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Wang Z, Li D, Chen M, Yu X, Chen C, Chen Y, Zhang L, Shu Y. A comprehensive study on the regulation of Compound Zaoren Granules on cAMP/CREB signaling pathway and metabolic disorder in CUMS-PCPA induced insomnia rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 332:118401. [PMID: 38815875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Compound Zaoren Granules (CZG), an optimized herbal formulation based on the traditional Chinese medicine prescription Suanzaoren decoction, are designed specifically for insomnia treatment. However, the mechanisms underlying its efficacy in treating insomnia are not yet fully understood. AIM OF THE STUDY The research investigated the mechanisms of CZG's improvement in insomnia by regulating cAMP/CREB signaling pathway and metabolic profiles. METHODS The main components of CZG were characterized by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Subsequently, these validated components were applied to network pharmacological analysis to predict signaling pathways associated with insomnia. We evaluated the effect of CZG on BV-2 cells in vitro. We also evaluated the behavioral indexes of CUMS combined with PCPA induced insomnia in rats. HE staining and Nissl staining were used to observe the pathological damage of hippocampus. ELISA was used to detect the levels of various neurotransmitters, orexins, HPA axis, and inflammatory factors in insomnia rats. Then we detected the expression of cAMP/CREB signaling pathway through ELISA, WB, and IHC. Finally, the metabolomics was further analyzed by using UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS to investigate the changes in the hippocampus of insomnia rats and the possible metabolic pathways were also speculated. RESULTS The results of CZG in vitro experiments showed that CZG has protective and anti-inflammatory effects on LPS induced BV-2 cells. A total of 161 chemical components were identified in CZG. After conducting network pharmacology analysis through these confirmed components, we select the cAMP/CREB signaling pathway for further investigate. The behavioral research results on insomnia rats showed that CZG significantly prolonged sleep time, mitigated brain tissue pathological damage, and exhibited liver protective properties. CZG treats insomnia by regulating the content of various neurotransmitters, reducing levels of orexin, HPA axis, and inflammatory factors. It can also treat insomnia by upregulating the expression of the cAMP/CREB signaling pathway. Hippocampus metabolomics analysis identified 69 differential metabolites associated with insomnia. The metabolic pathways related to these differential metabolites have also been predicted. CONCLUSION These results indicate that CZG can significantly prolong sleep time. CZG is used to treat insomnia by regulating various neurotransmitters, HPA axis, inflammatory factors, cAMP/CREB signaling pathways, and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Wang
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine & Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Danting Li
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine & Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China; Key laboratory for Metabolic Diseases in Chinese Medicine, First College of Clinical Medicine Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Min Chen
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine & Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Xiaocong Yu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine & Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, 210029, China
| | - Yajun Chen
- Nanjing Women and Children's Healthcare Hospital, 210029, China
| | - Lingfeng Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yachun Shu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine & Jiangsu Province Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210029, China; Jiangsu Province Seaside Rehabilitation Hospital, Lianyungang, 222042, China.
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Lee JE, Lee H, Baek E, Choi B, Yun HS, Yoo YK, Lee YS, Song GJ, Cho KS. The role of glial and neuronal Eph/ephrin signaling in Drosophila mushroom body development and sleep and circadian behavior. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2024; 720:150072. [PMID: 38749187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The Eph receptor, a prototypically large receptor protein tyrosine kinase, interacts with ephrin ligands, forming a bidirectional signaling system that impacts diverse brain functions. Eph receptors and ephrins mediate forward and reverse signaling, affecting neurogenesis, axon guidance, and synaptic signaling. While mammalian studies have emphasized their roles in neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity, the Drosophila counterparts are less studied, especially in glial cells, despite structural similarities. Using RNAi to modulate Eph/ephrin expression in Drosophila neurons and glia, we studied their roles in brain development and sleep and circadian behavior. Knockdown of neuronal ephrin disrupted mushroom body development, while glial knockdown had minimal impact. Surprisingly, disrupting ephrin in neurons or glial cells altered sleep and circadian rhythms, indicating a direct involvement in these behaviors independent from developmental effects. Further analysis revealed distinct sleep phenotypes between neuronal and glial knockdowns, underscoring the intricate interplay within the neural circuits that govern behavior. Glia-specific knockdowns showed altered sleep patterns and reduced circadian rhythmicity, suggesting an intricate role of glia in sleep regulation. Our findings challenge simplistic models of Eph/ephrin signaling limited to neuron-glia communication and emphasize the complexity of the regulatory networks modulating behavior. Future investigations targeting specific glial subtypes will enhance our understanding of Eph/ephrin signaling's role in sleep regulation across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Eun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungi Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Baek
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoungyun Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sup Yun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Kyoung Yoo
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, 25601, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sun Lee
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, 25601, Republic of Korea; Translational Brain Research Center, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, 22711, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Jee Song
- Department of Medical Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Gangwon-do, 25601, Republic of Korea; Translational Brain Research Center, International St. Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, 22711, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Sang Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea; Korea Hemp Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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Chaturvedi R, Emery P. Fly into Tranquility: GABA's role in Drosophila Sleep. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2024:101219. [PMID: 38848811 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2024.101219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Sleep is conserved across the animal kingdom, and Drosophila melanogaster is a prime model to understand its intricate circadian and homeostatic control. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the brain's main inhibitory neurotransmitter, plays a central role in sleep. This review delves into GABA's complex mechanisms of actions within Drosophila's sleep-regulating neural networks. We discuss how GABA promotes sleep, both by inhibiting circadian arousal neurons and by being a key neurotransmitter in sleep homeostatic circuits. GABA's impact on sleep is modulated by glia through astrocytic GABA recapture and metabolism. Interestingly, GABA can be co-expressed with other neurotransmitters in sleep-regulating neurons, which likely contribute to context-based sleep plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Chaturvedi
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Patrick Emery
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605.
