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Zhang D, Li YY, Zhao X, Zhang C, Liu DK, Lan S, Yin W, Liu ZJ. Molecular insights into self-incompatibility systems: From evolution to breeding. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100719. [PMID: 37718509 PMCID: PMC10873884 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved diverse self-incompatibility (SI) systems for outcrossing. Since Darwin's time, considerable progress has been made toward elucidating this unrivaled reproductive innovation. Recent advances in interdisciplinary studies and applications of biotechnology have given rise to major breakthroughs in understanding the molecular pathways that lead to SI, particularly the strikingly different SI mechanisms that operate in Solanaceae, Papaveraceae, Brassicaceae, and Primulaceae. These best-understood SI systems, together with discoveries in other "nonmodel" SI taxa such as Poaceae, suggest a complex evolutionary trajectory of SI, with multiple independent origins and frequent and irreversible losses. Extensive exploration of self-/nonself-discrimination signaling cascades has revealed a comprehensive catalog of male and female identity genes and modifier factors that control SI. These findings also enable the characterization, validation, and manipulation of SI-related factors for crop improvement, helping to address the challenges associated with development of inbred lines. Here, we review current knowledge about the evolution of SI systems, summarize key achievements in the molecular basis of pollen‒pistil interactions, discuss potential prospects for breeding of SI crops, and raise several unresolved questions that require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xuewei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Cuili Zhang
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ding-Kun Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Siren Lan
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Weilun Yin
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Zhong-Jian Liu
- Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Hong J, Li T, Chao Y, Xu Y, Zhu Z, Zhou Z, Gu W, Qu Q, Li D. Molecular basis of the inositol deacylase PGAP1 involved in quality control of GPI-AP biogenesis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:8. [PMID: 38167496 PMCID: PMC10761859 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44568-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The secretion and quality control of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) necessitates post-attachment remodeling initiated by the evolutionarily conserved PGAP1, which deacylates the inositol in nascent GPI-APs. Impairment of PGAP1 activity leads to developmental diseases in humans and fatality and infertility in animals. Here, we present three PGAP1 structures (2.66-2.84 Å), revealing its 10-transmembrane architecture and product-enzyme interaction details. PGAP1 holds GPI-AP acyl chains in an optimally organized, guitar-shaped cavity with apparent energetic penalties from hydrophobic-hydrophilic mismatches. However, abundant glycan-mediated interactions in the lumen counterbalance these repulsions, likely conferring substrate fidelity and preventing off-target hydrolysis of bulk membrane lipids. Structural and biochemical analyses uncover a serine hydrolase-type catalysis with atypical features and imply mechanisms for substrate entrance and product release involving a drawing compass movement of GPI-APs. Our findings advance the mechanistic understanding of GPI-AP remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yulin Chao
- Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yidan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zhini Zhu
- Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zixuan Zhou
- Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Weijie Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Qianhui Qu
- Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, School of Stomatology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, International Co-laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism (Ministry of Science and Technology), Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Systems Biology for Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Dianfan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yueyang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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3
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Quinn O, Kumar M, Turner S. The role of lipid-modified proteins in cell wall synthesis and signaling. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 194:51-66. [PMID: 37682865 PMCID: PMC10756762 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is a complex and dynamic extracellular matrix. Plant primary cell walls are the first line of defense against pathogens and regulate cell expansion. Specialized cells deposit a secondary cell wall that provides support and permits water transport. The composition and organization of the cell wall varies between cell types and species, contributing to the extensibility, stiffness, and hydrophobicity required for its proper function. Recently, many of the proteins involved in the biosynthesis, maintenance, and remodeling of the cell wall have been identified as being post-translationally modified with lipids. These modifications exhibit diverse structures and attach to proteins at different sites, which defines the specific role played by each lipid modification. The introduction of relatively hydrophobic lipid moieties promotes the interaction of proteins with membranes and can act as sorting signals, allowing targeted delivery to the plasma membrane regions and secretion into the apoplast. Disruption of lipid modification results in aberrant deposition of cell wall components and defective cell wall remodeling in response to stresses, demonstrating the essential nature of these modifications. Although much is known about which proteins bear lipid modifications, many questions remain regarding the contribution of lipid-driven membrane domain localization and lipid heterogeneity to protein function in cell wall metabolism. In this update, we highlight the contribution of lipid modifications to proteins involved in the formation and maintenance of plant cell walls, with a focus on the addition of glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors, N-myristoylation, prenylation, and S-acylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Quinn
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Dover Street, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Dover Street, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Simon Turner
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Dover Street, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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Nweke AB, Nagasato D, Matsuoka K. Secreted arabinogalactan protein from salt-adapted tobacco BY-2 cells appears to be glycosylphosphatidyl inositol-anchored and associated with lipophilic moieties. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:1274-1284. [PMID: 37573142 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are plant extracellular proteoglycans associated with the plasma membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. This moiety is thought to be cleaved by phospholipase for secretion. Salt-adapted tobacco BY-2 cells were reported to secrete large amounts of AGPs into the medium. To investigate this mechanism, we expressed a fusion protein of tobacco sweet potato sporamin and AGP (SPO-AGP) in BY-2 cells and analyzed its fate after salt-adapting the cells. A two-phase separation analysis using Triton X-114 indicated that a significant proportion of SPO-AGP in the medium was recovered in the detergent phase, suggesting that this protein is GPI-anchored. Differential ultracentrifugation and a gradient density fractionation implicated extracellular vesicles or particles with SPO-AGP in the medium. Endogenous AGP secreted from salt-adapted and nontransgenic BY-2 cells behaved similarly to SPO-AGP. These results suggest that a part of the secreted AGPs from salt-adapted tobacco BY-2 cells are GPI-anchored and associated with particles or vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arinze Boniface Nweke
