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Yuschenkoff D, Cole GA, D'Agostino J, Lock B, Cox S, Sladky KK. PHARMACOKINETICS OF TRAMADOL AND O-DESMETHYLTRAMADOL IN GIANT TORTOISES ( CHELONOIDIS VANDENBURGHI, CHELONOIDIS VICINA). J Zoo Wildl Med 2024; 55:86-91. [PMID: 38453491 DOI: 10.1638/2023-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of two orally administered doses of tramadol (1 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg) and its metabolite, O-desmethyltramadol (M1) in giant tortoises (Chelonoidis vandenburghi, Chelonoidis vicina). Eleven giant tortoises (C. vandenburghi, C. vicina) received two randomly assigned, oral doses of tramadol (either 1 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg), with a washout period of 3 wk between each dose. The half-life (t½) of orally administered tramadol at 1 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg was 11.9 ± 4.6 h and 13.2 ± 6.1 h, respectively. After oral administration of tramadol at 1 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg, the maximum concentration (Cmax) was 125 ± 69 ng/ml and 518 ± 411 ng/ml, respectively. There were not enough data points to determine pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters for the M1 metabolite from either dose. Tramadol administered orally to giant tortoises at both doses provided measurable plasma concentrations of tramadol for approximately 48 h with occasional transient sedation. Oral tramadol at 5 mg/kg, on average, achieves concentrations of >100 ng/ml, the reported human therapeutic threshold, for 24 h. Based on the low levels of M1 seen in this study, M1 may not be a major metabolite in this taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Brad Lock
- Oklahoma City Zoo, Oklahoma City, OK 73111, USA
| | - Sherry Cox
- The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Kurt K Sladky
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Veterinary Medicine, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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A Critical Review of the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Opioid Medications Used in Avian Patients. BIRDS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/birds3010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid drugs are used to manage moderate to severe pain in mammals and avian species. In dosing opioids for a particular species, it is optimal to use dosing regimens based on pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics studies conducted in the same species as variability in the physiology among different species may result in differences in drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Unfortunately, dosing regimens are typically extrapolated from closely related avian species or even mammals, which is unideal. Therefore, this critical review aims to collate and evaluate the dosing regimens of selected opioids: tramadol, hydromorphone, buprenorphine, butorphanol, and fentanyl, in avian species and its related safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetic data. Our review found specific dosing regimens not described in the Exotic Animal Formulary for tramadol used in Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus), Muscovy Duck (Cairina moschata) and Hispaniolan Parrot (Amazona ventralis); hydromorphone used in Orange-winged Parrot (Amazona amazonica); buprenorphine used in Cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus), American Kestrel (Falco sparverius) and Grey Parrot (Psittacus erithacus); and butorphanol used in Hispaniolan Parrot (Amazona ventralis), Broiler Chicken and Indian Peafowl (Pavo cristatus). Cockatiel appeared to not experience analgesic effects for hydromorphone and buprenorphine, and American Kestrel exhibited sex-dependent responses to opioids. The selected opioids were observed to be generally safe, with adverse effects being dose-dependent.
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Exploration of Analgesia with Tramadol in the Coxsackievirus B3 Myocarditis Mouse Model. Viruses 2021; 13:v13071222. [PMID: 34202636 PMCID: PMC8310306 DOI: 10.3390/v13071222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of mice with Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) triggers inflammation of the heart and this mouse model is commonly used to investigate underlying mechanisms and therapeutic aspects for viral myocarditis. Virus-triggered cytotoxicity and the activity of infiltrating immune cells contribute to cardiac tissue injury. In addition to cardiac manifestation, CVB3 causes cell death and inflammation in the pancreas. The resulting pancreatitis represents a severe burden and under such experimental conditions, analgesics may be supportive to improve the animals’ well-being. Notably, several known mechanisms exist by which analgesics can interfere with the immune system and thereby compromise the feasibility of the model. We set up a study aiming to improve animal welfare while ensuring model integrity and investigated how tramadol, an opioid, affects virus-induced pathogenicity and immune response in the heart. Tramadol was administered seven days prior to a CVB3 infection in C57BL/6 mice and treatment was continued until the day of analysis. Tramadol had no effect on the virus titer or viral pathogenicity in the heart tissue and the inflammatory response, a hallmark of myocardial injury, was maintained. Our results show that tramadol exerts no disruptive effects on the CVB3 myocarditis mouse model and, therefore, the demonstrated protocol should be considered as a general analgesic strategy for CVB3 infection.
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Abstract
Despite falconry having been practiced for centuries and with a wealth of published material on the husbandry of captive raptors over that period, there is a paucity of published material on the care of the geriatric raptor. Raptors are often a long-lived species and can suffer a range of age-related conditions that may impact on their welfare. This article seeks to cover some of these conditions and look at welfare considerations in the management of geriatric raptors, including quality-of-life assessments and euthanasia decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Chitty
- Anton Vets, Anton Mill Road, Andover, Hants SP10 2NJ, UK.