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4
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Brown EB, Zhang J, Lloyd E, Lanzon E, Botero V, Tomchik S, Keene AC. Neurofibromin 1 mediates sleep depth in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1011049. [PMID: 38091360 PMCID: PMC10763969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1011049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Neural regulation of sleep and metabolic homeostasis are critical in many aspects of human health. Despite extensive epidemiological evidence linking sleep dysregulation with obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome, little is known about the neural and molecular basis for the integration of sleep and metabolic function. The RAS GTPase-activating gene Neurofibromin (Nf1) has been implicated in the regulation of sleep and metabolic rate, raising the possibility that it serves to integrate these processes, but the effects on sleep consolidation and physiology remain poorly understood. A key hallmark of sleep depth in mammals and flies is a reduction in metabolic rate during sleep. Here, we examine multiple measures of sleep quality to determine the effects of Nf1 on sleep-dependent changes in arousal threshold and metabolic rate. Flies lacking Nf1 fail to suppress metabolic rate during sleep, raising the possibility that loss of Nf1 prevents flies from integrating sleep and metabolic state. Sleep of Nf1 mutant flies is fragmented with a reduced arousal threshold in Nf1 mutants, suggesting Nf1 flies fail to enter deep sleep. The effects of Nf1 on sleep can be localized to a subset of neurons expressing the GABAA receptor Rdl. Sleep loss has been associated with changes in gut homeostasis in flies and mammals. Selective knockdown of Nf1 in Rdl-expressing neurons within the nervous system increases gut permeability and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the gut, raising the possibility that loss of sleep quality contributes to gut dysregulation. Together, these findings suggest Nf1 acts in GABA-sensitive neurons to modulate sleep depth in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B. Brown
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jiwei Zhang
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Evan Lloyd
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Lanzon
- Jupiter Life Science Initiative, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Valentina Botero
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Seth Tomchik
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Alex C. Keene
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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5
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Téfit MA, Budiman T, Dupriest A, Yew JY. Environmental microbes promote phenotypic plasticity in reproduction and sleep behaviour. Mol Ecol 2023; 32:5186-5200. [PMID: 37577956 PMCID: PMC10544802 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome has been hypothesized as a driving force of phenotypic variation in host organisms that is capable of extending metabolic processes, altering development and in some cases, conferring novel functions that are critical for survival. Only a few studies have directly shown a causal role for the environmental microbiome in altering host phenotypic features. To assess the extent to which environmental microbes induce variation in host life-history traits and behaviour, we inoculated axenic Drosophila melanogaster with microbes isolated from drosophilid populations collected from two different field sites and generated two populations with distinct bacterial and fungal profiles. We show that microbes isolated from environmental sites with modest abiotic differences induce large variation in host reproduction, fatty acid levels, stress tolerance and sleep behaviour. Importantly, clearing microbes from each experimental population removed the phenotypic differences. The results support the causal role of environmental microbes as drivers of host phenotypic plasticity and potentially, rapid adaptation and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélisandre A Téfit
- School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Tifanny Budiman
- School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Adrianna Dupriest
- School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
| | - Joanne Y Yew
- School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, Pacific Biosciences Research Center, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
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Gerstner JR, Flores CC, Lefton M, Rogers B, Davis CJ. FABP7: a glial integrator of sleep, circadian rhythms, plasticity, and metabolic function. Front Syst Neurosci 2023; 17:1212213. [PMID: 37404868 PMCID: PMC10315501 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2023.1212213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep and circadian rhythms are observed broadly throughout animal phyla and influence neural plasticity and cognitive function. However, the few phylogenetically conserved cellular and molecular pathways that are implicated in these processes are largely focused on neuronal cells. Research on these topics has traditionally segregated sleep homeostatic behavior from circadian rest-activity rhythms. Here we posit an alternative perspective, whereby mechanisms underlying the integration of sleep and circadian rhythms that affect behavioral state, plasticity, and cognition reside within glial cells. The brain-type fatty acid binding protein, FABP7, is part of a larger family of lipid chaperone proteins that regulate the subcellular trafficking of fatty acids for a wide range of cellular functions, including gene expression, growth, survival, inflammation, and metabolism. FABP7 is enriched in glial cells of the central nervous system and has been shown to be a clock-controlled gene implicated in sleep/wake regulation and cognitive processing. FABP7 is known to affect gene transcription, cellular outgrowth, and its subcellular localization in the fine perisynaptic astrocytic processes (PAPs) varies based on time-of-day. Future studies determining the effects of FABP7 on behavioral state- and circadian-dependent plasticity and cognitive processes, in addition to functional consequences on cellular and molecular mechanisms related to neural-glial interactions, lipid storage, and blood brain barrier integrity will be important for our knowledge of basic sleep function. Given the comorbidity of sleep disturbance with neurological disorders, these studies will also be important for our understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of how these diseases affect or are affected by sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R. Gerstner
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
- Steve Gleason Institute for Neuroscience, Spokane, WA, United States
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Carlos C. Flores
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Micah Lefton
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Brooke Rogers
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
| | - Christopher J. Davis
- Department of Translational Medicine and Physiology, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
- Steve Gleason Institute for Neuroscience, Spokane, WA, United States
- Sleep and Performance Research Center, Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, WA, United States
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7
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Sheng L, Shields EJ, Gospocic J, Sorida M, Ju L, Byrns CN, Carranza F, Berger SL, Bonini N, Bonasio R. Ensheathing glia promote increased lifespan and healthy brain aging. Aging Cell 2023; 22:e13803. [PMID: 36840361 PMCID: PMC10186613 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glia have an emergent role in brain aging and disease. In the Drosophila melanogaster brain, ensheathing glia function as phagocytic cells and respond to acute neuronal damage, analogous to mammalian microglia. We previously reported changes in glia composition over the life of ants and fruit flies, including a decline in the relative proportion of ensheathing glia with time. How these changes influence brain health and life expectancy is unknown. Here, we show that ensheathing glia but not astrocytes decrease in number during Drosophila melanogaster brain aging. The remaining ensheathing glia display dysregulated expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism and apoptosis, which may lead to lipid droplet accumulation, cellular dysfunction, and death. Inhibition of apoptosis rescued the decline of ensheathing glia with age, improved the neuromotor performance of aged flies, and extended lifespan. Furthermore, an expanded ensheathing glia population prevented amyloid-beta accumulation in a fly model of Alzheimer's disease and delayed the premature death of the diseased animals. These findings suggest that ensheathing glia play a vital role in regulating brain health and animal longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Sheng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain ScienceInstitutes of Brain Science, Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- Epigenetics InstituteUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Emily J. Shields
- Epigenetics InstituteUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Urology and Institute of NeuropathologyMedical Center–University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Janko Gospocic
- Epigenetics InstituteUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Urology and Institute of NeuropathologyMedical Center–University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | - Masato Sorida
- Epigenetics InstituteUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Linyang Ju
- Epigenetics InstituteUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - China N. Byrns
- Medical Scientist Training ProgramUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Neuroscience Graduate GroupUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Faith Carranza
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Shelley L. Berger
- Epigenetics InstituteUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of GeneticsUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Nancy Bonini
- Neuroscience Graduate GroupUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of BiologyUniversity of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Roberto Bonasio
- Epigenetics InstituteUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of Pennsylvania Perelman School of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvaniaUSA
- Department of Urology and Institute of NeuropathologyMedical Center–University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