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daiki Nagasato
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ken Matsuoka
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Tang C, Wang P, Zhu X, Qi K, Xie Z, Zhang H, Li X, Gao H, Gu T, Gu C, Li S, de Graaf BHJ, Zhang S, Wu J. Acetylation of inorganic pyrophosphatase by S-RNase signaling induces pollen tube tip swelling by repressing pectin methylesterase. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:3544-3565. [PMID: 37306489 PMCID: PMC10473231 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) is a widespread genetically determined system in flowering plants that prevents self-fertilization to promote gene flow and limit inbreeding. S-RNase-based SI is characterized by the arrest of pollen tube growth through the pistil. Arrested pollen tubes show disrupted polarized growth and swollen tips, but the underlying molecular mechanism is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the swelling at the tips of incompatible pollen tubes in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri [Pbr]) is mediated by the SI-induced acetylation of the soluble inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPA) PbrPPA5. Acetylation at Lys-42 of PbrPPA5 by the acetyltransferase GCN5-related N-acetyltransferase 1 (GNAT1) drives accumulation of PbrPPA5 in the nucleus, where it binds to the transcription factor PbrbZIP77, forming a transcriptional repression complex that inhibits the expression of the pectin methylesterase (PME) gene PbrPME44. The function of PbrPPA5 as a transcriptional repressor does not require its PPA activity. Downregulating PbrPME44 resulted in increased levels of methyl-esterified pectins in growing pollen tubes, leading to swelling at their tips. These observations suggest a mechanism for PbrPPA5-driven swelling at the tips of pollen tubes during the SI response. The targets of PbrPPA5 include genes encoding cell wall-modifying enzymes, which are essential for building a continuous sustainable mechanical structure for pollen tube growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Pear, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Pear, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Pear, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Kaijie Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Pear, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Zhihua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Pear, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Pear, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Pear, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Hongru Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Pear, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Tingting Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Pear, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | | | - Shaoling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Pear, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Juyou Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics & Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization, Sanya Institute of Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for Pear, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210014, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Horticultural Crop Genetic Improvement, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
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Nagasato D, Sugita Y, Tsuno Y, Tanaka R, Fukuda M, Matsuoka K. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchoring is required for the proper transport and extensive glycosylation of a classical arabinogalactan protein precursor in tobacco BY-2 cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2023; 87:991-1008. [PMID: 37348475 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Many precursors of plant arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) contain a C-terminal glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchoring signal. Using NtAGP1, a classical tobacco AGP, as a model, and green fluorescent protein (GFP) and sweet potato sporamin (SPO) as tags, we analyzed the localization and modification of AGP and its mutant without GPI-anchoring signal (AGPΔC) in tobacco BY-2 cells. The NtAGP1 fusion proteins migrated as large smear on SDS-polyacrylamide gel, and these proteins also localized preferentially to the plasma membrane. In contrast, fusions of AGPΔC with GFP and SPO yielded several forms: The largest were secreted, whereas others were recovered in the endomembrane organelles, including vacuoles. Comparison of the glycan structures of the microsomal SPO-AGP and the secreted SPO-AGPΔC using antibodies against the glycan epitopes of AGP indicated that the glycan structures of these proteins are different. These observations indicate that GPI-anchoring is required for the proper transport and glycosylation of the AGP precursor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Nagasato
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuto Sugita
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuhei Tsuno
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Maki Fukuda
- School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ken Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- School of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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7
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Goring DR, Bosch M, Franklin-Tong VE. Contrasting self-recognition rejection systems for self-incompatibility in Brassica and Papaver. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R530-R542. [PMID: 37279687 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Self-incompatibility (SI) plays a pivotal role in whether self-pollen is accepted or rejected. Most SI systems employ two tightly linked loci encoding highly polymorphic pollen (male) and pistil (female) S-determinants that control whether self-pollination is successful or not. In recent years our knowledge of the signalling networks and cellular mechanisms involved has improved considerably, providing an important contribution to our understanding of the diverse mechanisms used by plant cells to recognise each other and elicit responses. Here, we compare and contrast two important SI systems employed in the Brassicaceae and Papaveraceae. Both use 'self-recognition' systems, but their genetic control and S-determinants are quite different. We describe the current knowledge about the receptors and ligands, and the downstream signals and responses utilized to prevent self-seed set. What emerges is a common theme involving the initiation of destructive pathways that block the key processes that are required for compatible pollen-pistil interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daphne R Goring
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3B2, Canada
| | - Maurice Bosch
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, Wales, UK
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Xie F, Vahldick H, Lin Z, Nowack M. Killing me softly - Programmed cell death in plant reproduction from sporogenesis to fertilization. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 69:102271. [PMID: 35963096 PMCID: PMC7613566 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Regulated or programmed cell death (RCD or PCD) is a fundamental biological principle integral to a considerable variety of functions in multicellular organisms. In plants, different PCD processes are part of biotic and abiotic stress responses, but also occur as an essential aspect of unperturbed plant development. PCD is particularly abundant during plant reproduction, eliminating unwanted or no longer needed cells, tissues, or organs in a precisely controlled manner. Failure in reproductive PCD can have detrimental consequences for plant reproduction. Here we shed a light on the latest research into PCD mechanisms in plant reproduction from sex determination over sporogenesis to pollination and fertilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xie
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hannah Vahldick
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zongcheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Moritz Nowack
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
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