roderick P Tas
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Xingxiu Pan
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Dieudonnée van de Willige
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Riccardo Stucchi
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands; Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Amol Aher
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Chao Yang
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A F Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Netherlands Proteomics Center, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Karin Vocking
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Andries Post
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Martin Harterink
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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23
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Serre L, Stoppin-Mellet V, Arnal I. Adenomatous Polyposis Coli as a Scaffold for Microtubule End-Binding Proteins. J Mol Biol 2019; 431:1993-2005. [PMID: 30959051 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
End-binding proteins (EBs), referred to as the core components of the microtubule plus-end tracking protein network, interact with the C-terminus of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) tumor suppressor. This interaction is disrupted in colon cancers expressing truncated APC. APC and EBs act in synergy to regulate microtubule dynamics during spindle formation, chromosome segregation and cell migration. Since EBs autonomously end-track microtubules and partially co-localize with APC at microtubule tips in cells, EBs have been proposed to direct APC to microtubule ends. However, the interdependency of EB and APC localization on microtubules remains elusive. Here, using in vitro reconstitution and single-molecule imaging, we have investigated the interplay between EBs and the C-terminal domain of APC (APC-C) on dynamic microtubules. Our results show that APC-C binds along the microtubule wall but does not accumulate at microtubule tips, even when EB proteins are present. APC-C was also found to enhance EB binding at the extremity of growing microtubules and on the microtubule lattice: APC-C promotes EB end-tracking properties by increasing the time EBs spend at microtubule growing ends, whereas a pool of EBs with a fast turnover accumulates along the microtubule surface. Overall, our results suggest that APC is a promoter of EB interaction with microtubules, providing molecular determinants to reassess the relationship between APC and EBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Serre
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, INSERM U1216, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, 38000 France.
| | - Virginie Stoppin-Mellet
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, INSERM U1216, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, 38000 France
| | - Isabelle Arnal
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, INSERM U1216, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, 38000 France.
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24
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Cilia Distal Domain: Diversity in Evolutionarily Conserved Structures. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020160. [PMID: 30769894 PMCID: PMC6406257 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cilia are microtubule-based organelles that protrude from the cell surface to fulfill sensory and motility functions. Their basic structure consists of an axoneme templated by a centriole/basal body. Striking differences in ciliary ultra-structures can be found at the ciliary base, the axoneme and the tip, not only throughout the eukaryotic tree of life, but within a single organism. Defects in cilia biogenesis and function are at the origin of human ciliopathies. This structural/functional diversity and its relationship with the etiology of these diseases is poorly understood. Some of the important events in cilia function occur at their distal domain, including cilia assembly/disassembly, IFT (intraflagellar transport) complexes' remodeling, and signal detection/transduction. How axonemal microtubules end at this domain varies with distinct cilia types, originating different tip architectures. Additionally, they show a high degree of dynamic behavior and are able to respond to different stimuli. The existence of microtubule-capping structures (caps) in certain types of cilia contributes to this diversity. It has been proposed that caps play a role in axoneme length control and stabilization, but their roles are still poorly understood. Here, we review the current knowledge on cilia structure diversity with a focus on the cilia distal domain and caps and discuss how they affect cilia structure and function.
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25
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McHugh T, Zou J, Volkov VA, Bertin A, Talapatra SK, Rappsilber J, Dogterom M, Welburn JPI. The depolymerase activity of MCAK shows a graded response to Aurora B kinase phosphorylation through allosteric regulation. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.228353. [PMID: 30578316 PMCID: PMC6398471 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.228353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Kinesin-13 motors regulate precise microtubule dynamics and limit microtubule length throughout metazoans by depolymerizing microtubule ends. Recently, the kinesin-13 motor family member MCAK (also known Kif2C) has been proposed to undergo large conformational changes during its catalytic cycle, as it switches from being in solution to being bound to microtubules. Here, we reveal that MCAK has a compact conformation in solution through crosslinking and electron microscopy experiments. When MCAK is bound to the microtubule ends, it adopts an extended conformation with the N-terminus and neck region of MCAK interacting with the microtubule. Interestingly, the region of MCAK that interacts with the microtubule is the region phosphorylated by Aurora B and contains an end binding (EB) protein-binding motif. The level of phosphorylation of the N-terminus results in a graded microtubule depolymerase activity. Here, we show that the N-terminus of MCAK forms a platform to integrate Aurora B kinase downstream signals and in response fine-tunes its depolymerase activity during mitosis. We propose that this allosteric control mechanism allows decoupling of the N-terminus from the motor domain of MCAK to allow MCAK depolymerase activity at kinetochores. Summary: The kinesin-13 MCAK has a compact conformation in solution but is extended when bound to microtubules. Aurora B phosphorylation of MCAK inhibits depolymerase activity by disrupting its extended conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni McHugh
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Juan Zou
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Vladimir A Volkov
- Department of Bionanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2629, The Netherlands
| | - Aurélie Bertin
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005 Paris, France.,Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sandeep K Talapatra
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK.,Chair of Bioanalytics, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin 10623, Germany
| | - Marileen Dogterom
- Department of Bionanoscience, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Delft 2629, The Netherlands
| | - Julie P I Welburn
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
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26
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Zwetsloot AJ, Tut G, Straube A. Measuring microtubule dynamics. Essays Biochem 2018; 62:725-735. [PMID: 30287587 PMCID: PMC6281472 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20180035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules are key players in cellular self-organization, acting as structural scaffolds, cellular highways, force generators and signalling platforms. Microtubules are polar filaments that undergo dynamic instability, i.e. transition between phases of growth and shrinkage. This allows microtubules to explore the inner space of the cell, generate pushing and pulling forces and remodel themselves into arrays with different geometry and function such as the mitotic spindle. To do this, eukaryotic cells employ an arsenal of regulatory proteins to control microtubule dynamics spatially and temporally. Plants and microorganisms have developed secondary metabolites that perturb microtubule dynamics, many of which are in active use as cancer chemotherapeutics and anti-inflammatory drugs. Here, we summarize the methods used to visualize microtubules and to measure the parameters of dynamic instability to study both microtubule regulatory proteins and the action of small molecules interfering with microtubule assembly and/or disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander James Zwetsloot
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
- MRC Doctoral Training Partnership, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Gokhan Tut
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
- MRC Doctoral Training Partnership, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Anne Straube
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K.