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Kumar A, Shrinet J, Sunil S. Chikungunya virus infection in Aedes aegypti is modulated by L-cysteine, taurine, hypotaurine and glutathione metabolism. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011280. [PMID: 37130109 PMCID: PMC10153688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood meal and infections cause redox imbalance and oxidative damage in mosquitoes which triggers the mosquito's system to produce antioxidants in response to increased oxidative stress. Important pathways activated owing to redox imbalance include taurine, hypotaurine and glutathione metabolism. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the role of these pathways during chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. METHODOLOGY Using a dietary L-cysteine supplement system, we upregulated these pathways and evaluated oxidative damage and oxidative stress response upon CHIKV infection using protein carbonylation and GST assays. Further, using a dsRNA based approach, we silenced some of the genes involved in synthesis and transport of taurine and hypotaurine and then evaluated the impact of these genes on CHIKV infection and redox biology in the mosquitoes. CONCLUSIONS We report that CHIKV infection exerts oxidative stress in the A. aegypti, leading to oxidative damage and as a response, an elevated GST activity was observed. It was also observed that dietary L-cysteine treatment restricted CHIKV infection in A. aegypti mosquitoes. This L-cysteine mediated CHIKV inhibition was coincided by enhanced GST activity that further resulted in reduced oxidative damage during the infection. We also report that silencing of genes involved in synthesis of taurine and hypotaurine modulates CHIKV infection and redox biology of Aedes mosquitoes during the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankit Kumar
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Jatin Shrinet
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Sujatha Sunil
- Vector Borne Diseases Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
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Krassnitzer M, Boisvert B, Beiersdorf J, Harkany T, Keimpema E. Resident Astrocytes can Limit Injury to Developing Hippocampal Neurons upon THC Exposure. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1242-1253. [PMID: 36482034 PMCID: PMC10030412 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03836-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis legalization prompted the dilemma if plant-derived recreational drugs can have therapeutic potential and, consequently, how to address their regulation and safe distribution. In parallel, the steady worldwide decriminalization of cannabis and the enhanced content of its main psychoactive compound Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), exposes populations to increasing amounts of cannabis and THC across all ages. While adverse effects of cannabis during critical stages of fetal neurodevelopment are investigated, these studies center on neurons alone. Thus, a gap of knowledge exists on how intercellular interactions between neighboring cell types, particularly astrocytes and neurons, could modify THC action. Here, we combine transcriptome analysis, transgenic models, high resolution microscopy and live cell imaging to demonstrate that hippocampal astrocytes accumulate in the strata radiatum and lacunosum moleculare of the CA1 subfield, containing particularly sensitive neurons to stressors, upon long term postnatal THC exposure in vivo. As this altered distribution is not dependent on cell proliferation, we propose that resident astrocytes accumulate in select areas to protect pyramidal neurons and their neurite extensions from pathological damage. Indeed, we could recapitulate the neuroprotective effect of astrocytes in vitro, as their physical presence significantly reduced the death of primary hippocampal neurons upon THC exposure (> 5 µM). Even so, astrocytes are also affected by a reduced metabolic readiness to stressors, as reflected by a downregulation of mitochondrial proteins. Thus, we find that astrocytes exert protective functions on local neurons during THC exposure, even though their mitochondrial electron transport chain is disrupted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Krassnitzer
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Brooke Boisvert
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Beiersdorf
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tibor Harkany
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum 7D, Solna, Sweden
| | - Erik Keimpema
- Department of Molecular Neurosciences, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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10
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Li Y, Haynes P, Zhang SL, Yue Z, Sehgal A. Ecdysone acts through cortex glia to regulate sleep in Drosophila. eLife 2023; 12:e81723. [PMID: 36719183 PMCID: PMC9928426 DOI: 10.7554/elife.81723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones are attractive candidates for transmitting long-range signals to affect behavior. These lipid-soluble molecules derived from dietary cholesterol easily penetrate the brain and act through nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) that function as transcription factors. To determine the extent to which NHRs affect sleep:wake cycles, we knocked down each of the 18 highly conserved NHRs found in Drosophila adults and report that the ecdysone receptor (EcR) and its direct downstream NHR Eip75B (E75) act in glia to regulate the rhythm and amount of sleep. Given that ecdysone synthesis genes have little to no expression in the fly brain, ecdysone appears to act as a long-distance signal and our data suggest that it enters the brain more at night. Anti-EcR staining localizes to the cortex glia in the brain and functional screening of glial subtypes revealed that EcR functions in adult cortex glia to affect sleep. Cortex glia are implicated in lipid metabolism, which appears to be relevant for actions of ecdysone as ecdysone treatment mobilizes lipid droplets (LDs), and knockdown of glial EcR results in more LDs. In addition, sleep-promoting effects of exogenous ecdysone are diminished in lsd-2 mutant flies, which are lean and deficient in lipid accumulation. We propose that ecdysone is a systemic secreted factor that modulates sleep by stimulating lipid metabolism in cortex glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Li
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Department of Biology, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Paula Haynes
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Shirley L Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Zhifeng Yue
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
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Calvin-Cejudo L, Martin F, Mendez LR, Coya R, Castañeda-Sampedro A, Gomez-Diaz C, Alcorta E. Neuron-glia interaction at the receptor level affects olfactory perception in adult Drosophila. iScience 2022; 26:105837. [PMID: 36624835 PMCID: PMC9823236 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Some types of glia play an active role in neuronal signaling by modifying their activity although little is known about their role in sensory information signaling at the receptor level. In this research, we report a functional role for the glia that surround the soma of the olfactory receptor neurons (OSNs) in adult Drosophila. Specific genetic modifications have been targeted to this cell type to obtain live individuals who are tested for olfactory preference and display changes both increasing and reducing sensitivity. A closer look at the antenna by Ca2+ imaging shows that odor activates the OSNs, which subsequently produce an opposite and smaller effect in the glia that partially counterbalances neuronal activation. Therefore, these glia may play a dual role in preventing excessive activation of the OSNs at high odorant concentrations and tuning the chemosensory window for the individual according to the network structure in the receptor organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Calvin-Cejudo
- Group of Neurobiology of the Sensory Systems (NEUROSEN), Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Fernando Martin
- Group of Neurobiology of the Sensory Systems (NEUROSEN), Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Luis R. Mendez
- Group of Neurobiology of the Sensory Systems (NEUROSEN), Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ruth Coya
- Group of Neurobiology of the Sensory Systems (NEUROSEN), Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ana Castañeda-Sampedro
- Group of Neurobiology of the Sensory Systems (NEUROSEN), Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Carolina Gomez-Diaz
- Group of Neurobiology of the Sensory Systems (NEUROSEN), Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Esther Alcorta
- Group of Neurobiology of the Sensory Systems (NEUROSEN), Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Corresponding author
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12
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De Backer JF, Grunwald Kadow IC. A role for glia in cellular and systemic metabolism: insights from the fly. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 53:100947. [PMID: 35772690 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2022.100947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Excitability and synaptic transmission make neurons high-energy consumers. However, neurons do not store carbohydrates or lipids. Instead, they need support cells to fuel their metabolic demands. This role is assumed by glia, both in vertebrates and invertebrates. Many questions remain regarding the coupling between neuronal activity and energy demand on the one hand, and nutrient supply by glia on the other hand. Here, we review recent advances showing that fly glia, similar to their role in vertebrates, fuel neurons in times of high energetic demand, such as during memory formation and long-term storage. Vertebrate glia also play a role in the modulation of neurons, their communication, and behavior, including food search and feeding. We discuss recent literature pointing to similar roles of fly glia in behavior and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François De Backer
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany; University of Bonn, Faculty of Medicine, UKB, Institute of Physiology II, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ilona C Grunwald Kadow
- Technical University of Munich, School of Life Sciences, Liesel-Beckmann-Str. 4, 85354 Freising, Germany; University of Bonn, Faculty of Medicine, UKB, Institute of Physiology II, Nussallee 11, 53115 Bonn, Germany.
