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Li Z, Liu SL, Montes-Serey C, Walley JW, Aung K. PLASMODESMATA-LOCATED PROTEIN 6 regulates plasmodesmal function in Arabidopsis vasculature. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:3543-3561. [PMID: 38842334 PMCID: PMC11371196 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koae166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Plasmodesmata connect adjoining plant cells, allowing molecules to move between the connected cells for communication and sharing resources. It has been well established that the plant polysaccharide callose is deposited at plasmodesmata, regulating their aperture and function. Among proteins involved in maintaining callose homeostasis, PLASMODESMATA-LOCATED PROTEINSs (PDLPs) promote callose deposition at plasmodesmata. This study explored the function of PDLP5 and PDLP6 in different cell types. We discovered that PDLP5 and PDLP6 are expressed in nonoverlapping cell types in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The overexpression of PDLP5 and PDLP6 results in the overaccumulation of plasmodesmal callose at different cell interfaces, indicating that PDLP5 and PDLP6 are active in different cell types. We also observed 2 distinct patterns of starch accumulation in mature leaves of PDLP5 and PDLP6 overexpressors. An enzyme-catalyzed proximity labeling approach was used to identify putative functional partners of the PDLPs. We identified SUCROSE SYNTHASE 6 (SUS6) as a functional partner of PDLP6 in the vasculature. We further demonstrated that PDLP6 physically and genetically interacts with SUS6. In addition, CALLOSE SYNTHASE 7 (CALS7) physically interacts with SUS6 and PDLP6. Genetic interaction studies showed that CALS7 is required for PDLP6 function. We propose that PDLP6 functions with SUS6 and CALS7 in the vasculature to regulate plasmodesmal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongpeng Li
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Su-Ling Liu
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Christian Montes-Serey
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Justin W Walley
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Plant Sciences Institutes, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Kyaw Aung
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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2
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Piccinini L, Nirina Ramamonjy F, Ursache R. Imaging plant cell walls using fluorescent stains: The beauty is in the details. J Microsc 2024; 295:102-120. [PMID: 38477035 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Plants continuously face various environmental stressors throughout their lifetime. To be able to grow and adapt in different environments, they developed specialized tissues that allowed them to maintain a protected yet interconnected body. These tissues undergo specific primary and secondary cell wall modifications that are essential to ensure normal plant growth, adaptation and successful land colonization. The composition of cell walls can vary among different plant species, organs and tissues. The ability to remodel their cell walls is fundamental for plants to be able to cope with multiple biotic and abiotic stressors. A better understanding of the changes taking place in plant cell walls may help identify and develop new strategies as well as tools to enhance plants' survival under environmental stresses or prevent pathogen attack. Since the invention of microscopy, numerous imaging techniques have been developed to determine the composition and dynamics of plant cell walls during normal growth and in response to environmental stimuli. In this review, we discuss the main advances in imaging plant cell walls, with a particular focus on fluorescent stains for different cell wall components and their compatibility with tissue clearing techniques. Lay Description: Plants are continuously subjected to various environmental stresses during their lifespan. They evolved specialized tissues that thrive in different environments, enabling them to maintain a protected yet interconnected body. Such tissues undergo distinct primary and secondary cell wall alterations essential to normal plant growth, their adaptability and successful land colonization. Cell wall composition may differ among various plant species, organs and even tissues. To deal with various biotic and abiotic stresses, plants must have the capacity to remodel their cell walls. Gaining insight into changes that take place in plant cell walls will help identify and create novel tools and strategies to improve plants' ability to withstand environmental challenges. Multiple imaging techniques have been developed since the introduction of microscopy to analyse the composition and dynamics of plant cell walls during growth and in response to environmental changes. Advancements in plant tissue cleaning procedures and their compatibility with cell wall stains have significantly enhanced our ability to perform high-resolution cell wall imaging. At the same time, several factors influence the effectiveness of cleaning and staining plant specimens, as well as the time necessary for the process, including the specimen's size, thickness, tissue complexity and the presence of autofluorescence. In this review, we will discuss the major advances in imaging plant cell walls, with a particular emphasis on fluorescent stains for diverse cell wall components and their compatibility with tissue clearing techniques. We hope that this review will assist readers in selecting the most appropriate stain or combination of stains to highlight specific cell wall components of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Piccinini
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fabien Nirina Ramamonjy
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Robertas Ursache
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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3
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Bayer EM, Benitez-Alfonso Y. Plasmodesmata: Channels Under Pressure. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 75:291-317. [PMID: 38424063 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-070623-093110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Multicellularity has emerged multiple times in evolution, enabling groups of cells to share a living space and reducing the burden of solitary tasks. While unicellular organisms exhibit individuality and independence, cooperation among cells in multicellular organisms brings specialization and flexibility. However, multicellularity also necessitates intercellular dependence and relies on intercellular communication. In plants, this communication is facilitated by plasmodesmata: intercellular bridges that allow the direct (cytoplasm-to-cytoplasm) transfer of information between cells. Plasmodesmata transport essential molecules that regulate plant growth, development, and stress responses. They are embedded in the extracellular matrix but exhibit flexibility, adapting intercellular flux to meet the plant's needs.In this review, we delve into the formation and functionality of plasmodesmata and examine the capacity of the plant communication network to respond to developmental and environmental cues. We illustrate how environmental pressure shapes cellular interactions and aids the plant in adapting its growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle M Bayer
