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Zhang B, Yang H, Cai G, Nie Q, Sun Y. The interactions between the host immunity and intestinal microorganisms in fish. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:30. [PMID: 38170313 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12934-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
There is a huge quantity of microorganisms in the gut of fish, which exert pivotal roles in maintaining host intestinal and general health. The fish immunity can sense and shape the intestinal microbiota and maintain the intestinal homeostasis. In the meantime, the intestinal commensal microbes regulate the fish immunity, control the extravagant proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms, and ensure the intestinal health of the host. This review summarizes developments and progress on the known interactions between host immunity and intestinal microorganisms in fish, focusing on the recent advances in zebrafish (Danio rerio) showing the host immunity senses and shapes intestinal microbiota, and intestinal microorganisms tune host immunity. This review will offer theoretical references for the development, application, and commercialization of intestinal functional microorganisms in fish. KEY POINTS: • The interactions between the intestinal microorganisms and host immunity in zebrafish • Fish immunity senses and shapes the microbiota • Intestinal microbes tune host immunity in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biyun Zhang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Hongling Yang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Guohe Cai
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Qingjie Nie
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Yunzhang Sun
- Xiamen Key Laboratory for Feed Quality Testing and Safety Evaluation, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China.
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Hou J, Hao W, Chang Li M, Gan Z, Chen SN, Lu YS, Xia LQ. Identification and characterization of two long-type peptidoglycan recognition proteins, PGRP-L1 and PGRP-L2, in the orange-spotted grouper, Epinephelus coioides. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 134:108580. [PMID: 36796596 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) play an important role in innate immunity by recognizing components of pathogenic bacteria (such as peptidoglycan, PGN) and are evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in both invertebrates and vertebrates. In the present study, two long-type PGRPs (designed as Eco-PGRP-L1 and Eco-PGRP-L2) were identified in orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), which is a major economic species cultured in Asia. The predicted protein sequences of both Eco-PGRP-L1 and Eco-PGRP-L2 contain a typical PGRP domain. Eco-PGRP-L1 and Eco-PGRP-L2 exhibited organ/tissue-specific expression patterns. An abundant expression of Eco-PGRP-L1 was observed in pyloric caecum, stomach and gill, whereas a highest expression level of Eco-PGRP-L2 was found in head kidney, spleen, skin and heart. In addition, Eco-PGRP-L1 is distributed in the cytoplasm and nucleus, while Eco-PGRP-L2 is mainly localized in cytoplasm. Both Eco-PGRP-L1 and Eco-PGRP-L2 were induced following the stimulation of PGN and have PGN binding activity. In addition, functional analysis revealed that Eco-PGRP-L1 and Eco-PGRP-L2 possess antibacterial activity against Edwardsiella tarda. These results may contribute to understand the innate immune system of orange-spotted grouper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hou
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Hao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Min Chang Li
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China
| | - Zhen Gan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, Guangdong, China
| | - Shan Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yi Shan Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, Guangdong, China.
| | - Li Qun Xia
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518120, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, College of fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, Guangdong, China.
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Huang M, Dong T, Lou X, Zhang Y, Tao T, Zhou P, Yang S, Fei H. Peptidoglycan recognition protein MsPGRP in largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) mediates immune functions with broad nonself recognition ability. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 134:108614. [PMID: 36775183 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN) recognition proteins (PGRPs) are important immune factors in innate immunity that function in recognising pathogens and activating the immune system. These ubiquitous proteins are conserved in invertebrates and vertebrates. In this study, a PGRP gene (MsPGRP) from largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) was identified and characterised, and its transcription distribution was explored. Recombinant protein (rMsPGRP) exhibited dose-dependent binding to PGN and glucan (GLU), but weak binding to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). MsPGRP exhibited agglutinating activity against several Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria and fungi, and it promoted phagocytosis activity of leukocytes against Micrococcus luteus and Aeromonas hydrophila. The protein also possessed amidase activity in the presence of Zn2+, degraded PGN, and disrupted the M. luteus cell wall. The results suggest that MsPGRP plays an important role in pathogen recognition, and acts as a opsonin during immune system responses and elimination of invading pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Taiwei Dong
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Xiaocong Lou
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Yunkai Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Tao Tao
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Shun Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Hui Fei
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, 310018, China.