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
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27
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Parts list for a microtubule depolymerising kinesin. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:1665-1672. [PMID: 30467119 PMCID: PMC6299235 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The Kinesin superfamily is a large group of molecular motors that use the turnover of ATP to regulate their interaction with the microtubule cytoskeleton. The coupled relationship between nucleotide turnover and microtubule binding is harnessed in various ways by these motors allowing them to carry out a variety of cellular functions. The Kinesin-13 family is a group of specialist microtubule depolymerising motors. Members of this family use their microtubule destabilising activity to regulate processes such as chromosome segregation, maintenance of cilia and neuronal development. Here, we describe the current understanding of the structure of this family of kinesins and the role different parts of these proteins play in their microtubule depolymerisation activity and in the wider function of this family of kinesins.
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28
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Roth D, Fitton BP, Chmel NP, Wasiluk N, Straube A. Spatial positioning of EB family proteins at microtubule tips involves distinct nucleotide-dependent binding properties. J Cell Sci 2018; 132:jcs.219550. [PMID: 30262468 PMCID: PMC6398475 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.219550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
EB proteins track the ends of growing microtubules and regulate microtubule dynamics both directly and by acting as the hub of the tip-tracking network. Mammalian cells express cell type-specific combinations of three EB proteins with different cellular roles. Here, we reconstitute EB1, EB2 and EB3 tip tracking in vitro. We find that all three EBs show rapid exchange at the microtubule tip and that their signal correlates to the microtubule assembly rate. However, the three signals differ in their maxima and position from the microtubule tip. Using microtubules built with nucleotide analogues and site-directed mutagenesis, we show that EB2 prefers binding to microtubule lattices containing a 1:1 mixture of different nucleotides and its distinct binding specificity is conferred by amino acid substitutions at the right-hand-side interface of the EB microtubule-binding domain with tubulin. Our data are consistent with the model that all three EB paralogues sense the nucleotide state of both β-tubulins flanking their binding site. Their different profile of preferred binding sites contributes to occupying spatially distinct domains at the temporally evolving microtubule tip structure. Summary:In vitro reconstitution of tip tracking with EB1, EB2 and EB3 shows that these three proteins sense the nucleotide state of both β-tubulins flanking their binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Roth
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology (CMCB), University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Benjamin P Fitton
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology (CMCB), University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.,Molecular Organisation and Assembly in Cells (MOAC) Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Nikola P Chmel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Natalia Wasiluk
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology (CMCB), University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Anne Straube
- Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology (CMCB), University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK .,Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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29
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Roostalu J, Rickman J, Thomas C, Nédélec F, Surrey T. Determinants of Polar versus Nematic Organization in Networks of Dynamic Microtubules and Mitotic Motors. Cell 2018; 175:796-808.e14. [PMID: 30340043 PMCID: PMC6198040 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
During cell division, mitotic motors organize microtubules in the bipolar spindle into either polar arrays at the spindle poles or a "nematic" network of aligned microtubules at the spindle center. The reasons for the distinct self-organizing capacities of dynamic microtubules and different motors are not understood. Using in vitro reconstitution experiments and computer simulations, we show that the human mitotic motors kinesin-5 KIF11 and kinesin-14 HSET, despite opposite directionalities, can both organize dynamic microtubules into either polar or nematic networks. We show that in addition to the motor properties the natural asymmetry between microtubule plus- and minus-end growth critically contributes to the organizational potential of the motors. We identify two control parameters that capture system composition and kinetic properties and predict the outcome of microtubule network organization. These results elucidate a fundamental design principle of spindle bipolarity and establish general rules for active filament network organization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jamie Rickman
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Claire Thomas
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - François Nédélec
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Thomas Surrey
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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30
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Aher A, Kok M, Sharma A, Rai A, Olieric N, Rodriguez-Garcia R, Katrukha EA, Weinert T, Olieric V, Kapitein LC, Steinmetz MO, Dogterom M, Akhmanova A. CLASP Suppresses Microtubule Catastrophes through a Single TOG Domain. Dev Cell 2018; 46:40-58.e8. [PMID: 29937387 PMCID: PMC6035287 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic instability of microtubules plays a key role in controlling their organization and function, but the cellular mechanisms regulating this process are poorly understood. Here, we show that cytoplasmic linker-associated proteins (CLASPs) suppress transitions from microtubule growth to shortening, termed catastrophes, including those induced by microtubule-destabilizing agents and physical barriers. Mammalian CLASPs encompass three TOG-like domains, TOG1, TOG2, and TOG3, none of which bind to free tubulin. TOG2 is essential for catastrophe suppression, whereas TOG3 mildly enhances rescues but cannot suppress catastrophes. These functions are inhibited by the C-terminal domain of CLASP2, while the TOG1 domain can release this auto-inhibition. TOG2 fused to a positively charged microtubule-binding peptide autonomously accumulates at growing but not shrinking ends, suppresses catastrophes, and stimulates rescues. CLASPs suppress catastrophes by stabilizing growing microtubule ends, including incomplete ones, preventing their depolymerization and promoting their recovery into complete tubes. TOG2 domain is the key determinant of these activities. CLASPs potently suppress microtubule catastrophes induced by different mechanisms CLASPs act by stabilizing growing microtubule ends, including incomplete ones CLASP2 TOG-like domain, TOG2, is necessary and sufficient for catastrophe inhibition TOG2 fused to a positively charged peptide accumulates at growing microtubule ends
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Aher
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Maurits Kok
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Ashwani Sharma
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Ankit Rai
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Natacha Olieric
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Ruddi Rodriguez-Garcia
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tobias Weinert
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Olieric