- Laboratoire de Biogenèse Membranaire (LBM), CNRS UMR5200, Université de Bordeaux, Villenave D'Ornon, France;
| | - Yoselin Benitez-Alfonso
- School of Biology, Centre for Plant Sciences, and Astbury Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom;
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4
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Liu Z, Ruonala R, Helariutta Y. Control of phloem unloading and root development. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 295:154203. [PMID: 38428153 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Root growth and development need proper carbon partitioning between sources and sinks. Photosynthesis products are unloaded from the phloem and enter the root meristem cell by cell. While sugar transporters play a major role in phloem loading, phloem unloading occurs via the plasmodesmata in growing root tips. The aperture and permeability of plasmodesmata strongly influence symplastic unloading. Recent research has dissected the symplastic path for phloem unloading and identified several genes that regulate phloem unloading in the root. Callose turnover and membrane lipid composition alter the shape of plasmodesmata, allowing fine-tuning to adapt phloem unloading to the environmental and developmental conditions. Unloaded sugars act both as an energy supply and as signals to coordinate root growth and development. Increased knowledge of how phloem unloading is regulated enhances our understanding of carbon allocation in plants. In the future, it may be possible to modulate carbon allocation between sources and sinks in a manner that would contribute to increased plant biomass and carbon fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Liu
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raili Ruonala
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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5
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Chen S, Podolec R, Arongaus AB, Fuchs C, Loubéry S, Demarsy E, Ulm R. Functional divergence of Arabidopsis REPRESSOR OF UV-B PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS 1 and 2 in repression of flowering. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 194:1563-1576. [PMID: 37956407 PMCID: PMC10904346 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Photoperiodic plants coordinate the timing of flowering with seasonal light cues, thereby optimizing their sexual reproductive success. The WD40-repeat protein REPRESSOR OF UV-B PHOTOMORPHOGENESIS 2 (RUP2) functions as a potent repressor of UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8) photoreceptor-mediated UV-B induction of flowering under noninductive, short-day conditions in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana); however, in contrast, the closely related RUP1 seems to play no major role. Here, analysis of chimeric ProRUP1:RUP2 and ProRUP2:RUP1 expression lines suggested that the distinct functions of RUP1 and RUP2 in repressing flowering are due to differences in both their coding and regulatory DNA sequences. Artificial altered expression using tissue-specific promoters indicated that RUP2 functions in repressing flowering when expressed in mesophyll and phloem companion cells, whereas RUP1 functions only when expressed in phloem companion cells. Endogenous RUP1 expression in vascular tissue was quantified as lower than that of RUP2, likely underlying the functional difference between RUP1 and RUP2 in repressing flowering. Taken together, our findings highlight the importance of phloem vasculature expression of RUP2 in repressing flowering under short days and identify a basis for the functional divergence of Arabidopsis RUP1 and RUP2 in regulating flowering time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Section of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Roman Podolec
- Department of Plant Sciences, Section of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Adriana B Arongaus
- Department of Plant Sciences, Section of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Christelle Fuchs
- Department of Plant Sciences, Section of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Loubéry
- Department of Plant Sciences, Section of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Emilie Demarsy
- Department of Plant Sciences, Section of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Roman Ulm
- Department of Plant Sciences, Section of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics of Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
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6
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Feng M, Zhang A, Nguyen V, Bisht A, Almqvist C, De Veylder L, Carlsbecker A, Melnyk CW. A conserved graft formation process in Norway spruce and Arabidopsis identifies the PAT gene family as central regulators of wound healing. NATURE PLANTS 2024; 10:53-65. [PMID: 38168607 PMCID: PMC10808061 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01568-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The widespread use of plant grafting enables eudicots and gymnosperms to join with closely related species and grow as one. Gymnosperms have dominated forests for over 200 million years, and despite their economic and ecological relevance, we know little about how they graft. Here we developed a micrografting method in conifers using young tissues that allowed efficient grafting with closely related species and between distantly related genera. Conifer graft junctions rapidly connected vasculature and differentially expressed thousands of genes including auxin and cell-wall-related genes. By comparing these genes to those induced during Arabidopsis thaliana graft formation, we found a common activation of cambium, cell division, phloem and xylem-related genes. A gene regulatory network analysis in Norway spruce (Picea abies) predicted that PHYTOCHROME A SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 1 (PAT1) acted as a core regulator of graft healing. This gene was strongly up-regulated during both spruce and Arabidopsis grafting, and Arabidopsis mutants lacking PAT genes failed to attach tissues or successfully graft. Complementing Arabidopsis PAT mutants with the spruce PAT1 homolog rescued tissue attachment and enhanced callus formation. Together, our data show an ability for young tissues to graft with distantly related species and identifies the PAT gene family as conserved regulators of graft healing and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Feng
