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Singh T, Bathla S, Dutta SK, Thakkar R, Vohra V, Singh K. Comparative Evaluation of Sealing Ability of Different Type of MTA as Root-End Filling Materials Using Dye Penetration Technique - An In Vitro Study. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2024; 16:S339-S342. [PMID: 38595542 PMCID: PMC11000896 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_552_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The main goal of the root-end filling material is to create a hermetic seal to protect against microbes and their by-products. Excellent biocompatibility and sealing ability are characteristics of MTA developed by Torabinejad et al. This study aimed to compare the sealing ability of different type MTA as root-end filling material using dye penetration technique. Material and Method One-twenty (N = 120) extracted human maxillary anterior teeth were decontaminated, cleaned, and decoronated. Endodontic treatment and root-end resection were done. Then root-end cavity was prepared and filled with tested materials (N = 30). A calibrated stereomicroscope was used to evaluate linear measurement. All data were tabulated and statistically analyzed with a level of significance set at P < .05. Result This order of increasing microleaks was observed: MTA Angelus < MTA Plus < PRO-Root MTA < Control group. There was a statistically significant difference in mean microleakage in MTA Angelus and MTA Plus groups (P = 0.040). MTA Angelus shows the least microleakage among all the bioceramic material groups. Conclusion Although the sealing ability of MTA Angelus is superior to MTA Plus, PRO-Root MTA. MTA Plus, PRO-Root MTA could be considered an acceptable alternative to MTA Angelus in peri-radicular surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanu Singh
- PhD Scholar, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Bareilly International University, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saurav Bathla
- Post Graduate Student, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saurav K. Dutta
- Post Graduate Student, Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Dental Sciences, Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Radhika Thakkar
- B.D.S., M.P.H, Resident, Eastman Institute for Oral Health, University of Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Varun Vohra
- BDS, National Dental College and Hospital, Dera Bassi, Punjab, India
| | - Kanwarpreet Singh
- Department of Conservative and Endodontics, Yamuna Institute of Dental Sciences, Yamunanagar, Haryana, India
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Okuda H, Inada M, Konishi T, Kawashima N, Wada T, Okiji T, Uo M. Improvement of the setting properties of mineral trioxide aggregate cements using cellulose nanofibrils. Dent Mater J 2024; 43:106-111. [PMID: 38171742 DOI: 10.4012/dmj.2023-220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) exhibit excellent mechanical properties and are used to reinforce various composites. The effects of incorporating CNFs into commercial mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) cements (NEX MTA (NEX) and ProRoot® MTA (PR)) on the underwater setting properties, compressive strength, and flowability were estimated in this study. NEX mixed without CNFs disintegrated after water immersion. NEX mixed with CNF-suspended solutions showed good setting properties under water immersion and a similar compressive strength, which was kept in air (100% relative humidity). PR did not degrade after water immersion, regardless of the presence of CNFs, and no significant difference in the compressive strength caused by CNFs incorporation was detected. The relative flowability of the NEX mixture decreased with increasing CNFs content up to 1.0 w/v%. The application of CNF-incorporated MTA in various dental cases is promising because CNFs prevent the water-immersion-dependent collapse of some MTA cements immediately after mixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Okuda
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Miki Inada
- Center of Advanced Instrumental Analysis, Kyushu University
| | - Tomoya Konishi
- Department of Creative Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Anan College
| | - Nobuyuki Kawashima
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Takahiro Wada
- Department of Advanced Biomaterials, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Takashi Okiji
- Department of Pulp Biology and Endodontics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Motohiro Uo
- Department of Advanced Biomaterials, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
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Kim M, Hayashi M, Yu B, Lee TK, Kim RH, Jo DW. Effects of Fucoidan Powder Combined with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate as a Direct Pulp-Capping Material. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122315. [PMID: 35745892 PMCID: PMC9228542 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of direct pulp-capping materials with favorable biological and structural properties is an important goal in restorative dentistry. Fucoidan is a sulfated, fucose-containing polysaccharide obtained from brown seaweed, with a wide range of applications; however, its use as a direct pulp-capping material has not been examined. This study aimed to evaluate the mechanical, physical, and biological effects of fucoidan combined with conventional mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) for direct pulp capping. The capping materials were created using Portland cement (80 wt%) and zirconium oxide (20 wt%) as base components, compared with base components plus 5 wt% fucoidan (PZF5) and base components plus 10 wt% fucoidan (PZF10). The initial and final setting time, compressive strength, chemical components, cell viability, adhesion, migration, osteogenesis, and gene expression were analyzed. Fucoidan significantly reduced the initial and final setting time, regardless of quantity. However, the compressive strength was lower for PZF5. Sulfur levels increased with fucoidan. The biological activity improved, especially in the PZF5 group. Cell migration, Alizarin Red S staining, and alkaline phosphatase activity were upregulated in the PZF5 group. Fucoidan is a useful regenerative additive for conventional pulp-capping materials because it reduces the setting time and improves cell migration and osteogenic ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mijoo Kim
- UCLA School of Dentistry Restorative Materials and Applied Dental Research Laboratory, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (M.K.); (M.H.); (B.Y.); (T.K.L.); (R.H.K.)