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, CH-5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland; University of Basel, Biozentrum, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marileen Dogterom
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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31
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Parker AL, Teo WS, Pandzic E, Vicente JJ, McCarroll JA, Wordeman L, Kavallaris M. β-tubulin carboxy-terminal tails exhibit isotype-specific effects on microtubule dynamics in human gene-edited cells. Life Sci Alliance 2018; 1. [PMID: 30079401 PMCID: PMC6070155 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201800059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study used human gene-edited cell models and image analysis to reveal that the tubulin C-terminal tails specifically regulate the dynamics of individual microtubules and coordinate microtubule behavior across the cell. Microtubules are highly dynamic structures that play an integral role in fundamental cellular functions. Different α- and β-tubulin isotypes are thought to confer unique dynamic properties to microtubules. The tubulin isotypes have highly conserved structures, differing mainly in their carboxy-terminal (C-terminal) tail sequences. However, little is known about the importance of the C-terminal tail in regulating and coordinating microtubule dynamics. We developed syngeneic human cell models using gene editing to precisely modify the β-tubulin C-terminal tail region while preserving the endogenous microtubule network. Fluorescent microscopy of live cells, coupled with advanced image analysis, revealed that the β-tubulin C-terminal tails differentially coordinate the collective and individual dynamic behavior of microtubules by affecting microtubule growth rates and explorative microtubule assembly in an isotype-specific manner. Furthermore, βI- and βIII-tubulin C-terminal tails differentially regulate the sensitivity of microtubules to tubulin-binding agents and the microtubule depolymerizing protein mitotic centromere-associated kinesin. The sequence of the β-tubulin tail encodes regulatory information that instructs and coordinates microtubule dynamics, thereby fine-tuning microtubule dynamics to support cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia L Parker
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia 2031.,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine and ARC Centre of Excellence for Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia 2052.,School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia 2052
| | - Wee Siang Teo
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia 2031.,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine and ARC Centre of Excellence for Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia 2052.,School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia 2052
| | - Elvis Pandzic
- Biomedical Imaging Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia 2052
| | - Juan Jesus Vicente
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98195-7290
| | - Joshua A McCarroll
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia 2031.,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine and ARC Centre of Excellence for Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia 2052.,School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia 2052
| | - Linda Wordeman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA 98195-7290
| | - Maria Kavallaris
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia 2031.,Australian Centre for NanoMedicine and ARC Centre of Excellence for Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia 2052.,School of Women's and Children's Health, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia 2052
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32
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van Haren J, Charafeddine RA, Ettinger A, Wang H, Hahn KM, Wittmann T. Local control of intracellular microtubule dynamics by EB1 photodissociation. Nat Cell Biol 2018; 20:252-261. [PMID: 29379139 PMCID: PMC5826794 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-017-0028-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
End-binding proteins, EBs, are adaptors that recruit functionally diverse +TIP proteins to growing microtubule plus ends. To test with high spatial and temporal accuracy how, when and where +TIP protein complexes contribute to dynamic cell biology, we developed a photo-inactivated EB1 variant (π-EB1) by inserting a blue light-sensitive protein-protein interaction module between the microtubule- and +TIP-binding domains of EB1. π-EB1 replaces endogenous EB1 function in the absence of blue light. In contrast, blue light-mediated π-EB1 photo-dissociation results in rapid +TIP complex disassembly, and acutely and reversibly attenuates microtubule growth independent of microtubule end association of the microtubule polymerase CKAP5 (ch-TOG, XMAP215). Local π-EB1 photo-dissociation allows subcellular microtubule dynamics control at the second and micrometre scale, and elicits aversive turning of migrating cancer cells. Importantly, light-mediated domain splitting can serve as template to optically control other intracellular protein activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey van Haren
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Rabab A Charafeddine
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Ettinger
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Institute of Epigenetics and Stem Cells, Helmholtz Center Munich, München, Germany
| | - Hui Wang
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Klaus M Hahn
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Torsten Wittmann
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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33
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Lakshmi RB, Nair VM, Manna TK. Regulators of spindle microtubules and their mechanisms: Living together matters. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:101-111. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Bhagya Lakshmi
- School of Biology; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, CET Campus; Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India
| | - Vishnu M. Nair
- School of Biology; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, CET Campus; Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India
| | - Tapas K. Manna
- School of Biology; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, CET Campus; Thiruvananthapuram Kerala India
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34
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Patel JT, Belsham HR, Rathbone AJ, Wickstead B, Gell C, Friel CT. The family-specific α4-helix of the kinesin-13, MCAK, is critical to microtubule end recognition. Open Biol 2017; 6:rsob.160223. [PMID: 27733589 PMCID: PMC5090061 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Kinesins that influence the dynamics of microtubule growth and shrinkage require the ability to distinguish between the microtubule end and the microtubule lattice. The microtubule depolymerizing kinesin MCAK has been shown to specifically recognize the microtubule end. This ability is key to the action of MCAK in regulating microtubule dynamics. We show that the α4-helix of the motor domain is crucial to microtubule end recognition. Mutation of the residues K524, E525 and R528, which are located in the C-terminal half of the α4-helix, specifically disrupts the ability of MCAK to recognize the microtubule end. Mutation of these residues, which are conserved in the kinesin-13 family and discriminate members of this family from translocating kinesins, impairs the ability of MCAK to discriminate between the microtubule lattice and the microtubule end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer T Patel
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, QMC, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Hannah R Belsham