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Bai L, Zhou Y, Sheng C, Yin Y, Chen Y, Ding X, Yu G, Yang G, Chen L. Common carp Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein 2 (CcPGRP2) plays a role in innate immunity for defense against bacterial infections. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 133:108564. [PMID: 36690267 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PGRP is a family of pattern recognition molecules of the innate immune system. PGRPs are conserved from insects to mammals and have diverse functions in antimicrobial defense. Here we cloned a common carp PGRP ortholog, CcPGRP2 containing a conserved C-terminal PGRP domain. We tested the expression levels of CcPGRP2 in the liver, spleen, kidney, foregut, midgut, and hindgut of the highest level in the liver. The expression of CcPGRP2 upregulated in common carp infected with Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila) or Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Recombinant CcPGRP2 protein expressed in Escherichia coli (E. coli) system and the purified CcPGRP2 could maintain the integrity of intestinal mucosa of common carp infected with A. hydrophila. In addition, CcPGRP2 could agglutinate or bind both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria in a Zn2+-dependent manner. CcPGRP2 has a stronger agglutination and bacterial binding ability in gram-positive bacteria than in gram-negative bacteria. It is perhaps because CcPGRP2 could bind peptidoglycan (PGN) with a higher degree to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). And CcPGRP2 shows antimicrobial activities in the presence of Zn2+. Our results of CcPGRP2 provided new insight into the function of PGRP in the innate immunity of the common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyi Bai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250000, PR China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250000, PR China
| | - Chen Sheng
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250000, PR China
| | - Yizhi Yin
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250000, PR China
| | - Yanru Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250000, PR China
| | - Xinli Ding
- Department of Food Industry, Shandong Institute of Commerce and Technology, No.4516 Lvyou Road, Jinan, 250103, PR China
| | - Guanliu Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250000, PR China
| | - Guiwen Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250000, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250000, PR China.
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Wu S, Meng K, Wu Z, Sun R, Han G, Qin D, He Y, Qin C, Deng P, Cao J, Ji W, Zhang L, Xu Z. Expression analysis of Igs and mucosal immune responses upon SVCV infection in common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 3:100048. [PMID: 36419606 PMCID: PMC9680059 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunoglobulin (Ig) is a crucial component of adaptive immune system in vertebrates including teleost fish. Here complete cDNA sequence of IgD heavy chain gene from common carp (Cyprinus carpio) was cloned and analyzed. The full-length cDNA of IgD heavy chain gene contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 2460 bp encoding 813 amino acids. According to amino acids sequence, multiple alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that carp Igs are closely related to those of Cyprinidae fish. Transcriptional expression of IgD as well as IgM, IgZ1 and IgZ2 showed similar expression patterns in different organs, this is, high expression level in systemic immune tissues (ie, head kidney, heart and spleen) and low expression in mucosal tissues (ie, gill, skin and gut). Following viral infection with spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV), obvious pathological changes in skin, gill and gut mucosa and up-regulated expression of antiviral related genes in skin, gill, gut and spleen were observed, indicating that SVCV successfully infected common carp and activated the systemic and mucosal immune system. Interestingly, IgM showed a significant up-regulation only in systemic tissue (spleen), but not in mucosal tissues (gut, gills and skin), while increased expression of IgZ1 and IgZ2 was found in gut. In contrast, the expression of IgD increased significantly in spleen, gills and skin. These strongly suggest that fish Ig isotypes play different roles in mucosal and systemic immunity during viral infection. Common carp (Cyprinus carpio); Igs; Spring viraemia of carp virus (SVCV)
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Jin Y, Li L, Li JH, Nie P. Identification of PGRP2 and its three splice variants in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:933-938. [PMID: 35863538 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, peptidoglycan recognition protein 2 (PGRP2) gene was cloned in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella, with the open reading frame (ORF) of PGRP2 being 1452 bp, encoding a protein of 483 amino acids. Three splice variants, PGRP2a, PGRP2b, and PGRP2c, were found also in grass carp with the absence of entire exon two and partial exon two of the PGRP2, and were predicted to have 124, 371 and 311 amino acids. But, they all have PGRP domain and signal peptide, except PGRP2a. The PGRP2 and its variants were expressed in all organs/tissues examined, and stimulated following PGN injection. It is further detected that the expression of gcPGRP2 and its variants was up-regulated after the single transfection of each of gcPGRP2 and its variant expression plasmids in CO cells. It is considered that the cloning of PGRP2 in grass carp provides a compositional completeness of PGRP members in this fish with the inclusion of previously reported PGRP5 and PGRP6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Jun Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China.