- Section of Restorative Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marc Hayashi
- UCLA School of Dentistry Restorative Materials and Applied Dental Research Laboratory, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (M.K.); (M.H.); (B.Y.); (T.K.L.); (R.H.K.)
- Section of Restorative Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Bo Yu
- UCLA School of Dentistry Restorative Materials and Applied Dental Research Laboratory, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (M.K.); (M.H.); (B.Y.); (T.K.L.); (R.H.K.)
- Section of Restorative Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Thomas K. Lee
- UCLA School of Dentistry Restorative Materials and Applied Dental Research Laboratory, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (M.K.); (M.H.); (B.Y.); (T.K.L.); (R.H.K.)
- Section of Restorative Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Reuben H. Kim
- UCLA School of Dentistry Restorative Materials and Applied Dental Research Laboratory, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (M.K.); (M.H.); (B.Y.); (T.K.L.); (R.H.K.)
- Section of Restorative Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Deuk-Won Jo
- Section of Dentistry, Department of Prosthodontics, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-787-7548
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Viswanath G, Tilakchand M, Naik BD, Kalabhavi AS, Kulkarni RD. Comparative evaluation of antimicrobial and antifungal efficacy of bioactive root-end filling materials: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2021; 24:148-152. [PMID: 34759580 PMCID: PMC8562840 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_548_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Context: Microorganisms are the main cause of failure of endodontic treatment. When retreatment fails periapical surgery followed by retrograde filling is done to seal the apex. A root-end filling material should have antimicrobial property as well as bioactive properties necessary for healing, repair, and regeneration of the apex. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal efficacy of three bioactive root-end filling materials: mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Plus, Biodentine, Endosequence root repair material (ERRM) against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans. Subjects and Methods: E. faecalis and C. albicans standard bacterial strains were used. 100 μl was taken from liquid cultures of E. faecalis and planted in Mueller-Hinton agar and the same amount of C. albicans was planted in Sabouraud dextrose agar by lawn culture. MTA Plus, Biodentine, and ERRM were aseptically filled into the opened pits. Following this, the media were kept in the drying oven at 37°C for 24, 48, and 72 h and the diameters of the inhibition zones were measured. Statistical Analysis Used: Statistical analysis was carried out by Kruskal–Wallis, Post hoc (Mann–Whitney), Friedman, and Post hoc (Wilcoxon-sign) test. Results: Among the three groups, the antimicrobial activity of Biodentine against E. faecalis was statistically higher than MTA Plus and ERRM (P < 0.05). Antifungal activity of MTA Plus against C. albicans was statistically higher than Biodentine and ERRM (P < 0.05). ERRM showed the smallest inhibition zone against E. faecalis and C. albicans among the three groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Biodentine exhibited the greatest antimicrobial activity and MTA Plus exhibited the greatest antifungal activity among the three groups. ERRM exhibited the least antibacterial and antifungal activity among the three groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gopika Viswanath
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Mahima Tilakchand
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Balaram D Naik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
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Wu IT, Kao PF, Huang YR, Ding SJ. In vitro and in vivo osteogenesis of gelatin-modified calcium silicate cement with washout resistance. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 117:111297. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Ling Z, He Y, Huang H, Xie X, Li QL, Cao CY. Effects of oligopeptide simulating DMP-1/mineral trioxide aggregate/agarose hydrogel biomimetic mineralisation model for the treatment of dentine hypersensitivity. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:5825-5833. [PMID: 31497837 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01684h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dentine hypersensitivity (DH) occurs when dentine is exposed to stimuli from the oral environment due to a lack of enamel or cementum. The use of biomimetic mineralisation in occluding exposed dentinal tubules and regenerating enamel-like tissues on dentine surfaces is preferred for a long-lasting treatment. In this study, we established a biomimetic mineralisation model composed of oligopeptide stimulating dentine matrix protein 1 (DMP-1), mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and an agarose hydrogel biomimetic mineralisation model (AHBMM); the proposed model is thus referred to as DMP-1@MTA@AHBMM. The effectiveness of DMP-1@MTA@AHBMM for the management of DH was analysed with scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and a microhardness test. The use of DMP-1@MTA@AHBMM on a demineralised dentine surface occluded the dentinal tubules and regenerated an enamel-like tissue containing well-defined fluoridated hydroxyapatite crystals on the dentine surface. The microhardness of the regenerated enamel-like tissue was greater than that of the demineralised dentine. Therefore, DMP-1@MTA@AHBMM can be a promising method for the management of DH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziji Ling