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, QMC, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Alexandra J Rathbone
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, QMC, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Bill Wickstead
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, QMC, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Christopher Gell
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, QMC, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Claire T Friel
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Medical School, QMC, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
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35
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Jha R, Roostalu J, Cade NI, Trokter M, Surrey T. Combinatorial regulation of the balance between dynein microtubule end accumulation and initiation of directed motility. EMBO J 2017; 36:3387-3404. [PMID: 29038173 PMCID: PMC5686545 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic dynein is involved in a multitude of essential cellular functions. Dynein's activity is controlled by the combinatorial action of several regulatory proteins. The molecular mechanism of this regulation is still poorly understood. Using purified proteins, we reconstitute the regulation of the human dynein complex by three prominent regulators on dynamic microtubules in the presence of end binding proteins (EBs). We find that dynein can be in biochemically and functionally distinct pools: either tracking dynamic microtubule plus-ends in an EB-dependent manner or moving processively towards minus ends in an adaptor protein-dependent manner. Whereas both dynein pools share the dynactin complex, they have opposite preferences for binding other regulators, either the adaptor protein Bicaudal-D2 (BicD2) or the multifunctional regulator Lissencephaly-1 (Lis1). BicD2 and Lis1 together control the overall efficiency of motility initiation. Remarkably, dynactin can bias motility initiation locally from microtubule plus ends by autonomous plus-end recognition. This bias is further enhanced by EBs and Lis1. Our study provides insight into the mechanism of dynein regulation by dissecting the distinct functional contributions of the individual members of a dynein regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupam Jha
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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36
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Barsegov V, Ross JL, Dima RI. Dynamics of microtubules: highlights of recent computational and experimental investigations. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:433003. [PMID: 28812545 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa8670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are found in most eukaryotic cells, with homologs in eubacteria and archea, and they have functional roles in mitosis, cell motility, intracellular transport, and the maintenance of cell shape. Numerous efforts have been expended over the last two decades to characterize the interactions between microtubules and the wide variety of microtubule associated proteins that control their dynamic behavior in cells resulting in microtubules being assembled and disassembled where and when they are required by the cell. We present the main findings regarding microtubule polymerization and depolymerization and review recent work about the molecular motors that modulate microtubule dynamics by inducing either microtubule depolymerization or severing. We also discuss the main experimental and computational approaches used to quantify the thermodynamics and mechanics of microtubule filaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeri Barsegov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, United States of America
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37
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van der Vaart B, Fischböck J, Mieck C, Pichler P, Mechtler K, Medema RH, Westermann S. TORC1 signaling exerts spatial control over microtubule dynamics by promoting nuclear export of Stu2. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3471-3484. [PMID: 28972103 PMCID: PMC5674874 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201606080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
TORC1 regulates microtubule (MT) dynamics in budding yeast, but the key downstream effectors are unknown. van der Vaart et al. show that TORC1 activity before mitosis promotes phosphorylation of the MT polymerase Stu2 near a nuclear export signal, which leads to the nuclear export of Stu2 and reduced nuclear MT growth. The target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) is a highly conserved multiprotein complex that functions in many cellular processes, including cell growth and cell cycle progression. In this study, we define a novel role for TORC1 as a critical regulator of nuclear microtubule (MT) dynamics in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This activity requires interactions between EB1 and CLIP-170 plus end–tracking protein (+TIP) family members with the TORC1 subunit Kog1/Raptor, which in turn allow the TORC1 proximal kinase Sch9/S6K1 to regulate the MT polymerase Stu2/XMAP215. Sch9-dependent phosphorylation of Stu2 adjacent to a nuclear export signal prevents nuclear accumulation of Stu2 before cells enter mitosis. Mutants impaired in +TIP–TORC1 interactions or Stu2 nuclear export show increased nuclear but not cytoplasmic MT length and display nuclear fusion, spindle positioning, and elongation kinetics defects. Our results reveal key mechanisms by which TORC1 signaling controls Stu2 localization and thereby contributes to proper MT cytoskeletal organization in interphase and mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babet van der Vaart
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria .,Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Josef Fischböck
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christine Mieck
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Pichler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Karl Mechtler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - René H Medema
- Division of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stefan Westermann
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria .,Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Center for Medical Biotechnology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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38
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Hess H, Ross JL. Non-equilibrium assembly of microtubules: from molecules to autonomous chemical robots. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:5570-5587. [PMID: 28329028 PMCID: PMC5603359 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00030h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Biological systems have evolved to harness non-equilibrium processes from the molecular to the macro scale. It is currently a grand challenge of chemistry, materials science, and engineering to understand and mimic biological systems that have the ability to autonomously sense stimuli, process these inputs, and respond by performing mechanical work. New chemical systems are responding to the challenge and form the basis for future responsive, adaptive, and active materials. In this article, we describe a particular biochemical-biomechanical network based on the microtubule cytoskeletal filament - itself a non-equilibrium chemical system. We trace the non-equilibrium aspects of the system from molecules to networks and describe how the cell uses this system to perform active work in essential processes. Finally, we discuss how microtubule-based engineered systems can serve as testbeds for autonomous chemical robots composed of biological and synthetic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Hess
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, USA.