- Department of Plant Biology, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ai Zhang
- Department of Plant Biology, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Van Nguyen
- Department of Organismal Biology, Physiological Botany, Evolutionary Biology Centre and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anchal Bisht
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Curt Almqvist
- Skogforsk (The Forestry Research Institute of Sweden), Uppsala Science Park, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annelie Carlsbecker
- Department of Organismal Biology, Physiological Botany, Evolutionary Biology Centre and Linnean Centre for Plant Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Charles W Melnyk
- Department of Plant Biology, Linnean Center for Plant Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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7
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Jobert F, Yadav S, Robert S. Auxin as an architect of the pectin matrix. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:6933-6949. [PMID: 37166384 PMCID: PMC10690733 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is a versatile plant growth regulator that triggers multiple signalling pathways at different spatial and temporal resolutions. A plant cell is surrounded by the cell wall, a complex and dynamic network of polysaccharides. The cell wall needs to be rigid to provide mechanical support and protection and highly flexible to allow cell growth and shape acquisition. The modification of the pectin components, among other processes, is a mechanism by which auxin activity alters the mechanical properties of the cell wall. Auxin signalling precisely controls the transcriptional output of several genes encoding pectin remodelling enzymes, their local activity, pectin deposition, and modulation in different developmental contexts. This review examines the mechanism of auxin activity in regulating pectin chemistry at organ, cellular, and subcellular levels across diverse plant species. Moreover, we ask questions that remain to be addressed to fully understand the interplay between auxin and pectin in plant growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Jobert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
- CRRBM, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80000, Amiens, France
| | - Sandeep Yadav
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 90183, Umeå, Sweden
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Ušák D, Haluška S, Pleskot R. Callose synthesis at the center point of plant development-An evolutionary insight. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:54-69. [PMID: 37165709 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Polar callose deposition into the extracellular matrix is tightly controlled in time and space. Its presence in the cell wall modifies the properties of the surrounding area, which is fundamental for the correct execution of numerous processes such as cell division, male gametophyte development, intercellular transport, or responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Previous studies have been invaluable in characterizing specific callose synthases (CalSs) during individual cellular processes. However, the complex view of the relationships between a particular CalS and a specific process is still lacking. Here we review the recent proceedings on the role of callose and individual CalSs in cell wall remodelling from an evolutionary perspective and with a particular focus on cytokinesis. We provide a robust phylogenetic analysis of CalS across the plant kingdom, which implies a 3-subfamily distribution of CalS. We also discuss the possible linkage between the evolution of CalSs and their function in specific cell types and processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ušák
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Samuel Haluška
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Pleskot
- Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic
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Bai Y, Tian D, Chen P, Wu D, Du K, Zheng B, Shi X. A Pectate Lyase Gene Plays a Critical Role in Xylem Vascular Development in Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10883. [PMID: 37446058 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
As a major component of the plant primary cell wall, structure changes in pectin may affect the formation of the secondary cell wall and lead to serious consequences on plant growth and development. Pectin-modifying enzymes including pectate lyase-like proteins (PLLs) participate in the remodeling of pectin during organogenesis, especially during fruit ripening. In this study, we used Arabidopsis as a model system to identify critical PLL genes that are of particular importance for vascular development. Four PLL genes, named AtPLL15, AtPLL16, AtPLL19, and AtPLL26, were identified for xylem-specific expression. A knock-out T-DNA mutant of AtPLL16 displayed an increased amount of pectin, soluble sugar, and acid-soluble lignin (ASL). Interestingly, the atpll16 mutant exhibited an irregular xylem phenotype, accompanied by disordered xylem ray cells and an absence of interfascicular phloem fibers. The xylem fiber cell walls in the atpll16 mutant were thicker than those of the wild type. On the contrary, AtPLL16 overexpression resulted in expansion of the phloem and a dramatic change in the xylem-to-phloem ratios. Altogether, our data suggest that AtPLL16 as a pectate lyase plays an important role during vascular development in Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Bai
- College of Horticulture, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dongdong Tian
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Peng Chen
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Dan Wu
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kebing Du
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Poplar Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Poplar Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xueping Shi
- College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Poplar Research Center, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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