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Yalin He
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Haowen Huang
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Xiaoqi Xie
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Quan-Li Li
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Chris Ying Cao
- College & Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Key Lab. of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, 230032, China.
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Physico-mechanical characteristics of tri-calcium silicate pastes as dentin substitute and interface analysis in class II cavities: effect of CaCl 2 and SBF solutions. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01975. [PMID: 31294120 PMCID: PMC6595244 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of using simulated body fluid (SBF) as a curing medium on some characteristics of pure single tri-calcium silicate (C3S) bio-cement was investigated. CaCl2 salt solution was used as an accelerating liquid for setting and hardening of C3S pastes in comparison with distilled water (DW). Solid state reaction was applied to synthesis C3S phase at elevated temperature followed by rapid cooling. The results showed that 10 wt.% CaCl2 solution was the optimum concentration that showed the lowest setting time (106 min). C3S pastes prepared with CaCl2 solution have better physical and mechanical properties than those mixed with DW even after curing under SBF solution for the different curing ages. However, SBF solution has an adverse effect on the hydrated compound C-S-H that results in a little decrease in strength and hardness values. The elemental analysis emphasized the presence of apatite layer on the surface of the hardened C3S paste. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) photomicrographs and elemental analysis revealed reliable adaptation of the experimentally prepared C3S paste to the tooth structure, in addition to its bioactivity makes it a consistent material to be used as dentin substitute.
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Uzunoglu Ozyurek E, Aktemur Turker S. Evaluation of fracture resistance of roots-filled with various root canal sealers at different time periods. Eur Oral Res 2019; 53:6-11. [PMID: 31309186 PMCID: PMC6612757 DOI: 10.26650/eor.201989121662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The reinforcement effect of 3 various root canal sealers (AH 26, MTA Plus sealer and BioRoot RCS) and gutta-percha at different time periods (1 week and 1 month) were evaluated in the present study. Materials and methods: Single-rooted, single-canalled, cracks-free 80 mandibular premolars were decoronated to a length of 13mm. Group PC (positive control, n=10): samples were left unprepared and unfilled. Seventy samples were prepared by using the ProTaper Rotary System up to F4. Group NC (negative control, n=10): samples were left unfilled. Remaining 60 samples were assigned into 3 groups; Group 1: AH 26 + F4 gutta-percha (GP); Group 2: MTA Plus sealer + F4 GP and Group 3: BioRoot RCS + F4 GP. Filled samples were divided into subgroups according to storage time: Samples in Groups 1A, 2A, and 3A were stored for 1 week; while Groups 1B, 2B and 3B were stored for 1 month at 100% humidity to allow the complete setting of the sealers (n=10, for each). A universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min was used for fracture testing. For each specimen, the force at the time of fracture was recorded and the data were analyzed statistically. Results: The highest fracture resistance values were obtained in Group PC, while the lowest values were obtained in Group NC. Groups PC and NC were statistically different from each other and from other groups, regardless of time (p<0.05). Fracture resistance values of Group AH 26/GP were statistically different from MTA Plus sealer/GP (p<0.05) and were statistically similar with BioRoot RCS/GP , irrespective of time. Within group comparisons revealed that there were no statistically differences between samples filled with same sealer at different time periods. Conclusion: Root canal preparation caused decreased fracture resistance. All sealers increased the force values needed to fracture the filled samples compared to unfilled ones. Time factor had no effect on the fracture resistance values.