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39
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Yang C, Wu J, de Heus C, Grigoriev I, Liv N, Yao Y, Smal I, Meijering E, Klumperman J, Qi RZ, Akhmanova A. EB1 and EB3 regulate microtubule minus end organization and Golgi morphology. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:3179-3198. [PMID: 28814570 PMCID: PMC5626540 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201701024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
End-binding proteins regulate the dynamics and function of microtubule plus ends by recruiting a plethora of diverse factors. Yang et al. show that EB1 and EB3 also affect microtubule minus ends by participating in their attachment to Golgi membranes. This function is important for cell polarity and migration. End-binding proteins (EBs) are the core components of microtubule plus end tracking protein complexes, but it is currently unknown whether they are essential for mammalian microtubule organization. Here, by using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout technology, we generated stable cell lines lacking EB2 and EB3 and the C-terminal partner-binding half of EB1. These cell lines show only mild defects in cell division and microtubule polymerization. However, the length of CAMSAP2-decorated stretches at noncentrosomal microtubule minus ends in these cells is reduced, microtubules are detached from Golgi membranes, and the Golgi complex is more compact. Coorganization of microtubules and Golgi membranes depends on the EB1/EB3–myomegalin complex, which acts as membrane–microtubule tether and counteracts tight clustering of individual Golgi stacks. Disruption of EB1 and EB3 also perturbs cell migration, polarity, and the distribution of focal adhesions. EB1 and EB3 thus affect multiple interphase processes and have a major impact on microtubule minus end organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jingchao Wu
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Cecilia de Heus
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ilya Grigoriev
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Nalan Liv
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ihor Smal
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Erik Meijering
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Biomedical Imaging Group Rotterdam, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Judith Klumperman
- Department of Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Robert Z Qi
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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40
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Sharma A, Aher A, Dynes NJ, Frey D, Katrukha EA, Jaussi R, Grigoriev I, Croisier M, Kammerer RA, Akhmanova A, Gönczy P, Steinmetz MO. Centriolar CPAP/SAS-4 Imparts Slow Processive Microtubule Growth. Dev Cell 2017; 37:362-376. [PMID: 27219064 PMCID: PMC4884677 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Centrioles are fundamental and evolutionarily conserved microtubule-based organelles whose assembly is characterized by microtubule growth rates that are orders of magnitude slower than those of cytoplasmic microtubules. Several centriolar proteins can interact with tubulin or microtubules, but how they ensure the exceptionally slow growth of centriolar microtubules has remained mysterious. Here, we bring together crystallographic, biophysical, and reconstitution assays to demonstrate that the human centriolar protein CPAP (SAS-4 in worms and flies) binds and “caps” microtubule plus ends by associating with a site of β-tubulin engaged in longitudinal tubulin-tubulin interactions. Strikingly, we uncover that CPAP activity dampens microtubule growth and stabilizes microtubules by inhibiting catastrophes and promoting rescues. We further establish that the capping function of CPAP is important to limit growth of centriolar microtubules in cells. Our results suggest that CPAP acts as a molecular lid that ensures slow assembly of centriolar microtubules and, thereby, contributes to organelle length control. CPAP's PN2-3 domain binds to an exposed site on β-tubulin at microtubule plus ends CPAP tracks and caps microtubule plus ends in vitro CPAP dampens microtubule growth in vitro The capping function of CPAP limits centriolar microtubule growth in human cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwani Sharma
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Amol Aher
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola J Dynes
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Frey
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf Jaussi
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Ilya Grigoriev
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Croisier
- Bio-EM Facility, School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Richard A Kammerer
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Pierre Gönczy
- Swiss Institute for Experimental Cancer Research (ISREC), School of Life Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
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41
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Short Linear Sequence Motif LxxPTPh Targets Diverse Proteins to Growing Microtubule Ends. Structure 2017; 25:924-932.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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42
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Jiang K, Rezabkova L, Hua S, Liu Q, Capitani G, Altelaar AFM, Heck AJR, Kammerer RA, Steinmetz MO, Akhmanova A. Microtubule minus-end regulation at spindle poles by an ASPM-katanin complex. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:480-492. [PMID: 28436967 PMCID: PMC5458804 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
ASPM (known as Asp in fly and ASPM-1 in worm) is a microcephaly-associated protein family that regulates spindle architecture, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. Here, we show that ASPM forms a complex with another protein linked to microcephaly, the microtubule-severing ATPase katanin. ASPM and katanin localize to spindle poles in a mutually dependent manner and regulate spindle flux. X-ray crystallography revealed that the heterodimer formed by the N- and C-terminal domains of the katanin subunits p60 and p80, respectively, binds conserved motifs in ASPM. Reconstitution experiments demonstrated that ASPM autonomously tracks growing microtubule minus ends and inhibits their growth, while katanin decorates and bends both ends of dynamic microtubules and potentiates the minus-end blocking activity of ASPM. ASPM also binds along microtubules, recruits katanin and promotes katanin-mediated severing of dynamic microtubules. We propose that the ASPM-katanin complex controls microtubule disassembly at spindle poles and that misregulation of this process can lead to microcephaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Jiang
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lenka Rezabkova
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Shasha Hua
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Qingyang Liu
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Capitani