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Meng KF, Ding LG, Wu S, Wu ZB, Cheng GF, Zhai X, Sun RH, Xu Z. Interactions Between Commensal Microbiota and Mucosal Immunity in Teleost Fish During Viral Infection With SVCV. Front Immunol 2021; 12:654758. [PMID: 33897703 PMCID: PMC8058427 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.654758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mucosa of vertebrates is a particularly complex but dynamic environment in which the host constantly interacts with trillions of commensal microorganisms and pathogens. Although the internal and external mucosal microbiomes with immune defense of mammals have been well investigated, the relationship between mucosal microbes and their host’s immune responses has not been systematically understood in the early vertebrates. In this study, we compared the composition and distribution of mucosal microbiota in common carp (Cyprinus carpio), and found that there were significant differences of microbiota between in the internal (gut) and external mucosal (buccal mucosa, gills and skin) tissues. Next, we successfully constructed an infection model with spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV). Specifically, following viral infection, the immune and antiviral related genes showed different up-regulation in all selected mucosal tissues while significant morphological changes were only found in external tissues including buccal mucosa, gills and skin. Using 16S rRNA gene sequence, we revealed that the abundance of Proteobacteria in mucosal tissues including buccal mucosa, gills and gut showed increased trend after viral infection, whereas the abundance of Fusobacteria significantly decreased in gut. In addition, the loss of dominant commensal microorganisms and increased colonization of opportunistic bacteria were discovered in the mucosal surfaces indicating that a secondary bacterial infection might occur in these mucosal tissues after viral infection. Overall, our results firstly point out the distribution of internal and external mucosal microbiota and analyze the changes of mucosal microbiota in common carp after SVCV infection, which may indicated that the potential role of mucosal microbiota in the antiviral process in early vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Feng Meng
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Guo Ding
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Sha Wu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zheng-Ben Wu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gao-Feng Cheng
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xue Zhai
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ru-Han Sun
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Li X, Yuan S, Sun Z, Lei L, Wan S, Wang J, Zou J, Gao Q. Gene identification and functional analysis of peptidoglycan recognition protein from the spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:1014-1024. [PMID: 32866609 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), which are structurally conserved innate immune molecules in invertebrate and vertebrate animals, play the important roles in regulation of innate immune responses. In this paper, three PGRP genes of spotted sea bass, Lateolabrax maculatus, were cloned, designated as Ssb-PGRP2, Ssb-PGRP-L2 and Ssb-PGRP-SC2, respectively. Sequence analysis showed that the deduced amino acid sequences of Ssb-PGRP2, Ssb-PGRP-L2 and Ssb-PGRP-SC2 proteins contained respectively 468, 482 and 167 amino acid residues, and had the typical structural features of PGRPs, i.e. conserved PGRP domain and Zn2+ binding domain including four specific amino acid residues which were required for amidase activity. q-PCR analysis of total mRNA showed that the mRNA expression of three PGRP genes were detected in all the examined tissues and the expression patterns of Ssb-PGRP2, Ssb-PGRP-L2 and Ssb-PGRP-SC2 were different. After injected with LPS, Poly (I:C) and Edwardsiella tarda, there was a clear time-dependent expression pattern for each of the three PGRP genes in head kidney, spleen, intestine and gill of the spotted sea bass. In our study, three recombinant proteins corresponding to the three members of the peptidoglycan recognition protein family were expressed and purified. Moreover, all of the three recombinant PGRP proteins significantly inhibited bacterial survival and growth, and expressed bactericidal effects on Vibrio harveyi, Staphylococcus aureus and Edwardsiella tarda. In particular, it was firstly verified that their antimicrobial activity presented the superimposed effect. Overall, these findings indicated that three PGRP genes of spotted sea bass were at least involved in host defense against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuya Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaosheng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lina Lei
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai Wan
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junya Wang
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zou
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Exploration and Utilization of Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; International Research Center for Marine Biosciences at Shanghai Ocean University, Ministry of Science and Technology, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
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Rout AK, Paramanik S, Dehury B, Acharya V, Swain HS, Pradhan SK, Behera B, Pati SK, Behera BK, Das BK. Elucidating the molecular interaction of Zebrafish (Danio rerio) peptidoglycan recognition protein 2 with diaminopimelic acid and lysine type peptidoglycans using in silico approaches. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:3687-3699. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1666742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ajaya Kumar Rout