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13
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Brown EB, Klok J, Keene AC. Measuring metabolic rate in single flies during sleep and waking states via indirect calorimetry. J Neurosci Methods 2022; 376:109606. [PMID: 35483506 PMCID: PMC9310448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2022.109606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drosophila melanogaster is a leading genetic model for studying the neural regulation of sleep. Sleep is associated with changes in behavior and physiological state that are largely conserved across species. The investigation of sleep in flies has predominantly focused on behavioral readouts of sleep because physiological measurements, including changes in brain activity and metabolic rate, are less accessible. We have previously used stop-flow indirect calorimetry to measure whole body metabolic rate in single flies and have shown that in flies, like mammals, metabolic rate is reduced during sleep. NEW METHOD Here, we describe a modified version of this system that allows for efficient and highly sensitive acquisition of CO2 output from single flies. RESULTS In this modified system, we show that sleep-dependent changes in metabolic rate are diminished in aging flies, supporting the notion that sleep quality is reduced as flies age. We also describe a modification that allows for simultaneous acquisition of CO2 and O2 levels, providing a respiratory quotient that quantifies how metabolic stores are utilized. We find that the respiratory quotient identified in flies on an all-sugar diet is suggestive of lipogenesis, where the dietary sugar provided to the flies is being converted to fat. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS AND CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the measurement of metabolic rate via indirect calorimetry not only provides a physiological readout of sleep depth, but also provides insight the metabolic regulation of nutrient utilization, with broad applications to genetic studies in flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Brown
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Jaco Klok
- Sable Systems International, Las Vegas, NV 89032, USA
| | - Alex C Keene
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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14
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Jin X, Gu P, Han J. Protocol for Drosophila sleep deprivation using single-chip board. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100827. [PMID: 34585161 PMCID: PMC8456114 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep behavior is characterized by long-term quiescence and increased arousal threshold, and it is homeostatically regulated. The sleep rebound after deprivation is utilized to verify the abilities to maintain homeostasis. This protocol shows how to build a programmed mechanic oscillation system and detailed procedures to conduct sleep deprivation in Drosophila. This deprivation system is featured by its programming flexibility. The knowledge of electronic circuits and a certain level of programming are both required to fulfill this protocol. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Jin et al. (2021). The retrofitted oscillator is controlled by a pseudo-random trigger signal A programmable single-chip board enables system flexibility The modular design simplifies debugging and maintenance
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jin
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Pengyu Gu
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Junhai Han
- School of Life Science and Technology, the Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, 2 Sipailou Road, Nanjing 210096, China
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15
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Yildirim K, Winkler B, Pogodalla N, Mackensen S, Baldenius M, Garcia L, Naffin E, Rodrigues S, Klämbt C. Redundant functions of the SLC5A transporters Rumpel, Bumpel, and Kumpel in ensheathing glial cells. Biol Open 2021; 11:274028. [PMID: 34897385 PMCID: PMC8790523 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal processing is energy demanding, and relies on sugar metabolism. To nurture the Drosophila nervous system, the blood-brain barrier forming glial cells take up trehalose from the hemolymph and then distribute the metabolic products further to all neurons. This function is provided by glucose and lactate transporters of the solute carrier (SLC) 5A family. Here we identified three SLC5A genes that are specifically expressed in overlapping sets of CNS glial cells, rumpel, bumpel and kumpel. We generated mutants in all genes and all mutants are viable and fertile, lacking discernible phenotypes. Loss of rumpel causes subtle locomotor phenotypes and flies display increased daytime sleep. In addition, in bumpel kumpel double mutants, and to an even greater extent in rumpel bumpel kumpel triple mutants, oogenesis is disrupted at the onset of the vitollegenic phase. This indicates a partially redundant functions between these genes. Rescue experiments exploring this effect indicate that oogenesis can be affected by CNS glial cells. Moreover, expression of heterologous mammalian SLC5A transporters, with known transport properties, suggest that Bumpel and/or Kumpel transport glucose or lactate. Overall, our results imply a redundancy in SLC5A nutrient sensing functions in Drosophila glial cells, affecting ovarian development and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerem Yildirim
- Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany.,Centre for Organismal Studies (COS) Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 230, 9120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bente Winkler
- Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nicole Pogodalla
- Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Steffi Mackensen
- Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marie Baldenius
- Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Luis Garcia
- Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Elke Naffin
- Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Silke Rodrigues
- Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Klämbt
- Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, Badestr. 9, 48149 Münster, Germany
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16
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Drosophila ß Heavy-Spectrin is required in polarized ensheathing glia that form a diffusion-barrier around the neuropil. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6357. [PMID: 34737284 PMCID: PMC8569210 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26462-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), functional tasks are often allocated to distinct compartments. This is also evident in the Drosophila CNS where synapses and dendrites are clustered in distinct neuropil regions. The neuropil is separated from neuronal cell bodies by ensheathing glia, which as we show using dye injection experiments, contribute to the formation of an internal diffusion barrier. We find that ensheathing glia are polarized with a basolateral plasma membrane rich in phosphatidylinositol-(3,4,5)-triphosphate (PIP3) and the Na+/K+-ATPase Nervana2 (Nrv2) that abuts an extracellular matrix formed at neuropil-cortex interface. The apical plasma membrane is facing the neuropil and is rich in phosphatidylinositol-(4,5)-bisphosphate (PIP2) that is supported by a sub-membranous ßHeavy-Spectrin cytoskeleton. ßHeavy-spectrin mutant larvae affect ensheathing glial cell polarity with delocalized PIP2 and Nrv2 and exhibit an abnormal locomotion which is similarly shown by ensheathing glia ablated larvae. Thus, polarized glia compartmentalizes the brain and is essential for proper nervous system function.