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Uscategui RA, Barros FF, Almeida VT, Kawanami AE, Feliciano MA, Vicente WR. Evaluation of chemical restraint, isoflurane anesthesia and methadone or tramadol as preventive analgesia in spotted pacas (Cuniculus paca) subjected to laparoscopy. Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 48:82-91. [PMID: 33229231 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy and cardiopulmonary effects of ketamine-midazolam for chemical restraint, isoflurane anesthesia and tramadol or methadone as preventive analgesia in spotted pacas subjected to laparoscopy. STUDY DESIGN Prospective placebo-controlled blinded trial. ANIMALS A total of eight captive female Cuniculus paca weighing 9.3 ± 0.9 kg. METHODS Animals were anesthetized on three occasions with 15 day intervals. Manually restrained animals were administered midazolam (0.5 mg kg-1) and ketamine (25 mg kg-1) intramuscularly. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane 30 minutes later. Tramadol (5 mg kg-1), methadone (0.5 mg kg-1) or saline (0.05 mL kg-1) were administered intramuscularly 15 minutes prior to laparoscopy. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), end-tidal CO2 partial pressure (Pe'CO2), end-tidal concentration of isoflurane (Fe'Iso), pH, PaO2, PaCO2, bicarbonate (HCO3-), anion gap (AG) and base excess (BE) were monitored after chemical restraint, anesthesia induction and at different laparoscopy stages. Postoperative pain was assessed by visual analog scale (VAS) for 24 hours. Variables were compared using anova or Friedman test (p < 0.05). RESULTS Chemical restraint was effective in 92% of animals. Isoflurane anesthesia was effective; however, HR, MAP, pH and AG decreased, whereas Pe'CO2, PaO2, PaCO2, HCO3- and BE increased. MAP was stable with tramadol and methadone treatments; HR, Fe'Iso and postoperative VAS decreased. VAS was lower for a longer time with methadone treatment; SpO2 and AG decreased, whereas Pe'CO2, PaCO2 and HCO3- increased. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Ketamine-midazolam provided satisfactory restraint. Isoflurane anesthesia for laparoscopy was effective but resulted in hypotension and respiratory acidosis. Tramadol and methadone reduced isoflurane requirements, provided postoperative analgesia and caused hypercapnia, with methadone causing severe respiratory depression. Thus, the anesthetic protocol is adequate for laparoscopy in Cuniculus paca; however, methadone should be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Ar Uscategui
- Institute of Agrarian Sciences, Federal University of Jequithonha and Mucury Valleys (UFVJM), Unaí, MG, Brazil; Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and Theriogenology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), "Julio de Mesquita Filho", Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Fpc Barros
- Department of Medicine and Veterinary Surgery, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Vívian T Almeida
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and Theriogenology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), "Julio de Mesquita Filho", Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline E Kawanami
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and Theriogenology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), "Julio de Mesquita Filho", Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcus Ar Feliciano
- Department of Large Animal Clinic, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Wilter Rr Vicente
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology and Theriogenology, São Paulo State University (Unesp), "Julio de Mesquita Filho", Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil
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Evenson E, Mans C. ANTINOCICEPTIVE EFFICACY AND SAFETY OF SUBCUTANEOUS TRAMADOL IN CHINCHILLAS (CHINCHILLA LANIGERA). J Exot Pet Med 2019. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Miwa Y, Sladky KK. Small Mammals: Common Surgical Procedures of Rodents, Ferrets, Hedgehogs, and Sugar Gliders. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2016; 19:205-44. [PMID: 26611930 PMCID: PMC7128107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasutsugu Miwa
- Miwa Exotic Animal Hospital, 1-25-5 Komagome, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-0003, Japan.