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Antimicrobial effect of bioceramic cements on multispecies microcosm biofilm: a confocal laser microscopy study. Clin Oral Investig 2018; 23:1367-1372. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-018-2551-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kim SY, Kim HC, Shin SJ, Kim E. Comparison of Gap Volume after Retrofilling Using 4 Different Filling Materials: Evaluation by Micro–computed Tomography. J Endod 2018; 44:635-638. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Andrade AS, Silva GF, Camilleri J, Cerri ES, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Cerri PS, Tanomaru-Filho M. Tissue Response and Immunoexpression of Interleukin 6 Promoted by Tricalcium Silicate–based Repair Materials after Subcutaneous Implantation in Rats. J Endod 2018; 44:458-463. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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12
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Guimarães BM, Vivan RR, Piazza B, Alcalde MP, Bramante CM, Duarte MAH. Chemical-physical Properties and Apatite-forming Ability of Mineral Trioxide Aggregate Flow. J Endod 2017; 43:1692-1696. [PMID: 28735787 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to analyze the chemical-physical properties, including pH, volumetric change, radiopacity, and apatite-forming ability in simulated body fluid, of a new tricalcium silicate material (MTA Flow; Ultradent Products Inc, South Jordan, UT). METHODS MTA Flow was tested in comparison with MTA Angelus (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brazil). The pH of soaking water was tested up to 168 hours in deionized water. In the solubility test, the root-end fillings of 20 acrylic teeth were scanned twice by micro-computed tomographic imaging before and after immersion in ultrapure water for 168 hours. In addition, using an aluminum step wedge, the radiopacity of each material was evaluated as recommended by international standards. The mean gray values of the test materials were measured using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). The morphologic and chemical analyses of the material surface were performed using scanning electron microscopic energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis after 28 days in Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS). The data were analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance with the Student-Newman-Keuls test (P < .05). RESULTS MTA Flow showed similar alkalizing activity to that of MTA Angelus. In the solubility test, both materials presented lower values without statistical differences. Both materials showed a marked alkalinizing activity within 3 hours, which continued for 168 hours. MTA Angelus showed statistically higher radiopacity values (P < .05). All materials showed the ability to nucleate calcium phosphate on their surface after 28 days in HBSS. CONCLUSIONS MTA Flow showed remarkable alkalinizing capability, low solubility, good radiopacity, and the ability to form calcium phosphate deposits after being soaked in simulated body fluid, showing values similar to those of MTA Angelus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Martini Guimarães
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Ricci Vivan
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Piazza
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Murilo Priori Alcalde
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clovis Monteiro Bramante
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Hungaro Duarte
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Endodontics and Dental Materials, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
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Shetty S, Hiremath G, Yeli M. A comparative evaluation of sealing ability of four root end filling materials using fluid filtration method: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2017; 20:307-310. [PMID: 29386776 PMCID: PMC5767823 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_122_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the Study The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate the sealing ability of four root end filling materials mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)-Plus, Biodentine, MTA (MTA Angelus) and glass ionomer cement (GIC) using fluid filtration method. Materials and Methods Forty-four extracted, human single-rooted teeth were collected. The crown of each tooth was decoronated 2 mm above the cementoenamel junction. Canals were negotiated, instrumented, obturated using lateral compaction method. The access cavities were sealed with Cavit. Root end resection and apical root end cavity preparations of 4 mm were made in each specimen. The selected roots were then randomly divided into four groups (n = 11) and restored as follows. Group 1 - GIC, Group 2 - MTA (MTA Angelus), Group 3 - Biodentine, and Group 4 - MTA Plus. The apical microleakage of each specimen was assessed using fluid filtration method at 72 h, 1 month and 3 months. Microleakage in each specimen was recorded in mm (millimeter) and converted to μl/min/cm H2O. Results MTA Angelus showed least microleakage followed by Biodentine and MTA Plus. Least sealing ability was seen with GIC. There was statistically significant difference between all the materials at various time intervals. Conclusion MTA Angelus showed superior sealing ability as a retrograde filling material followed by Biodentine and MTA Plus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa Shetty