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17
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Abstract
Sleep is critical for diverse aspects of brain function in animals ranging from invertebrates to humans. Powerful genetic tools in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster have identified - at an unprecedented level of detail - genes and neural circuits that regulate sleep. This research has revealed that the functions and neural principles of sleep regulation are largely conserved from flies to mammals. Further, genetic approaches to studying sleep have uncovered mechanisms underlying the integration of sleep and many different biological processes, including circadian timekeeping, metabolism, social interactions, and aging. These findings show that in flies, as in mammals, sleep is not a single state, but instead consists of multiple physiological and behavioral states that change in response to the environment, and is shaped by life history. Here, we review advances in the study of sleep in Drosophila, discuss their implications for understanding the fundamental functions of sleep that are likely to be conserved among animal species, and identify important unanswered questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orie T Shafer
- The Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA.
| | - Alex C Keene
- Department of Biological Science, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
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18
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Murakami K, Palermo J, Stanhope BA, Gibbs AG, Keene AC. A screen for sleep and starvation resistance identifies a wake-promoting role for the auxiliary channel unc79. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2021; 11:6300522. [PMID: 34849820 PMCID: PMC8496288 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of sleep and metabolism are highly interconnected, and dysregulation of sleep is linked to metabolic diseases that include obesity, diabetes, and heart disease. Furthermore, both acute and long-term changes in diet potently impact sleep duration and quality. To identify novel factors that modulate interactions between sleep and metabolic state, we performed a genetic screen for their roles in regulating sleep duration, starvation resistance, and starvation-dependent modulation of sleep. This screen identified a number of genes with potential roles in regulating sleep, metabolism, or both processes. One such gene encodes the auxiliary ion channel UNC79, which was implicated in both the regulation of sleep and starvation resistance. Genetic knockdown or mutation of unc79 results in flies with increased sleep duration, as well as increased starvation resistance. Previous findings have shown that unc79 is required in pacemaker for 24-hours circadian rhythms. Here, we find that unc79 functions in the mushroom body, but not pacemaker neurons, to regulate sleep duration and starvation resistance. Together, these findings reveal spatially localized separable functions of unc79 in the regulation of circadian behavior, sleep, and metabolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Murakami
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Justin Palermo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Bethany A Stanhope
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Allen G Gibbs
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Alex C Keene
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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19
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Webb JM, Fu YH. Recent advances in sleep genetics. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2021; 69:19-24. [PMID: 33360546 PMCID: PMC8217384 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sleep regulation has a strong genetic component. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in sleep genetics from knockout, point mutation, and GWAS studies. We overview specific genetic effects on REM versus NREM sleep as well as how the implicated genes fall in broad functional categories. Furthermore, we elucidate how genes affect different aspects of sleep including sleep duration, sleep consolidation, recovery sleep, and the circadian timing of sleep, demonstrating that genetic studies can be powerful in understanding how the body regulates sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Webb
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Ying-Hui Fu
- Department of Neurology, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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20
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Botero V, Stanhope BA, Brown EB, Grenci EC, Boto T, Park SJ, King LB, Murphy KR, Colodner KJ, Walker JA, Keene AC, Ja WW, Tomchik SM. Neurofibromin regulates metabolic rate via neuronal mechanisms in Drosophila. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4285. [PMID: 34257279 PMCID: PMC8277851 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24505-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a chronic multisystemic genetic disorder that results from loss of function in the neurofibromin protein. Neurofibromin may regulate metabolism, though the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Here we show that neurofibromin regulates metabolic homeostasis in Drosophila via a discrete neuronal circuit. Loss of neurofibromin increases metabolic rate via a Ras GAP-related domain-dependent mechanism, increases feeding homeostatically, and alters lipid stores and turnover kinetics. The increase in metabolic rate is independent of locomotor activity, and maps to a sparse subset of neurons. Stimulating these neurons increases metabolic rate, linking their dynamic activity state to metabolism over short time scales. Our results indicate that neurofibromin regulates metabolic rate via neuronal mechanisms, suggest that cellular and systemic metabolic alterations may represent a pathophysiological mechanism in neurofibromatosis type 1, and provide a platform for investigating the cellular role of neurofibromin in metabolic homeostasis. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in neurofibromin and associated with disruptions in physiology and behavior. Here the authors show that neurofibromin regulates metabolic homeostasis via a discrete brain circuit in a Drosophila model of NF1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Botero
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Bethany A Stanhope
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Eliza C Grenci
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Tamara Boto
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA.,Department of Physiology, Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Scarlet J Park
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Lanikea B King
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Keith R Murphy
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Kenneth J Colodner
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA
| | - James A Walker
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Cancer Program, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alex C Keene
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - William W Ja
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Seth M Tomchik
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL, USA.
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21
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Coll-Tané M, Gong NN, Belfer SJ, van Renssen LV, Kurtz-Nelson EC, Szuperak M, Eidhof I, van Reijmersdal B, Terwindt I, Durkin J, Verheij MMM, Kim CN, Hudac CM, Nowakowski TJ, Bernier RA, Pillen S, Earl RK, Eichler EE, Kleefstra T, Kayser MS, Schenck A. The CHD8/CHD7/Kismet family links blood-brain barrier glia and serotonin to ASD-associated sleep defects. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/23/eabe2626. [PMID: 34088660 PMCID: PMC8177706 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe2626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Sleep disturbances in autism and neurodevelopmental disorders are common and adversely affect patient's quality of life, yet the underlying mechanisms are understudied. We found that individuals with mutations in CHD8, among the highest-confidence autism risk genes, or CHD7 suffer from disturbed sleep maintenance. These defects are recapitulated in Drosophila mutants affecting kismet, the sole CHD8/CHD7 ortholog. We show that Kismet is required in glia for early developmental and adult sleep architecture. This role localizes to subperineurial glia constituting the blood-brain barrier. We demonstrate that Kismet-related sleep disturbances are caused by high serotonin during development, paralleling a well-established but genetically unsolved autism endophenotype. Despite their developmental origin, Kismet's sleep architecture defects can be reversed in adulthood by a behavioral regime resembling human sleep restriction therapy. Our findings provide fundamental insights into glial regulation of sleep and propose a causal mechanistic link between the CHD8/CHD7/Kismet family, developmental hyperserotonemia, and autism-associated sleep disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireia Coll-Tané
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
| | - Naihua N Gong
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Samuel J Belfer
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Lara V van Renssen
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Milan Szuperak
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ilse Eidhof
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Boyd van Reijmersdal
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Isabel Terwindt
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jaclyn Durkin
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michel M M Verheij
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Centre for Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Chang N Kim
- Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Caitlin M Hudac
- Center for Youth Development and Intervention and Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Tomasz J Nowakowski
- Departments of Anatomy and Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143 USA
| | - Raphael A Bernier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98185, USA
| | - Sigrid Pillen
- Center for Sleep Medicine, Kempenhaeghe, Heeze, Netherlands
| | - Rachel K Earl
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98185, USA
| | - Evan E Eichler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tjitske Kleefstra
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Matthew S Kayser
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Annette Schenck
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud university medical center, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, Netherlands.