| | - Kurt K Sladky
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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PHARMACOKINETICS OF TRAMADOL HYDROCHLORIDE AND ITS METABOLITE O-DESMETHYLTRAMADOL FOLLOWING A SINGLE, ORALLY ADMINISTERED DOSE IN CALIFORNIA SEA LIONS (ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS). J Zoo Wildl Med 2015; 46:476-81. [DOI: 10.1638/2014-0183.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Giorgi M, Salvadori M, De Vito V, Owen H, Demontis MP, Varoni MV. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic assessments of 10 mg/kg tramadol intramuscular injection in yellow-bellied slider turtles (Trachemys scripta scripta
). J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2015; 38:488-96. [DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Giorgi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - M. Salvadori
- Veterinary Exotic Center Exoticvet; San Giuliano Terme Pisa Italy
| | - V. De Vito
- Department of Veterinary Sciences; University of Pisa; Pisa Italy
| | - H. Owen
- School of Veterinary Sciences; University of Queensland; Gatton Brisbane Qld Australia
| | - M. P. Demontis
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Sassari; Sassari Italy
| | - M. V. Varoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Sassari; Sassari Italy
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Pharmacokinetics of tramadol and its primary metabolite O-desmethyltramadol in African penguins (Spheniscus demersus). J Zoo Wildl Med 2014; 45:93-9. [PMID: 24712167 DOI: 10.1638/2013-0190r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Analgesia is an important part of veterinary medicine, but until recently there have been limited studies on analgesic drugs in avian species. Tramadol represents an orally administered opioid drug that has shown analgesic potential in numerous species, including mammals, birds, and reptiles. The objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetic parameters of tramadol and its primary metabolite, O-desmethyltramadol (M1), after oral administration of tramadol hydrochloride (HCl) in African penguins (Spheniscus demersus). A dose of 10 mg/kg of tramadol HCl was administered orally to 15 birds, and blood was collected at various time points from 0 to 36 hr. Tramadol and M1 concentrations were determined and were consistent with therapeutic concentrations in humans through 12 hr in 9/15 birds for tramadol and 36 hr in 14/15 birds for M1. Based on these findings and a comparison with other avian studies, an oral dose of 10 mg/kg of tramadol once daily appears to be a promising analgesic option for African penguins.
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Souza MJ, Gerhardt L, Cox S. Pharmacokinetics of repeated oral administration of tramadol hydrochloride in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). Am J Vet Res 2013; 74:957-62. [PMID: 23802666 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.74.7.957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pharmacokinetics of tramadol hydrochloride (30 mg/kg) following twice-daily oral administration in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). ANIMALS 9 healthy adult Hispaniolan Amazon parrots. PROCEDURES Tramadol hydrochloride was administered to each parrot at a dosage of 30 mg/kg, PO, every 12 hours for 5 days. Blood samples were collected just prior to dose 2 on the first day of administration (day 1) and 5 minutes before and 10, 20, 30, 60, 90, 180, 360, and 720 minutes after the morning dose was given on day 5. Plasma was harvested from blood samples and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. Degree of sedation was evaluated in each parrot throughout the study. RESULTS No changes in the parrots' behavior were observed. Twelve hours after the first dose was administered, mean ± SD concentrations of tramadol and its only active metabolite M1 (O-desmethyltramadol) were 53 ± 57 ng/mL and 6 ± 6 ng/mL, respectively. At steady state following 4.5 days of twice-daily administration, the mean half-lives for plasma tramadol and M1 concentrations were 2.92 ± 0.78 hours and 2.14 ± 0.07 hours, respectively. On day 5 of tramadol administration, plasma concentrations remained in the therapeutic range for approximately 6 hours. Other tramadol metabolites (M2, M4, and M5) were also present. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE On the basis of these results and modeling of the data, tramadol at a dosage of 30 mg/kg, PO, will likely need to be administered every 6 to 8 hours to maintain therapeutic plasma concentrations in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcy J Souza
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Souza MJ, Sanchez-Migallon Guzman D, Paul-Murphy JR, Cox SK. Pharmacokinetics after oral and intravenous administration of a single dose of tramadol hydrochloride to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). Am J Vet Res 2012; 73:1142-7. [PMID: 22849673 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.73.8.1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine pharmacokinetics after IV and oral administration of a single dose of tramadol hydrochloride to Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). ANIMALS 9 healthy adult Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (3 males, 5 females, and 1 of unknown sex). PROCEDURES Tramadol (5 mg/kg, IV) was administered to the parrots. Blood samples were collected from -5 to 720 minutes after administration. After a 3-week washout period, tramadol (10 and 30 mg/kg) was orally administered to parrots. Blood samples were collected from -5 to 1,440 minutes after administration. Three formulations of oral suspension (crushed tablets in a commercially available suspension agent, crushed tablets in sterile water, and chemical-grade powder in sterile water) were evaluated. Plasma concentrations of tramadol and its major metabolites were measured via high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Mean plasma tramadol concentrations were > 100 ng/mL for approximately 2 to 4 hours after IV administration of tramadol. Plasma concentrations after oral administration of tramadol at a dose of 10 mg/kg were < 40 ng/mL for the entire time period, but oral administration at a dose of 30 mg/kg resulted in mean plasma concentrations > 100 ng/mL for approximately 6 hours after administration. Oral administration of the suspension consisting of the chemical-grade powder resulted in higher plasma tramadol concentrations than concentrations obtained after oral administration of the other 2 formulations; however, concentrations differed significantly only at 120 and 240 minutes after administration. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Oral administration of tramadol at a dose of 30 mg/kg resulted in plasma concentrations (> 100 ng/mL) that have been associated with analgesia in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcy J Souza
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Quantification of tapentadol in canine plasma by HPLC with spectrofluorimetric detection: Development and validation of a new methodology. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 67-68:148-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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