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - A F Maarten Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard A Kammerer
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Division of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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43
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Baumbach J, Murthy A, McClintock MA, Dix CI, Zalyte R, Hoang HT, Bullock SL. Lissencephaly-1 is a context-dependent regulator of the human dynein complex. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28406398 PMCID: PMC5413349 DOI: 10.7554/elife.21768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytoplasmic dynein-1 (dynein) motor plays a central role in microtubule organisation and cargo transport. These functions are spatially regulated by association of dynein and its accessory complex dynactin with dynamic microtubule plus ends. Here, we elucidate in vitro the roles of dynactin, end-binding protein-1 (EB1) and Lissencephaly-1 (LIS1) in the interaction of end tracking and minus end-directed human dynein complexes with these sites. LIS1 promotes dynactin-dependent tracking of dynein on both growing and shrinking plus ends. LIS1 also increases the frequency and velocity of processive dynein movements that are activated by complex formation with dynactin and a cargo adaptor. This stimulatory effect of LIS1 contrasts sharply with its documented ability to inhibit the activity of isolated dyneins. Collectively, our findings shed light on how mammalian dynein complexes associate with dynamic microtubules and help clarify how LIS1 promotes the plus-end localisation and cargo transport functions of dynein in vivo. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.21768.001
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Baumbach
- Division of Cell Biology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andal Murthy
- Division of Cell Biology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Division of Structural Studies, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A McClintock
- Division of Cell Biology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carly I Dix
- Division of Cell Biology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ruta Zalyte
- Division of Structural Studies, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ha Thi Hoang
- Division of Cell Biology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Simon L Bullock
- Division of Cell Biology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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44
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Breznau EB, Murt M, Blasius TL, Verhey KJ, Miller AL. The MgcRacGAP SxIP motif tethers Centralspindlin to microtubule plus ends in Xenopus laevis. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:1809-1821. [PMID: 28389580 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.195891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Centralspindlin, a complex of the kinesin-6-family member MKLP1 and MgcRacGAP (also known as Kif23 and Racgap1, respectively), is required for cytokinesis and cell-cell junctions. During anaphase, Centralspindlin accumulates at overlapping central spindle microtubules and directs contractile ring formation by recruiting the GEF Ect2 to the cell equator to activate RhoA. We found that MgcRacGAP localized to the plus ends of equatorial astral microtubules during cytokinesis in Xenopus laevis embryos. How MgcRacGAP is stabilized at microtubule plus ends is unknown. We identified an SxIP motif in X. laevis MgcRacGAP that is conserved with other proteins that bind to EB1 (also known as Mapre1), a microtubule plus-end tracking protein. Mutation of the SxIP motif in MgcRacGAP resulted in loss of MgcRacGAP tracking with EB3 (also known as Mapre3) on growing microtubule plus ends, abnormal astral microtubule organization, redistribution of MgcRacGAP from the contractile ring to the polar cell cortex, and mislocalization of RhoA and its downstream targets, which together contributed to severe cytokinesis defects. Furthermore, mutation of the MgcRacGAP SxIP motif perturbed adherens junctions. We propose that the MgcRacGAP SxIP motif is functionally important both for its role in regulating adherens junction structure during interphase and for regulating Rho GTPase activity during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaina B Breznau
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Megan Murt
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - T Lynne Blasius
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Kristen J Verhey
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ann L Miller
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA .,Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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45
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D'Angelo L, Myer NM, Myers KA. MCAK-mediated regulation of endothelial cell microtubule dynamics is mechanosensitive to myosin-II contractility. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1223-1237. [PMID: 28298485 PMCID: PMC5415018 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-05-0306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study indicates that MCAK contributes to the mechanosensing-mediated regulation of MT dynamics through a myosin-II–dependent mechanism that becomes uncoupled in response to 3D ECM engagement specifically within EC branches. Compliance and dimensionality mechanosensing, the processes by which cells sense the physical attributes of the extracellular matrix (ECM), are known to drive cell branching and shape change largely through a myosin-II–mediated reorganization of the actin and microtubule (MT) cytoskeletons. Subcellular regulation of MT dynamics is spatially controlled through a Rac1–Aurora-A kinase pathway that locally inhibits the MT depolymerizing activity of mitotic centromere–associated kinesin (MCAK), thereby promoting leading-edge MT growth and cell polarization. These results suggest that the regulation of MT growth dynamics is intimately linked to physical engagement of the cell with the ECM. Here, we tested the hypothesis that MCAK contributes to compliance and dimensionality mechanosensing-mediated regulation of MT growth dynamics through a myosin-II–dependent signaling pathway. We cultured endothelial cells (ECs) on collagen-coupled stiff or compliant polyacrylamide ECMs to examine the effects of MCAK expression on MT growth dynamics and EC branching morphology. Our results identify that MCAK promotes fast MT growth speeds in ECs cultured on compliant 2D ECMs but promotes slow MT growth speeds in ECs cultured on compliant 3D ECMs, and these effects are myosin-II dependent. Furthermore, we find that 3D ECM engagement uncouples MCAK-mediated regulation of MT growth persistence from myosin-II–mediated regulation of growth persistence specifically within EC branched protrusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren D'Angelo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Nicole M Myer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kenneth A Myers
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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46