- Biotechnology Laboratory, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, India
| | - Sunanda Paramanik
- Department of Bioinformatics, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Budheswar Dehury
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Varsha Acharya
- Biotechnology Laboratory, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, India
| | - Himanshu Sekhar Swain
- Biotechnology Laboratory, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, India
| | - Sukanta Kumar Pradhan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Bhaskar Behera
- Department of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore, India
| | - Soumen Kumar Pati
- Department of Bioinformatics, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, Haringhata, India
| | - Bijay Kumar Behera
- Biotechnology Laboratory, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, India
| | - Basanta Kumar Das
- Biotechnology Laboratory, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Kolkata, India
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Hou J, Gan Z, Chen SN, Nie P. Molecular and functional characterization of a short-type peptidoglycan recognition protein, PGRP-S in the amphibian Xenopus laevis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 98:13-19. [PMID: 30980872 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) involved in host antibacterial responses, and their functions have been characterized in most invertebrate and vertebrate animals. However, little information is available regarding the function of frog PGRPs. In this study, a short-type PGRP (termed Xl-PGRP-S) gene was identified in the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis. The predicted protein of Xl-PGRP-S contains several structural features known in PGRPs, including a typical PGRP domain and two closely spaced conserved cysteines. Xl-PGRP-S gene was constitutively expressed in all tissues examined, with the highest expression level observed in muscle. As a typical PRR, Xl-PGRP-S is inducible after peptidoglycan (PGN) stimulation, and has an ability to bind PGN. In addition, Xl-PGRP-S has been proven to have Zn2+-dependent amidase activity and antibacterial activity against Edwardsiella tarda. The present study represents the first discovery on the function of frog PGRPs, thus contributing to a better understanding of the functional evolution of PGRPs in early tetrapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhen Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shan Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Disease Control, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266237, China; School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266109, China.
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11
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Molecular characterization and expression analysis of two peptidoglycan recognition proteins (CcPGRP5, CcPGRP6) in larvae ontogeny of common carp Cyprinus carpio L. and upon immune stimulation by bacteria. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:10. [PMID: 30612570 PMCID: PMC6322232 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1744-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although teleost fish developed acquired immunity firstly in evolution, innate immunity is still very important for them. Innate immunity depends on pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to distinguish “self” and “non-self”, Peptidoglycan (PGN) recognition protein (PGRP) is one of the receptors and it can bind to multiple components of bacterial envelope. Results We report the cloning and expression analysis of two PGRPs (Ccpgrp5 and Ccpgrp6) from common carp (Cyprinus carpio L). The Ccpgrp5 gene encodes a protein of 199 amino acid (aa) with PGRP domain, Ami_2 domain and four Zn2+ binding sites required for amidase activity, but without signal peptide and transmembrane domain. The Ccpgrp6 gene encodes a protein of 446 aa with PGRP domain, Ami_2 domain, signal peptide, five Zn2+ binding sites required for amidase activity and two sites for N-glycosylation. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the CcPGRP5 and CcPGRP6 are closely related to Ctenopharyngodon idella and Danio rerio. Ccpgrp5 and Ccpgrp6 were expressed in all tissues examined including liver, spleen, muscle, oral epithelium, head kidney, gill, skin, gonad, brain, foregut and hindgut and showed different distribution characteristics. During the embryonic and early larval developmental stages of common carp, Ccpgrp6 was detected to be highly expressed at 10 days post fertilization(dpf) and 36 dpf, while Ccpgrp5 were hardly detected using Real-time quantitative PCR. After being challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila, Ccpgrp5 in adult common carp was induced and up-regulated in all the tissues, especially in gill and spleen, but not in head kidney, while Ccpgrp6 was up-regulated in all the tissues, especially in liver, head kidney and gill. The varied expression profiling of Ccpgrp5 and Ccpgrp6 indicated they had different roles in the host immune response. Conclusions These results indicated the two PGRPs, especially Ccpgrp6, played an important role in the immune defense of common carp during larva development and against Aeromonas hydrophila, providing insight to further exploration of protecting fish against bacteria infectious disease.