- Department Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Terna Dental College and Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Geeta Hiremath
- Department Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Mahantesh Yeli
- Department Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
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14
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Gomes-Cornélio AL, Rodrigues EM, Salles LP, Mestieri LB, Faria G, Guerreiro-Tanomaru JM, Tanomaru-Filho M. Bioactivity of MTA Plus, Biodentine and an experimental calcium silicate-based cement on human osteoblast-like cells. Int Endod J 2016; 50:39-47. [PMID: 26610093 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIM To compare the bioactivity of Biodentine (BIO, Septodont), MTA Plus (MTA P, Avalon) and calcium silicate experimental cement (CSC) with resin (CSCR) associated with zirconium (CSCR ZrO2 ) or niobium (CSCR Nb2 O5 ) oxide as radiopacifiers. METHODOLOGY According to the relevance of osteoblastic cell response for mineralized tissue repair, human osteoblastic cells (Saos-2) were exposed to test materials and assessed for viability (MTT), cell proliferation, gene expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) osteogenic marker by real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), ALP activity assay and alizarin red staining (ARS) to detect mineralization nodule deposition in osteogenic medium. Unexposed cells acted as the control group (C). Statistical analysis was carried out using ANOVA and the Bonferroni post-test (P < 0.05). RESULTS All tested cements showed dose-dependent responses in cell viability (MTT). Exposed cells revealed good viability (80-130% compared to the control group) in the highest dilutions of all types of cement. MTA P, BIO and CSCR ZrO2 significantly increased the velocity of cell proliferation after three days of cell exposure in the wound-healing assay (P < 0.05), which corroborated MTT data. On day 3, the ALP transcript level increased, especially to CSCR Nb2 O5 (P < 0.05). All cements exhibited suitable ALP enzyme activity, highlighting the 7-day period of cell exposure. ARS, CSCR Nb2 O5 , revealed a significant potential to induce mineralization in vitro. CONCLUSIONS All materials had suitable biocompatibility and bioactivity. The MTA P, BIO and CSCR ZrO2 groups had the highest viability rates and velocity of proliferation whilst the CSCR Nb2 O5 group produced more mineralized nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Gomes-Cornélio
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - E M Rodrigues
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - L P Salles
- Cellular Biology Department, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
| | - L B Mestieri
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - G Faria
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - J M Guerreiro-Tanomaru
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - M Tanomaru-Filho
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Araraquara Dental School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Cao Y, Song M, Kim E, Shon W, Chugal N, Bogen G, Lin L, Kim R, Park NH, Kang M. Pulp-dentin Regeneration. J Dent Res 2015; 94:1544-51. [DOI: 10.1177/0022034515601658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of regenerative endodontics is to reinstate normal pulp function in necrotic and infected teeth that would result in reestablishment of protective functions, including innate pulp immunity, pulp repair through mineralization, and pulp sensibility. In the unique microenvironment of the dental pulp, the triad of tissue engineering would require infection control, biomaterials, and stem cells. Although revascularization is successful in resolving apical periodontitis, multiple studies suggest that it alone does not support pulp-dentin regeneration. More recently, cell-based approaches in endodontic regeneration based on pulpal mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have demonstrated promising results in terms of pulp-dentin regeneration in vivo through autologous transplantation. Although pulpal regeneration requires the cell-based approach, several challenges in clinical translation must be overcome—including aging-associated phenotypic changes in pulpal MSCs, availability of tissue sources, and safety and regulation involved with expansion of MSCs in laboratories. Allotransplantation of MSCs may alleviate some of these obstacles, although the long-term stability of MSCs and efficacy in pulp-dentin regeneration demand further investigation. For an alternative source of MSCs, our laboratory developed induced MSCs (iMSCs) from primary human keratinocytes through epithelial-mesenchymal transition by modulating the epithelial plasticity genes. Initially, we showed that overexpression of ΔN p63α, a major isoform of the p63 gene, led to epithelial-mesenchymal transition and acquisition of stem characteristics. More recently, iMSCs were generated by transient knockdown of all p63 isoforms through siRNA, further simplifying the protocol and resolving the potential safety issues of viral vectors. These cells may be useful for patients who lack tissue sources for endogenous MSCs. Further research will elucidate the level of potency of these iMSCs and assess their transdifferentiation capacities into functional odontoblasts when transplanted into the root canal microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Cao