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van Riel WE, Rai A, Bianchi S, Katrukha EA, Liu Q, Heck AJ, Hoogenraad CC, Steinmetz MO, Kapitein LC, Akhmanova A. Kinesin-4 KIF21B is a potent microtubule pausing factor. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28290984 PMCID: PMC5383399 DOI: 10.7554/elife.24746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic polymers that in cells can grow, shrink or pause, but the factors that promote pausing are poorly understood. Here, we show that the mammalian kinesin-4 KIF21B is a processive motor that can accumulate at microtubule plus ends and induce pausing. A few KIF21B molecules are sufficient to induce strong growth inhibition of a microtubule plus end in vitro. This property depends on non-motor microtubule-binding domains located in the stalk region and the C-terminal WD40 domain. The WD40-containing KIF21B tail displays preference for a GTP-type over a GDP-type microtubule lattice and contributes to the interaction of KIF21B with microtubule plus ends. KIF21B also contains a motor-inhibiting domain that does not fully block the interaction of the protein with microtubules, but rather enhances its pause-inducing activity by preventing KIF21B detachment from microtubule tips. Thus, KIF21B combines microtubule-binding and regulatory activities that together constitute an autonomous microtubule pausing factor. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24746.001 Microtubules are tiny tubes that cells use as rails to move various cell compartments and structures to different locations within the cell. They are made of building blocks called tubulin and form extensive networks across the cell. Depending on the cell’s needs, microtubule networks can be rapidly assembled and disassembled by adding or removing tubulin subunits at the ends of individual microtubules. While a lot is known about how cells regulate the growth and shrinkage of microtubules, much less is known about the factors that can pause these processes and thus stabilize a microtubule. Proteins belonging to the kinesin family are molecular motors that can walk along microtubules and control how microtubules grow and shrink. A kinesin known as KIF21B is found in several types of cells including neurons and immune cells and genetic alterations in this protein have been linked with several neurodegenerative diseases. KIF21B is made up of three regions: a motor domain, a stalk and a tail domain that binds to microtubules. Recent studies have suggested that this kinesin affects the ability of one end of microtubules (known as the plus end) to grow. Here, van Riel, Rai, Bianchi et al. used a biochemical approach to investigate the activity of KIF21B. The experiments show that KIF21B can walk to the plus end of microtubules and efficiently pause growth. Small numbers of KIF21B molecules are enough to inhibit microtubule growth and this activity depends on the motor domain and the tail domain of KIF21B working together. These experiments were performed a cell-free system and so the next challenge is to investigate how KIF21B works in living cells, including neurons and immune cells. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.24746.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelmina E van Riel
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ankit Rai
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sarah Bianchi
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Qingyang Liu
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Albert Jr Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences and The Netherlands Proteomics Centre, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Casper C Hoogenraad
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Lukas C Kapitein
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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47
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Bohnacker T, Prota AE, Beaufils F, Burke JE, Melone A, Inglis AJ, Rageot D, Sele AM, Cmiljanovic V, Cmiljanovic N, Bargsten K, Aher A, Akhmanova A, Díaz JF, Fabbro D, Zvelebil M, Williams RL, Steinmetz MO, Wymann MP. Deconvolution of Buparlisib's mechanism of action defines specific PI3K and tubulin inhibitors for therapeutic intervention. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14683. [PMID: 28276440 PMCID: PMC5347140 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BKM120 (Buparlisib) is one of the most advanced phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors for the treatment of cancer, but it interferes as an off-target effect with microtubule polymerization. Here, we developed two chemical derivatives that differ from BKM120 by only one atom. We show that these minute changes separate the dual activity of BKM120 into discrete PI3K and tubulin inhibitors. Analysis of the compounds cellular growth arrest phenotypes and microtubule dynamics suggest that the antiproliferative activity of BKM120 is mainly due to microtubule-dependent cytotoxicity rather than through inhibition of PI3K. Crystal structures of BKM120 and derivatives in complex with tubulin and PI3K provide insights into the selective mode of action of this class of drugs. Our results raise concerns over BKM120's generally accepted mode of action, and provide a unique mechanistic basis for next-generation PI3K inhibitors with improved safety profiles and flexibility for use in combination therapies. Buparlisib/BKM120 is in phase 3 clinical trials as a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor. Here, Bohnacker et al. combine chemical biology and structural biology approaches to segregate BKM120's biological actions, and suggest that it causes mitotic arrest predominantly by binding microtubules and disrupting their dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Bohnacker
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea E Prota
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Florent Beaufils
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - John E Burke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Anna Melone
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Denise Rageot
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander M Sele
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Katja Bargsten
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Amol Aher
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Fernando Díaz
- CIB Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Matthias P Wymann
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
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48