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Kong X, Liu H, Li Y, Zhang H. Two Novel Short Peptidoglycan Recognition Proteins (PGRPs) From the Deep Sea Vesicomyidae Clam Archivesica packardana: Identification, Recombinant Expression and Bioactivity. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1476. [PMID: 30405434 PMCID: PMC6206172 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Vesicomyidae clams are common species living in cold seeps, which incorporates symbiotic bacteria into their body maintaining endosymbiosis relationship. As members of pattern recognition receptor (PRR) family, peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) recognize pathogen associated molecular patterns and play an important role in innate immunity. In present study, two short PGRPs (ApPGRP-1 and -2) were first identified from Vesicomyidae clam Archivesica packardana. Sequences analysis showed that they have both conserved Zn2+ binding sites (H-H-C) and amidase catalytic sites (H-Y-H-T-C), and phylogenetic tree indicated that they clustered with short PGRPs of other molluscs. PGN assay showed that ApPGRPs could bind Lys-type PGN from Staphylococcus aureus and Dap-type PGN from Bacillus subtilis, and revealed amidase activity with selective zinc ion dependence. rApPGRP-1 and -2 (recombinant ApPGRP-1 and -2) could bind six bacteria with a broad spectrum and had both zinc-dependent and -independent bactericidal activity. ApPGRPs had the complete functions of effectors and partial functions of receptors from PGRPs. Further analyses showed that ApPGRPs from A. packardana might be involved in the endosymbiosis relationship between the host clam and endosymbiotic bacteria as a regulator. The results of these experiments suggested that ApPGRPs were involved in cold seep clams’ immune response. This study provides basic information for further research on the immune mechanisms of deep sea organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Kong
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Helu Liu
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China.,College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haibin Zhang
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
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13
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Wei X, Yang D, Li H, Zhao T, Jiang H, Liu X, Yang J. Peptidoglycan recognition protein of Solen grandis (SgPGRP-S1) mediates immune recognition and bacteria clearance. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 73:30-36. [PMID: 29208495 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are indispensable molecules in innate immunity due to their prominent function in sensing and eliminating invading microorganisms. In the present study, a short type PGRP from razor clam Solen grandis (SgPGRP-S1) was recombinantly expressed and purified to investigate its potential function in innate immunity. As a pattern recognition receptor, recombinant SgPGRP-S1 (rSgPGRP-S1) specifically bind Lys-type and Dap-type peptidoglycan in vitro, but not lipopolysaccharide or β-glucan. The peptidoglycan binding ability of rSgPGRP-S1 resulted in significant agglutination activity against Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Listonella anguillarum, as well as Gram-positive Micrococcus luteus. Furthermore, rSgPGRP-S1 was bactericidal, significantly suppressing the growth of both E. coli and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus. The protein also exhibited strong amidase activity and degraded bacterial peptidoglycan in the presence of Zn2+, suggesting amidase activity might contribute to SgPGRP-S1 antibacterial activity. These results indicate SgPGRP-S1 is multifunctional in innate immunity, mediating both immune recognition and bacteria elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiumei Wei
- Laboratory of Aquatic Comparative Immunology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai 264006, China
| | - Dinglong Yang
- Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Huiying Li
- Laboratory of Aquatic Comparative Immunology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Tianyu Zhao
- Laboratory of Aquatic Comparative Immunology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Hailin Jiang
- Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai 264006, China
| | - Xiangquan Liu
- Marine Resource and Environment Research Institute, Yantai 264006, China
| | - Jialong Yang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Comparative Immunology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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14
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Characterization of the ligand binding of PGRP-L in half-smooth tongue sole ( Cynoglossus semilaevis ) by molecular dynamics and free energy calculation. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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15
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Functional characterization of a short peptidoglycan recognition protein from Chinese giant salamander ( Andrias davidianus). Oncotarget 2017; 8:99323-99335. [PMID: 29245904 PMCID: PMC5725095 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan (PGN) recognition proteins (PGRPs) are important pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) involved in immune defense against bacterial infections. In this study, a short PGRP (termed AdPGRP-S1) was cloned and functionally characterized from Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus), the largest extant urodela amphibian species. AdPGRP-S1 was 184 aa in length and shared 38.7%-54.9% sequence identities with other vertebrates’ short PGRPs. It contained one typical PGRP domain at the C-terminal region and several conserved amino acid (aa) residues involved in amidase and PGN binding. AdPGRP-S1 was constitutively expressed in all tissues examined, with the highest expression level seen in spleen and intestine. It has been shown that AdPGRP-S1 could bind and degrade Lys-PGN and Dap-PGN. Further, AdPGRP-S1 had antibacterial activity against the Gram-negative bacteria, Edwardsiella tarda, and was able to trigger the activation of NF-κB signaling. These results demonstrated that AdPGRP-S1 possesses multiple functions in pathogen recognition, mediating ceullular signaling, and initiating antibacterial response. This is the first functional study of a salamander PGRP, providing insight to further understand the functional evolution of verterbates’ PGRPs.