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22
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Walkowicz L, Krzeptowski W, Krzeptowska E, Warzecha K, Sałek J, Górska-Andrzejak J, Pyza E. Glial expression of DmMANF is required for the regulation of activity, sleep and circadian rhythms in the visual system of Drosophila melanogaster. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:5785-5797. [PMID: 33666288 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
DmMANF, Drosophila melanogaster mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (DmMANF) is an evolutionarily conserved orthologue of mammalian MANF. This neurotrophic factor exerts many functions in the Drosophila brain, particularly those dependent on glial cells. As we found in our earlier study, downregulation of DmMANF in glia induces degeneration of glial cells in the first optic neuropil (lamina) where DmMANF abundance is especially high. In the present study, we observed that changes in the level of DmMANF in two types of glia, astrocyte-like glia (AlGl) and ensheathing glia (EnGl), affect activity and sleep of flies. Interestingly, a proper level of DmMANF in AlGl seems to be important in guiding processes of pigment dispersing factor (PDF)-expressing clock neurons. This is supported by our finding that DmMANF overexpression in AlGl leads to structural changes in the architecture of the PDF-positive arborization in the brain. Finally, we detected that DmMANF also affects rhythms in glia themselves, as circadian oscillations in expression of the catalytic α subunit of the sodium pump in the lamina epithelial glia were abolished after DmMANF silencing. DmMANF expressed in AlGl and EnGl seems to affect the activity of neurons leading to changes in behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucyna Walkowicz
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Wojciech Krzeptowski
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina Krzeptowska
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Karolina Warzecha
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Sałek
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jolanta Górska-Andrzejak
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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23
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Zhang R, Du J, Zhao X, Wei L, Zhao Z. Regulation of circadian behavioural output via clock-responsive miR-276b. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 30:81-89. [PMID: 33131172 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence indicates that microRNAs play numerous important roles. However, the roles of some microRNAs involved in regulation of circadian rhythm and sleep are still not well understood. In this study, we show that the miR-276b is essential for maintaining both sleep and circadian rhythm by targeting tim, npfr1 and DopR1 genes, with miR-276b deleted mutant flies sleeping more, and vice versa in miR-276b overexpressing flies. Through analysing its promoter, we found that mir-276b is responsive to CLOCK and regulates circadian rhythm through the negative feedback loop of the CLK/CYC-TIM/PER. Furthermore, miR-276b is broadly expressed in the clock neurons and the central complexes such as the mushroom body and the fan-shape body of Drosophila brain, in which up-regulation of miR-276b in tim, npfr1 and DopR1 expressing tissues significantly causes sleep decreases. This study clarifies that the mir-276b is very important for participating in regulation of circadian rhythm and sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zhang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - J Du
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - X Zhao
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - L Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Z Zhao
- Department of Entomology and MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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Davla S, Artiushin G, Li Y, Chitsaz D, Li S, Sehgal A, van Meyel DJ. AANAT1 functions in astrocytes to regulate sleep homeostasis. eLife 2020; 9:e53994. [PMID: 32955431 PMCID: PMC7550187 DOI: 10.7554/elife.53994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
How the brain controls the need and acquisition of recovery sleep after prolonged wakefulness is an important issue in sleep research. The monoamines serotonin and dopamine are key regulators of sleep in mammals and in Drosophila. We found that the enzyme arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 (AANAT1) is expressed by Drosophila astrocytes and specific subsets of neurons in the adult brain. AANAT1 acetylates monoamines and inactivates them, and we found that AANAT1 limited the accumulation of serotonin and dopamine in the brain upon sleep deprivation (SD). Loss of AANAT1 from astrocytes, but not from neurons, caused flies to increase their daytime recovery sleep following overnight SD. Together, these findings demonstrate a crucial role for AANAT1 and astrocytes in the regulation of monoamine bioavailability and homeostatic sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejal Davla
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- BRaIN Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontrealCanada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Gregory Artiushin
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Yongjun Li
- Biology Graduate Group, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Daryan Chitsaz
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Sally Li
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of PennsylvaniaPhiladelphiaUnited States
| | - Donald J van Meyel
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
- BRaIN Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health CentreMontrealCanada
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25
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Takai A, Yamaguchi M, Yoshida H, Chiyonobu T. Investigating Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy Using Drosophila melanogaster. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176442. [PMID: 32899411 PMCID: PMC7503973 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs) are the spectrum of severe epilepsies characterized by early-onset, refractory seizures occurring in the context of developmental regression or plateauing. Early infantile epileptic encephalopathy (EIEE) is one of the earliest forms of DEE, manifesting as frequent epileptic spasms and characteristic electroencephalogram findings in early infancy. In recent years, next-generation sequencing approaches have identified a number of monogenic determinants underlying DEE. In the case of EIEE, 85 genes have been registered in Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man as causative genes. Model organisms are indispensable tools for understanding the in vivo roles of the newly identified causative genes. In this review, we first present an overview of epilepsy and its genetic etiology, especially focusing on EIEE and then briefly summarize epilepsy research using animal and patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models. The Drosophila model, which is characterized by easy gene manipulation, a short generation time, low cost and fewer ethical restrictions when designing experiments, is optimal for understanding the genetics of DEE. We therefore highlight studies with Drosophila models for EIEE and discuss the future development of their practical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akari Takai
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan;
| | - Masamitsu Yamaguchi
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 603-8585, Japan; (M.Y.); (H.Y.)
- Kansai Gakken Laboratory, Kankyo Eisei Yakuhin Co. Ltd., Kyoto 619-0237, Japan
| | - Hideki Yoshida
- Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 603-8585, Japan; (M.Y.); (H.Y.)