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Velot L, Molina A, Rodrigues-Ferreira S, Nehlig A, Bouchet BP, Morel M, Leconte L, Serre L, Arnal I, Braguer D, Savina A, Honore S, Nahmias C. Negative regulation of EB1 turnover at microtubule plus ends by interaction with microtubule-associated protein ATIP3. Oncotarget 2016; 6:43557-70. [PMID: 26498358 PMCID: PMC4791250 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of microtubule dynamics is critical to ensure essential cell functions. End binding protein 1 (EB1) is a master regulator of microtubule dynamics that autonomously binds an extended GTP/GDP-Pi structure at growing microtubule ends and recruits regulatory proteins at this location. However, negative regulation of EB1 association with growing microtubule ends remains poorly understood. We show here that microtubule-associated tumor suppressor ATIP3 interacts with EB1 through direct binding of a non-canonical proline-rich motif. Results indicate that ATIP3 does not localize at growing microtubule ends and that in situ ATIP3-EB1 molecular complexes are mostly detected in the cytosol. We present evidence that a minimal EB1-interacting sequence of ATIP3 is both necessary and sufficient to prevent EB1 accumulation at growing microtubule ends in living cells and that EB1-interaction is involved in reducing cell polarity. By fluorescence recovery of EB1-GFP after photobleaching, we show that ATIP3 silencing accelerates EB1 turnover at microtubule ends with no modification of EB1 diffusion in the cytosol. We propose a novel mechanism by which ATIP3-EB1 interaction indirectly reduces the kinetics of EB1 exchange on its recognition site, thereby accounting for negative regulation of microtubule dynamic instability. Our findings provide a unique example of decreased EB1 turnover at growing microtubule ends by cytosolic interaction with a tumor suppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Velot
- Inserm U981, Institut Gustave Roussy Department of Molecular Medicine, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Angie Molina
- Inserm U981, Institut Gustave Roussy Department of Molecular Medicine, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Rodrigues-Ferreira
- Inserm U981, Institut Gustave Roussy Department of Molecular Medicine, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Anne Nehlig
- Inserm U981, Institut Gustave Roussy Department of Molecular Medicine, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Benjamin Pierre Bouchet
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan, CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Ludovic Leconte
- Cell and Tissue Imaging Core Facilty, PICT-IBiSA, CNRS UMR144 Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Serre
- Inserm U836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Arnal
- Inserm U836, Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Diane Braguer
- Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CRO2 UMR_S 911, Marseille, France.,APHM, Hôpital Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Ariel Savina
- Scientific Partnerships Roche SAS, Boulogne Billancourt, France
| | - Stéphane Honore
- Aix Marseille Université, Inserm, CRO2 UMR_S 911, Marseille, France.,APHM, Hôpital Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Clara Nahmias
- Inserm U981, Institut Gustave Roussy Department of Molecular Medicine, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,CNRS UMR8104, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
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49
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Manatschal C, Farcas AM, Degen MS, Bayer M, Kumar A, Landgraf C, Volkmer R, Barral Y, Steinmetz MO. Molecular basis of Kar9-Bim1 complex function during mating and spindle positioning. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:mbc.E16-07-0552. [PMID: 27682587 PMCID: PMC5170556 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-07-0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kar9 pathway promotes nuclear fusion during mating and spindle alignment during metaphase in budding yeast. How Kar9 supports the different outcome of these two divergent processes is an open question. Here, we show that three sites in the C-terminal disordered domain of Kar9 mediate tight Kar9 interaction with the C-terminal dimerization domain of Bim1 (EB1 orthologue). Site1 and Site2 contain SxIP motifs; however, Site3 defines a novel type of EB1-binding site. Whereas Site2 and Site3 mediate Kar9 recruitment to microtubule tips, nuclear movement and karyogamy, solely Site2 functions in spindle positioning during metaphase. Site1 in turn plays an inhibitory role during mating. Additionally, the Kar9-Bim1 complex is involved in microtubule-independent activities during mating. Together, our data reveal how multiple and partially redundant EB1-binding sites provide a microtubule-associated protein with the means to modulate its biochemical properties to promote different molecular processes during cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Manatschal
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Ana-Maria Farcas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biology Department, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Miriam Steiner Degen
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Bayer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biology Department, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Anil Kumar
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Christiane Landgraf
- Institut für Medizinische Immunologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rudolf Volkmer
- Institut für Medizinische Immunologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yves Barral
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biology Department, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Michel O Steinmetz
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Research, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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50
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Insights into the process of EB1-dependent tip-tracking of kinesin-14 Ncd. The role of the microtubule. Eur J Cell Biol 2016; 95:521-530. [PMID: 27608966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
End-binding proteins are capable of tracking the plus-ends of growing microtubules (MTs). The motor protein Ncd, a member of the kinesin-14 family, interacts with EB1 protein and becomes a non-autonomous tip-tracker. Here, we attempted to find out whether at least for Ncd, the efficient EB1-mediated tip-tracking involves the interaction of the kinesin with the MT surface. We prepared a series of Ncd tail mutants in which the MT-binding sites were altered or eliminated. Using TIRF microscopy, we characterized their behavior as tip-trackers and measured the dwell times of single molecules of EB1 and Ncd tail or its mutated forms. The mutated forms of Ncd tail exhibited tip-tracking in the presence of EB1 and the effectiveness of this process was proportional to the affinity of the mutant's tail to MT. Even though the interaction of Ncd with EB1 was weak (Kd∼9μM) the half saturating concentration of EB1 for tip-tracking was 7nM. The dwell time of Ncd tail in the presence of EB1 was ∼1s. The dwell time of EB1 alone was shorter (∼0.3s) and increased considerably in the presence of a large excess of Ncd tail. We demonstrated that tip-tracking of kinesin-14 occurs through several concurrent mechanisms: binding of kinesin only to EB1 located at the MT end, interaction of the kinesin molecules with a composite site formed by EB1 and the MT tip, and probably surface diffusion of the tail along MT. The second mechanism seems to play a crucial role in efficient tip-tracking.
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