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Jang JH, Kim H, Cho JH. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of peptidoglycan recognition protein OmPGRP-L2 from the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 192:28-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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17
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Alternative Pre-mRNA Splicing in Mammals and Teleost Fish: A Effective Strategy for the Regulation of Immune Responses Against Pathogen Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071530. [PMID: 28714877 PMCID: PMC5536018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-mRNA splicing is the process by which introns are removed and the protein coding elements assembled into mature mRNAs. Alternative pre-mRNA splicing provides an important source of transcriptome and proteome complexity through selectively joining different coding elements to form mRNAs, which encode proteins with similar or distinct functions. In mammals, previous studies have shown the role of alternative splicing in regulating the function of the immune system, especially in the regulation of T-cell activation and function. As lower vertebrates, teleost fish mainly rely on a large family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from various invading pathogens. In this review, we summarize recent advances in our understanding of alternative splicing of piscine PRRs including peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) and their downstream signaling molecules, compared to splicing in mammals. We also discuss what is known and unknown about the function of splicing isoforms in the innate immune responses against pathogens infection in mammals and teleost fish. Finally, we highlight the consequences of alternative splicing in the innate immune system and give our view of important directions for future studies.
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18
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PGRP negatively regulates NOD-mediated cytokine production in rainbow trout liver cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:39344. [PMID: 27991595 PMCID: PMC5171823 DOI: 10.1038/srep39344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) initiate innate immunity via pathogen recognition. Recent studies suggest that signalling pathways downstream of different PRRs and their crosstalk effectively control immune responses. However, the cross-regulation among PRRs and its effects have yet to be fully described in fish. Here, we examined the crosstalk between OmPGRP-L1, a long form of PGRP in rainbow trout, and other PRRs during pathogenic infections. OmPGRP-L1 expression was increased in RTH-149 cells by iE-DAP and MDP, which are agonists of NOD1 and NOD2, respectively. The silencing of NOD1 and NOD2 specifically inhibited the upregulation of OmPGRP-L1 expression induced by their cognate ligands. Suppression of RIP2 and NF-κB activation prevented the induction of OmPGRP-L1 expression. An in silico analysis and electrophoretic mobility shift assay revealed that the promoter of OmPGRP-L1 has NF-κB binding sites, suggesting that OmPGRP-L1 is produced through the NOD-RIP2-NF-κB signalling pathway. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments indicated that OmPGRP-L1 downregulates the induction of NOD-mediated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. Mechanistically, secreted OmPGRP-L1 inhibited the activation of the NOD-induced NF-κB pathway via downregulation of TAK1 and IκBα phosphorylation through A20 expression. Our data demonstrate that OmPGRP-L1 and NODs might play interdependent roles in the inflammatory response to bacterial infections in rainbow trout.
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Gan Z, Chen S, Hou J, Huo H, Zhang X, Ruan B, Laghari ZA, Li L, Lu Y, Nie P. Molecular and functional characterization of peptidoglycan-recognition protein SC2 (PGRP-SC2) from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) involved in the immune response to Streptococcus agalactiae. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 54:1-10. [PMID: 27033804 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.03.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PGRP-SC2, the member of PGRP family, plays an important role in regulation of innate immune response. In this paper, a PGRP-SC2 gene of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (designated as On-PGRP-SC2) was cloned and its expression pattern under the infection of Streptococcus agalactiae was investigated. Sequence analysis showed main structural features required for amidase activity were detected in the deduced amino acid sequence of On-PGRP-SC2. In healthy tilapia, the On-PGRP-SC2 transcripts could be detected in all the examined tissues, with the most abundant expression in the muscle. When infected with S. agalactiae, there was a clear time-dependent expression pattern of On-PGRP-SC2 in the spleen, head kidney and brain. The assays for the amidase activity suggested that recombinant On-PGRP-SC2 protein had a Zn(2+)-dependent PGN-degrading activity. Moreover, our works showed that recombinant On-PGRP-SC2 protein could significantly reduce bacterial load in target organs attacked by S. agalactiae. These findings indicated that On-PGRP-SC2 may play important roles in the immune response to S. agalactiae in Nile tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shannan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huijun Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baiye Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zubair Ahmed Laghari
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yishan Lu
- College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524025, China.