- School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M. Song
- School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - E. Kim
- School of Dentistry, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - W. Shon
- School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - N. Chugal
- School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - G. Bogen
- School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - L. Lin
- New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, USA
| | - R.H. Kim
- School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - N.-H. Park
- School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M.K. Kang
- School of Dentistry, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Hiremath GS, Kulkarni RD, Naik BD. Evaluation of minimal inhibitory concentration of two new materials using tube dilution method: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2015; 18:159-62. [PMID: 25829698 PMCID: PMC4379659 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.153056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate and compare the antimicrobial efficacy of two new materials MTA Plus and Biodentine with ProRoot MTA using tube dilution method. Materials and Methods: The materials used were ProRoot MTA (Dentsply), MTA Plus (compounded by Prevest Denpro, Jammu, India for Avalon Biomed Inc, USA) and a calcium silicate based material Biodentine (Septodont, Saint-Maur-des-Fosses, France). Doubling dilutions of the material were prepared in Sabouraud's dextrose broth (SDB) and Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth for Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis, respectively. The minimal concentration at which inhibition of microorganism occurred was measured and noted as minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the material. Results: There was no statistically significant difference between the materials against C. albicans. Biodentine was statistically significant than MTA Plus against E. faecalis (P-value-0.022). ProRoot MTA was statistically significant at different time intervals against E. faecalis (P-value-0.001). Conclusion: ProRoot MTA and Biodentine proved to have antimicrobial property. MTA Plusproved as a good antifungal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta S Hiremath
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Raghavendra D Kulkarni
- Department of Microbiology, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Balaram D Naik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
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Setbon H, Devaux J, Iserentant A, Leloup G, Leprince J. Influence of composition on setting kinetics of new injectable and/or fast setting tricalcium silicate cements. Dent Mater 2014; 30:1291-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Petrović V, Opačić-Galić V, Živković S, Nikolić B, Danilović V, Miletić V, Jokanović V, Mitić-Ćulafić D. Biocompatibility of new nanostructural materials based on active silicate systems and hydroxyapatite: in vitro and in vivo study. Int Endod J 2014; 48:966-75. [PMID: 25288256 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo inflammatory response to new nanostructural materials based on active calcium silicate systems (CS) and hydroxyapatite (HA-CS). METHODOLOGY Cytotoxicity of eluates of new nanostructural noncommercial materials CS and HA-CS, and MTA (White MTA, Angelus(®) Soluções Odontológicas, Londrina, Brazil) as a control, were tested using the MTT assay on MRC-5 cells. Eluates of set materials were tested in 100% and 50% concentrations, 24 h, 7 days and 21 days post-elution. The pH values were determined for undiluted eluates of set materials. Polyethylene tubes containing the test materials (CS, HA-CS, MTA) were implanted in subcutaneous tissue of Wistar rats. Histopathological examinations were conducted at 7, 15, 30 and 60 days after the implantation. Data were statistically analyzed using three-way and one-way anova Tukey's post hoc test as well as Kruskall-Wallis test with Dunn's post hoc test at α = 0.05. RESULTS All materials significantly reduced cell viability; especially when undiluted eluates were used (P < 0.001). After 24 h elution, cell viability was 10 ± 1.8%, 49.5 ± 4.2% and 61 ± 7.4%, for MTA, and HA-CS, respectively. However, CS and HA-CS were significantly less toxic than the control material MTA (P < 0.05). Cytotoxicity could be at least partially attributed to pH kinetics over time. Dilution of eluates of all tested materials resulted in better cell survival. Histopathological examination indicated similar inflammatory reaction, vascular congestion and connective tissue integrity associated with CS, HA-CS and MTA at each observation period (P > 0.05). The only significant difference was found for capsule thickness, that is thicker capsule was associated with HA-CS compared to MTA at 60 days (P = 0.0039). HA-CS induced moderately thick capsules (median score 3, score range 2-3), whereas MTA resulted in thin capsule formation (median score 2, score range 1-3). CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of cytotoxicity and inflammatory response indicated better biocompatibility of CS and HA-CS, in comparison with MTA (White MTA, Angelus(®) Soluções Odontológicas, Londrina, Brazil).