| | - Tomohiro Chiyonobu
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan;
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
While neurons and circuits are almost unequivocally considered to be the computational units and actuators of behavior, a complete understanding of the nervous system must incorporate glial cells. Far beyond a copious but passive substrate, glial influence is inextricable from neuronal physiology, whether during developmental guidance and synaptic shaping or through the trophic support, neurotransmitter and ion homeostasis, cytokine signaling and immune function, and debris engulfment contributions that this class provides throughout an organism's life. With such essential functions, among a growing literature of nuanced roles, it follows that glia are consequential to behavior in adult animals, with novel genetic tools allowing for the investigation of these phenomena in living organisms. We discuss here the relevance of glia for maintaining circadian rhythms and also for serving functions of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Artiushin
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
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27
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Jackson FR, You S, Crowe LB. Regulation of rhythmic behaviors by astrocytes. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2020; 9:e372. [PMID: 31840430 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glial astrocytes of vertebrates and invertebrates are important modulators of nervous system development, physiology, and behavior. In all species examined, astrocytes of the adult brain contain conserved circadian clocks, and multiple studies have shown that these glial cells participate in the regulation of circadian behavior and sleep. This short review summarizes recent work, using fruit fly (Drosophila) and mouse models, that document participation of astrocytes and their endogenous circadian clocks in the control of rhythmic behavior. This article is categorized under: Gene Expression and Transcriptional Hierarchies > Regulatory Mechanisms Nervous System Development > Flies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rob Jackson
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Samantha You
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lauren B Crowe
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
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28
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Allen AM, Neville MC, Birtles S, Croset V, Treiber CD, Waddell S, Goodwin SF. A single-cell transcriptomic atlas of the adult Drosophila ventral nerve cord. eLife 2020; 9:e54074. [PMID: 32314735 PMCID: PMC7173974 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila ventral nerve cord (VNC) receives and processes descending signals from the brain to produce a variety of coordinated locomotor outputs. It also integrates sensory information from the periphery and sends ascending signals to the brain. We used single-cell transcriptomics to generate an unbiased classification of cellular diversity in the VNC of five-day old adult flies. We produced an atlas of 26,000 high-quality cells, representing more than 100 transcriptionally distinct cell types. The predominant gene signatures defining neuronal cell types reflect shared developmental histories based on the neuroblast from which cells were derived, as well as their birth order. The relative position of cells along the anterior-posterior axis could also be assigned using adult Hox gene expression. This single-cell transcriptional atlas of the adult fly VNC will be a valuable resource for future studies of neurodevelopment and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron M Allen
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Megan C Neville
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Sebastian Birtles
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Vincent Croset
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Scott Waddell
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Stephen F Goodwin
- Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University of OxfordOxfordUnited Kingdom
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29
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Gong NN, Kayser MS. Sleep: The Balm of Hurt Minds. Curr Biol 2020; 30:R263-R265. [PMID: 32208148 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Two new studies use Drosophila to unravel the role of sleep in clearance of damaged neural processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naihua N Gong
- Department of Psychiatry, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew S Kayser
- Department of Psychiatry, Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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30
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Kato K, Orihara-Ono M, Awasaki T. Multiple lineages enable robust development of the neuropil-glia architecture in adult Drosophila. Development 2020; 147:dev184085. [PMID: 32051172 DOI: 10.1242/dev.184085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neural remodeling is essential for the development of a functional nervous system and has been extensively studied in the metamorphosis of Drosophila Despite the crucial roles of glial cells in brain functions, including learning and behavior, little is known of how adult glial cells develop in the context of neural remodeling. Here, we show that the architecture of neuropil-glia in the adult Drosophila brain, which is composed of astrocyte-like glia (ALG) and ensheathing glia (EG), robustly develops from two different populations in the larva: the larval EG and glial cell missing-positive (gcm+ ) cells. Whereas gcm+ cells proliferate and generate adult ALG and EG, larval EG dedifferentiate, proliferate and redifferentiate into the same glial subtypes. Each glial lineage occupies a certain brain area complementary to the other, and together they form the adult neuropil-glia architecture. Both lineages require the FGF receptor Heartless to proliferate, and the homeoprotein Prospero to differentiate into ALG. Lineage-specific inhibition of gliogenesis revealed that each lineage compensates for deficiency in the proliferation of the other. Together, the lineages ensure the robust development of adult neuropil-glia, thereby ensuring a functional brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kato
- Department of Biology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka 181-8611, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minako Orihara-Ono
- Department of Biology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka 181-8611, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Awasaki
- Department of Biology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka 181-8611, Tokyo, Japan
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31
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Singh P, Donlea JM. Bidirectional Regulation of Sleep and Synapse Pruning after Neural Injury. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1063-1076.e3. [PMID: 32142703 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Following acute neural injury, severed axons undergo programmed Wallerian degeneration over several following days. While sleep has been linked with synaptic reorganization under other conditions, the role of sleep in responses to neural injuries remains poorly understood. To study the relationship between sleep and neural injury responses, we examined Drosophila melanogaster following the removal of antennae or other sensory tissues. Daytime sleep is elevated after antennal or wing injury, but sleep returns to baseline levels within 24 h after injury. Similar increases in sleep are not observed when olfactory receptor neurons are silenced or when other sensory organs are severed, suggesting that increased sleep after injury is not attributed to sensory deprivation, nociception, or generalized inflammatory responses. Neuroprotective disruptions of the E3 ubiquitin ligase highwire and c-Jun N-terminal kinase basket in olfactory receptor neurons weaken the sleep-promoting effects of antennal injury, suggesting that post-injury sleep may be influenced by the clearance of damaged neurons. Finally, we show that pre-synaptic active zones are preferentially removed from severed axons within hours after injury and that depriving recently injured flies of sleep slows the removal of both active zones and damaged axons. These data support a bidirectional interaction between sleep and synapse pruning after antennal injury: locally increasing the need to clear neural debris is associated with increased sleep, which is required for efficient active zone removal after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhjit Singh
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1763, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Donlea
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1763, USA.
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32
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Stanhope BA, Jaggard JB, Gratton M, Brown EB, Keene AC. Sleep Regulates Glial Plasticity and Expression of the Engulfment Receptor Draper Following Neural Injury. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1092-1101.e3. [PMID: 32142708 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic sleep disturbance is associated with numerous health consequences, including neurodegenerative disease and cognitive decline [1]. Neurite damage due to apoptosis, trauma, or genetic factors is a common feature of aging, and clearance of damaged neurons is essential for maintenance of brain function. In the central nervous system, damaged neurites are cleared by Wallerian degeneration, in which activated microglia and macrophages engulf damaged neurons [2]. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster provides a powerful model for investigating the relationship between sleep and Wallerian degeneration [3]. Several lines of evidence suggest that glia influence sleep duration, sleep-mediated neuronal homeostasis, and clearance of toxic substances during sleep, raising the possibility that glial engulfment of damaged axons is regulated by sleep [4]. To explore this possibility, we axotomized olfactory receptor neurons and measured the effects of sleep loss or gain on the clearance of damaged neurites. Mechanical and genetic sleep deprivation impaired the clearance of damaged neurites. Conversely, treatment with the sleep-promoting drug gaboxadol accelerated clearance, while genetic induction of sleep promotes Draper expression. In sleep-deprived animals, multiple markers of glial activation were delayed, including activation of the JAK-STAT pathway, upregulation of the cell corpse engulfment receptor Draper, and innervation of the antennal lobe by glial membranes. These markers were all enhanced following genetic and pharmacological sleep induction. Taken together, these findings reveal a critical association between sleep and glial activation following neural injury, providing a platform for further investigations of the molecular mechanisms underlying sleep-dependent modulation of glial function and neurite clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany A Stanhope
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - James B Jaggard
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Melanie Gratton
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Elizabeth B Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458
| | - Alex C Keene
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Jupiter, FL 33458.