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Sun QL, Sun L. A short-type peptidoglycan recognition protein from tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis) promotes phagocytosis and defense against bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:313-320. [PMID: 26364742 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) are members of the innate immune system that interact with bacteria by binding to bacterial peptidoglycan. In this study, we examined the expression and function of a short type of PGRP, CsPGRP-SC2, from tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). CsPGRP-SC2 contains 164 amino acid residues and shares 54.5%-65.3% overall sequence identities with other teleost PGRPs. CsPGRP-SC2 possesses an amidase domain with a conserved zinc binding site. CsPGRP-SC2 expression occurred in multiple tissues and was upregulated by bacterial and viral infection. Purified recombinant CsPGRP-SC2 (rCsPGRP-SC2) was able to bind and agglutinate Gram-positive bacteria in a Zn(2+)-dependent manner. rCsPGRP-SC2 enhanced the uptake of the bound bacteria by host phagocytes and reduced bacterial dissemination and colonization in host tissues. These results indicate that CsPGRP-SC2 is an innate immune factor that participates in host defense against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-lei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Li Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, China.
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Ye T, Huang X, Wang XW, Shi YR, Hui KM, Ren Q. Characterization of a gC1qR from the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 43:200-208. [PMID: 25555810 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
gC1qR, as a multicompartmental and a multifunctional protein, plays an important role in innate immunity. In this study, a gC1qR homolog (MrgC1qR) in the giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii was identified. MrgC1qR, a 258-amino-acid polypeptide, shares high identities with gC1qR from other species. MrgC1qR gene was expressed in different tissues and was highest expressed in the hepatopancreas. In addition, the MrgC1qR transcript was significantly enhanced after 6 h of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection or post 2 h, 24 h of Vibrio anguillarum challenge compared to appropriate controls. Moreover, recombinant MrgC1qR (rMrgC1qR) had bacterial binding activity, the result also revealed that rMrgC1qR could bind pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) such as LPS or PGN, suggesting that MrgC1qRmight function as a pathogen-recognition receptor (PRR). Furthermore, glutathione S-transferase (GST) pull-down assays showed that rMrgC1qR with GST-tag could bind to rMrFicolin1 or rMrFicolin2 with His-tag. Altogether, these results may demonstrate a role for MrgC1qR in innate immunity in the giant freshwater prawns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ye
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Xian-Wei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Yan-Ru Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Kai-Min Hui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Qian Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity & Biotechnology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210046, China.
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Ruyra A, Torrealba D, Morera D, Tort L, MacKenzie S, Roher N. Zebrafish liver (ZFL) cells are able to mount an anti-viral response after stimulation with Poly (I:C). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 182:55-63. [PMID: 25536407 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a widely used model species for biomedical research and is also starting to be a model for aquaculture research. The ZFL cell line, established from zebrafish liver, has been mostly used in toxicological and ecotoxicological studies. However, no studies have previously characterised this cell line in regard to its immunological response. The aim of this work was to study the gene expression response of the ZFL cell line after incubation with different prototypical immune stimuli, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), peptidoglycan (PGN), zymosan, and with a special focus on the dsRNA Poly (I:C). Using PCR, microarrays, and confocal microscopy we have explored the response of the ZFL cells against Poly (I:C). This study shows that the ZFL is able to uptake very efficiently the Poly (I:C) and mount a strong anti-viral response. We can conclude that ZFL could be used not only in toxicological studies, but also in studying anti-viral responses in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angels Ruyra
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina - Parc de Recerca UAB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Debora Torrealba
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina - Parc de Recerca UAB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia Animal i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Davinia Morera
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina - Parc de Recerca UAB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia Animal i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lluís Tort
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia Animal i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Simon MacKenzie
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom
| | - Nerea Roher
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina - Parc de Recerca UAB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia Animal i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Yu H, Shen Y, Sun J, Xu X, Wang R, Xuan Y, Lu L, Li J. Molecular cloning and functional characterization of the NFIL3/E4BP4 transcription factor of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 47:215-222. [PMID: 25083807 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
NFIL3 (nuclear factor interleukin 3-regulated) is an important bZIP transcription factor in the immune response and immune cells' development. Here, we identified the NFIL3 gene from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella; gcNFIL3). The deduced amino acid sequence of gcNFIL3 is 468 residues with a typical bZIP domain. Phylogenetics demonstrated that gcNFIL3 clustered closely with NFIL3 of zebrafish. Real-time PCR revealed gcNFIL3 is constitutively expressed in all tissues examined. Its expression was significantly upregulated in head kidney and trunk kidney after stimulation by bacteria. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that gcNFIL3 is mainly expressed in the nucleus. Overexpression of gcNFIL3 reduces Aeromonas hydrophila invasion and proliferation. In CIK cells, gcNFIL3 could induce the activation of NF-kappa B and upregulates the expression of IL10 and IFN. These results indicated that gcNFIL3 has immunoregulatory properties and might play a role in the immune response of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, 201306 Shanghai, China
| | - Yubang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, 201306 Shanghai, China
| | - Junlong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, 201306 Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, 201306 Shanghai, China
| | - Rongquan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Conventional Freshwater Fish Breeding and Health Culture Technology Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Suzhou Wujiang Area Aquaculture Limited Company, 215221 Suzhou, China
| | - Yunfeng Xuan
- Key Laboratory of Conventional Freshwater Fish Breeding and Health Culture Technology Germplasm Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Suzhou Wujiang Area Aquaculture Limited Company, 215221 Suzhou, China
| | - Liqun Lu
- National Pathogen Collection Center for Aquatic Animals, College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, 201306 Shanghai, China
| | - Jiale Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, 201306 Shanghai, China; E-Institute of Shanghai Universities, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, 201306 Shanghai, China.