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Affiliation(s)
- V Petrović
- Department for Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, University of Belgrade, School of Dental Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - V Opačić-Galić
- Department for Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, University of Belgrade, School of Dental Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - S Živković
- Department for Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, University of Belgrade, School of Dental Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - B Nikolić
- Department for Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - V Danilović
- Department for Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, University of Belgrade, School of Dental Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - V Miletić
- Department for Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, University of Belgrade, School of Dental Medicine, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - V Jokanović
- University of Belgrade Institute for Nuclear Sciences Vinča, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D Mitić-Ćulafić
- Department for Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Guven Y, Tuna EB, Dincol ME, Aktoren O. X-ray diffraction analysis of MTA-Plus, MTA-Angelus and DiaRoot BioAggregate. Eur J Dent 2014; 8:211-215. [PMID: 24966772 PMCID: PMC4054052 DOI: 10.4103/2278-344x.130603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the crystalline structures of recently released MTA Plus (MTA-P), MTA Angelus (MTA-A), DiaRoot BioAggregate (BA) by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. Materials and Methods: Phase analysis was carried out on powder and set forms of tested materials. The powder specimens placed into sample holders that were packed with a glass slide and the set samples prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions were placed into molds. The samples after being set for three days at 37°C and 100% humidity in an incubator were mounted onto the XRD machine and phase identification was accomplished using a search-match software program. Results: XRD findings indicated that major constituents of MTA-P were bismuth oxide, portlandite, dicalcium silicate and tricalcium silicate. The crystal structure of MTA-A were similar to those of MTA-P except for the absence of portlandite. Additionally, MTA-A had tricalcium aluminate differing from MTA-P. BA mainly differed from MTA-P and MTA-A by the radiopacifier (tantalum oxide-TO) in its composition. Conclusions: The majority of constituents of the tested materials have shown similarity except for the presence of tricalcium aluminate in MTA-A and the inclusion of TO in BA. In addition, set MTA-P showed a strong peak of portlandite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeliz Guven
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Elif Bahar Tuna
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Muzaffer Emin Dincol
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkiye
| | - Oya Aktoren
- Department of Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkiye
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Natale LC, Rodrigues MC, Xavier TA, Simões A, de Souza DN, Braga RR. Ion release and mechanical properties of calcium silicate and calcium hydroxide materials used for pulp capping. Int Endod J 2014; 48:89-94. [PMID: 24646329 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the ion release and mechanical properties of a calcium hydroxide (Dycal) and two calcium silicate (MTA Angelus and Biodentine) cements. METHODOLOGY Calcium and hydroxyl ion release in water from 24-h set cements were calculated from titration with HCl (n = 3). Calcium release after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days at pH 5.5 and 7.0 was measured using ICP-OES (n = 6). Flexural strength (FS) and modulus (E) were tested after 48-h storage, and compressive strength (CS) was tested after 48 h and 7 days (n = 10). Ion release and mechanical data were subjected to anova/Tukey and Kruskal-Wallis/Mann-Whitney tests, respectively (α = 0.05). RESULTS Titration curves revealed that Dycal released significantly fewer ions in solution than calcium silicates (P < 0.001). Calcium release remained constant at pH 7.0, whilst at pH 5.5, it dropped significantly by 24% after 21 days (P < 0.05). At pH 5.5, MTA Angelus released significantly more calcium than Dycal (P < 0.01), whilst Biodentine had superior ion release than Dycal at pH 7.0 (P < 0.01). Biodentine had superior flexural strength, flexural modulus and compressive strength than the other cements, whilst MTA Angelus had higher modulus than Dycal (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Immediate calcium and hydroxyl ion release in solution was significantly lower for Dycal. In general, all materials released constant calcium levels over 28 days, but release from Dycal was significantly lower than Biodentine and MTA Angelus depending on pH conditions. Biodentine had substantially higher strength and modulus than MTA Angelus and Dycal, both of which demonstrated low stress-bearing capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Natale
- Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Formosa LM, Damidot D, Camilleri J. Mercury intrusion porosimetry and assessment of cement-dentin interface of anti-washout-type mineral trioxide aggregate. J Endod 2014; 40:958-63. [PMID: 24935543 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2013.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Revised: 11/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One of the disadvantages of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) is washout (ie, the tendency of freshly prepared cement paste to disintegrate upon early contact with physiological fluids). A novel MTA (MTA Plus; Prevest Denpro, Jammu City, India) exhibits low washout and superior physical properties when mixed with a gel instead of water. When used as a root-end filler, MTA is in contact with both bone and root dentin. This study aimed to investigate the porosity and interfacial characteristics of the novel MTA mixed with water or antiwashout gel. METHODS Porosity was evaluated after 1 or 28 days of immersion in Hank's balanced salt solution using mercury intrusion porosimetry. The root dentin to material interface was investigated using a scanning electron microscope and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy complete with line scans and elemental maps. RESULTS Anti-washout-type MTA Plus was found to have lower initial porosity than MTA Plus mixed with water although this trend was reversed after 28 days of immersion in physiological fluid. Both materials exhibited good marginal adaptation. The diffusion of silicon, calcium, and phosphorus across the cement/dentin interface was observed. CONCLUSIONS MTA Plus mixed with antiwashout gel was found to have lower initial porosity than MTA Plus mixed with water. Both materials exhibited good marginal adaptation and the diffusion of silicon, calcium, and phosphorous across the cement/dentin interface. Thus, the anti-washout-type MTA can be considered to be a suitable substitute for ordinary MTA in all its indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Formosa
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malta, Malta
| | - D Damidot
- University of Lille Nord de France, Lille, France; EM Douai, Douai, France
| | - Josette Camilleri
- Department Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Surgery, University of Malta, Malta.
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Formosa LM, Mallia B, Camilleri J. Push-out bond strength of MTA with antiwashout gel or resins. Int Endod J 2013; 47:454-62. [PMID: 23919436 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Assessment of the push-out bond strength of four MTA-based formulations for use as root-end filling materials. METHODOLOGY MTA Plus mixed with (i) water ('MTA-W'); (ii) a proprietary water-based antiwashout gel ('MTA-AW'); (iii) Superbond C&B chemically curing resin ('MTA-Chem'); and (iv) Heliobond light-curing resin ('MTA-Light') was tested. Root slices 3 mm thick human had a 1.5 mm diameter hole drilled centrally and were treated with 17% EDTA for 60s. Forty specimens divided into groups 1-4 were prepared and filled with MTA-W, MTA-AW, MTA-Chem and MTA-Light, respectively. Groups 3 and 4 were etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 60s, and bonding agent was applied to the dentine surface. Specimens were stored for 28 days in Hanks' Balanced Salt Solution at 37 °C. Push-out strength was tested with a punch and die (punch diameter 1.3 mm, die diameter 2.0 mm, punch speed 1 mm min(-1)). Stereomicroscopy was used to classify failure mode (adhesive, cohesive or mixed type). RESULTS The resulting push-out strengths were 5.1 MPa (MTA-W), 4.3 MPa (MTA-AW), 4.7 MPa (MTA-Chem) and 11.0 MPa (MTA-Light). MTA-W had higher push-out strength than MTA-AW (P = 0.022). The same was noted for MTA-Light relative to the other materials (P < 0.05). All materials exhibited adequate push-out strengths compared with MTA-W. Failure was predominantly mixed, except for MTA-Chem (predominantly adhesive). CONCLUSIONS All materials exhibited adequate push-out strength. Previous studies have shown the new formulations have additional advantages including increased washout resistance and faster setting time, making them promising for future dental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Formosa
- Department of Metallurgy and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malta, Msida, Malta
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