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33
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Bittern J, Pogodalla N, Ohm H, Brüser L, Kottmeier R, Schirmeier S, Klämbt C. Neuron-glia interaction in the Drosophila nervous system. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 81:438-452. [PMID: 32096904 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Animals are able to move and react in manifold ways to external stimuli. Thus, environmental stimuli need to be detected, information must be processed, and, finally, an output decision must be transmitted to the musculature to get the animal moving. All these processes depend on the nervous system which comprises an intricate neuronal network and many glial cells. Glial cells have an equally important contribution in nervous system function as their neuronal counterpart. Manifold roles are attributed to glia ranging from controlling neuronal cell number and axonal pathfinding to regulation of synapse formation, function, and plasticity. Glial cells metabolically support neurons and contribute to the blood-brain barrier. All of the aforementioned aspects require extensive cell-cell interactions between neurons and glial cells. Not surprisingly, many of these processes are found in all phyla executed by evolutionarily conserved molecules. Here, we review the recent advance in understanding neuron-glia interaction in Drosophila melanogaster to suggest that work in simple model organisms will shed light on the function of mammalian glial cells, too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Bittern
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Nicole Pogodalla
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Henrike Ohm
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Lena Brüser
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Rita Kottmeier
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schirmeier
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Klämbt
- Institut für Neuro- und Verhaltensbiologie, Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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34
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Sengupta S, Crowe LB, You S, Roberts MA, Jackson FR. A Secreted Ig-Domain Protein Required in Both Astrocytes and Neurons for Regulation of Drosophila Night Sleep. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2547-2554.e2. [PMID: 31353186 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous rhythmic behaviors are evolutionarily conserved and essential for life. In mammalian and invertebrate models, well-characterized neuronal circuits and evolutionarily conserved mechanisms regulate circadian behavior and sleep [1-4]. In Drosophila, neuronal populations located in multiple brain regions mediate arousal, sleep drive, and homeostasis (reviewed in [3, 5-7]). Similar to mammals [8], there is also evidence that fly glial cells modulate the neuronal circuits controlling rhythmic behaviors, including sleep [1]. Here, we describe a novel gene (CG14141; aka Nkt) that is required for normal sleep. NKT is a 162-amino-acid protein with a single IgC2 immunoglobulin (Ig) domain and a high-quality signal peptide [9], and we show evidence that it is secreted, similar to its C. elegans ortholog (OIG-4) [10]. We demonstrate that Nkt-null flies or those with selective knockdown in either neurons or glia have decreased and fragmented night sleep, indicative of a non-redundant requirement in both cell types. We show that Nkt is required in fly astrocytes and in a specific set of wake-promoting neurons-the mushroom body (MB) α'β' cells that link sleep to memory consolidation [11]. Importantly, Nkt gene expression is required in the adult nervous system for normal sleep, consistent with a physiological rather than developmental function for the Ig-domain protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukanya Sengupta
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Lauren B Crowe
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Samantha You
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Mary A Roberts
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - F Rob Jackson
- Department of Neuroscience, Sackler School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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35
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Ki Y, Lim C. Sleep-promoting effects of threonine link amino acid metabolism in Drosophila neuron to GABAergic control of sleep drive. eLife 2019; 8:40593. [PMID: 31313987 PMCID: PMC6636906 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates the role of amino acid metabolism in sleep regulation. Here we demonstrate sleep-promoting effects of dietary threonine (SPET) in Drosophila. Dietary threonine markedly increased daily sleep amount and decreased the latency to sleep onset in a dose-dependent manner. High levels of synaptic GABA or pharmacological activation of metabotropic GABA receptors (GABAB-R) suppressed SPET. By contrast, synaptic blockade of GABAergic neurons or transgenic depletion of GABAB-R in the ellipsoid body R2 neurons enhanced sleep drive non-additively with SPET. Dietary threonine reduced GABA levels, weakened metabotropic GABA responses in R2 neurons, and ameliorated memory deficits in plasticity mutants. Moreover, genetic elevation of neuronal threonine levels was sufficient for facilitating sleep onset. Taken together, these data define threonine as a physiologically relevant, sleep-promoting molecule that may intimately link neuronal metabolism of amino acids to GABAergic control of sleep drive via the neuronal substrate of sleep homeostasis. Editorial note: This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonhee Ki
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunghun Lim
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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36
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Vanderheyden WM, Van Dongen HPA, Frank MG, Gerstner JR. Sleep pressure regulates mushroom body neural-glial interactions in Drosophila. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 2019. [PMID: 31938713 DOI: 10.19185/matters.201903000008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sleep is a behavior that exists broadly across animal phyla, from flies to humans, and is necessary for normal brain function. Recent studies in both vertebrates and invertebrates have suggested a role for glial cells in sleep regulatory processes. Changes in neural-glial interactions have been shown to be critical for synaptic plasticity and circuit function. Here, we wanted to test the hypothesis that changes in sleep pressure alters neural-glial interactions. In the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, sleep is known to be regulated by mushroom body (MB) circuits. We used the technique GFP Reconstitution Across Synaptic Partners (GRASP) to test whether changes in sleep pressure affect neural-glial interactions between MB neurons and astrocytes, a specialized glial cell type known to regulate sleep in flies and mammals. The MB-astrocyte GRASP signal was reduced after 24 h of sleep deprivation, whereas the signal returned to baseline levels following 72 h of recovery. Social enrichment, which increases sleep drive, similarly reduced the MB-astrocyte GRASP signal. We did not observe any changes in the MB-astrocyte GRASP signal over time-of-day, or following paraquat exposure or starvation. These data suggest that changes in sleep pressure are linked to dynamic changes in neural-glial interactions between astrocytes and neuronal sleep circuits, which are not caused by normal rest-activity cycles or stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Vanderheyden
- Biomedical Sciences, Washington State University - Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine; Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University - Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine
| | - Hans P A Van Dongen
- Biomedical Sciences, Washington State University - Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine; Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University - Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine
| | - Marcos G Frank
- Biomedical Sciences, Washington State University - Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine; Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University - Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine
| | - Jason R Gerstner
- Biomedical Sciences, Washington State University - Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine; Sleep and Performance Research Center, Washington State University - Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine
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37
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Dubowy C, Kayser MS. Sleep and Metabolism: Eaat-ing Your Way to ZZZs. Curr Biol 2018; 28:R1310-R1312. [PMID: 30458152 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A new study in fruit flies identifies a molecule, Eaat2, that regulates both sleep and metabolic rate. Surprisingly, Eaat2 acts in a specific glial subtype to modulate both processes, suggesting a cellular link in the brain between sleep and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Dubowy
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Chronobiology Program, and Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew S Kayser
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Chronobiology Program, and Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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