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Yu ZL, Li JH, Xue NN, Nie P, Chang MX. Expression and functional characterization of PGRP6 splice variants in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 47:264-274. [PMID: 25149135 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs), which are evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors from insects to mammals, recognize bacterial PGN and function in antibacterial innate immunity. The existence of alternative splicing is a common feature for PGRP family. Here the splicing pattern from the splicing at the 5' end of PGRP6 gene was identified in a teleost fish, the grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Four splice variants of grass carp PGRP6 were designated as gcPGRP6a, gcPGRP6b, gcPGRP6c and gcPGRP6d, respectively. Real-time PCR revealed the different expression of these variants in fish individuals and CIK cell line in response to stimulation with different microbial ligands. Immunofluorescence microscopy and Western blotting showed that the splice variants are intracellular protein. Cell lysates from Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells transfected with gcPGRP6 splice variants are able to bind microbial PAMPs including Lys-type PGN from Staphylococcus aureus, DAP-type PGN from Bacillus subtilis, glucan, mannan, and microorganisms including Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Flavobacterium columnare and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Moreover, overexpression of gcPGRP6 variants inhibited earlier stage growth of intracellular bacteria. The data also identified a specific role for gcPGRP6c variant in the positive regulation of cytolytic molecule perforin, and for gcPGRP6a, gcPGRP6b and gcPGRP6c variants in positive regulation of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). However, the gcPGRP6d variant, which encoded basically only the PGRP domain, failed to induce the expression of perforin and AMPs. It is suggested that fish PGRP6 splice variants have common and variant-specific function in innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Long Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China; Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Jun Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Na Na Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China
| | - Ming Xian Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, China.
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Sun L, Liu S, Wang R, Li C, Zhang J, Liu Z. Pathogen recognition receptors in channel catfish: IV. Identification, phylogeny and expression analysis of peptidoglycan recognition proteins. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:291-299. [PMID: 24814805 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRPs) can recognize bacterial cell wall (peptidoglycan) and activate innate immune system. In addition to its function as pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), PGRPs are also involved in directly killing bacteria, and regulating multiple signaling pathways. Recently, we have reported catfish PRRs including nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat containing receptors (NLRs), retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I) like receptors (RLRs), and Toll-like receptors (TLRs). In this study, we identified and characterized the PGRP gene family in channel catfish which included two members, PGLYRP-5 and PGLYRP-6. Phylogenetic analysis, syntenic analysis and protein structural analysis were conducted to determine their identities and evolutionary relationships. In order to gain insight into the roles of PGRPs in catfish innate immune responses, quantitative real-time PCR was used to investigate the expression profiles in catfish healthy tissues and after bacterial infection. Both PGLYRP-5 and PGLYRP-6 were ubiquitously expressed in all 12 healthy tissues, and most highly expressed in gill and spleen, respectively. Distinct expression patterns were observed for PGRPs after infection with Edwardsiella ictaluri and Flavobacterium columnare, both Gram-negative bacteria. After infection with E. ictaluri, both PGLYRP-5 and PGLYRP-6 were significantly down-regulated at a certain time-point, while both genes were generally up-regulated in the gill after infection with F. columnare. Collectively, these findings suggested that PGRPs may play complex roles in the host immune response to bacterial pathogens in catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Sun
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Shikai Liu
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Ruijia Wang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Chao Li
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Jiaren Zhang
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Zhanjiang Liu
- The Fish Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Aquatic Genomics Unit, School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, 203 Swingle Hall, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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