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Lamparth I, Angermann J, Fässler P, Schnur T, Graff B, Ohl C, Lalevée J, Catel Y. Influence of the hydroperoxide structure on the reactivity and mechanical properties of self-cure dental composites. Dent Mater 2024:S0109-5641(24)00138-6. [PMID: 38851966 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2024.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hydroperoxides are key constituents of two-component dental materials. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the hydroperoxide structure on the reactivity and on the mechanical properties of self-cure composites. METHODS Hydroperoxides HP1-3 were synthesized by selective catalytic oxidation of the corresponding para-substituted cumene precursors and isolated in high purity. They were characterized by 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. 16 self-cure composites, based on the redox initiator system hydroperoxide (Cumene hydroperoxide (CHP), HP1-3 or tert.-Amyl hydroperoxide (TAH))/polymerizable thiourea ATU1/copper(II) acetylacetonate, were formulated in Sulzer Mixpac two-component syringes. An equimolar hydroperoxide/ATU1 ratio was selected for each self-cure composite. The reactivity and the final double-bond conversions obtained with these two-component materials was assessed using RT-FTIR spectroscopy. The flexural strength and modulus were measured using a three-point bending setup, after storage of the specimens for 45 min at 37 °C (dry) and for 24 h in water at 37 °C. The working time of each self-cure composite was measured using an oscillating rheometer. RESULTS CHP derivatives bearing an electron withdrawing group (HP2: ester or HP3: nitrile) in the para position were found to be more reactive than CHP, whereas the compound bearing an electron donating group (tert-butyl, HP1) was less reactive; molecular modelling data were reported for a better understanding of this structure/reactivity/efficiency relationship. All CHP derivatives were more reactive than the aliphatic hydroperoxide TAH. Excellent mechanical properties were obtained with self-cure composites containing either CHP or a para-functionalized CHP derivative. By carefully selecting the amounts of oxidizing/reducing agents and metal catalyst, suitable working times can be obtained with all evaluated hydroperoxides. HP3, thanks to its high reactivity, is nonetheless the most promising compound. SIGNIFICANCE The curing rate of self-cure composites can be adapted by modifying the structure of the hydroperoxide. In agreement with molecular modelling data, the incorporation of CHP derivatives bearing an electron withdrawing group in the para position is particularly attractive. Indeed, due to a significant reactivity enhancement, the desired properties (working time, flexural strength/modulus) can be obtained by incorporating moderate amounts of hydroperoxide/acylthiourea as well as particularly low contents of metal catalyst to the two-component dental materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Lamparth
- Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Bendererstrasse 2, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein
| | - Jörg Angermann
- Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Bendererstrasse 2, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein
| | - Pascal Fässler
- Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Bendererstrasse 2, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein
| | - Thomas Schnur
- Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Bendererstrasse 2, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein
| | - Bernadette Graff
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France; Université de Strasbourg, France
| | - Coralie Ohl
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France; Université de Strasbourg, France
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France; Université de Strasbourg, France
| | - Yohann Catel
- Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Bendererstrasse 2, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein.
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Thadathil Varghese J, Raju R, Farrar P, Prentice L, Prusty BG. Comparative analysis of self-cure and dual cure-dental composites on their physico-mechanical behaviour. Aust Dent J 2024; 69:124-138. [PMID: 38131257 DOI: 10.1111/adj.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinical practitioners may have become familiar with the rapid transformation of dental composites. However, they may not scientifically understand the factors influencing the mechanical and physical properties. Scientific knowledge of filler-resin interaction can significantly improve clinical understanding of resin composites. Several independent studies have examined the mechanical and physico-mechanical properties of dental resin composites; however, no comprehensive study has examined the influence of fillers and resin materials on the physico-mechanical properties of both self-cure and dual-cure composites. METHODS This study performed investigations on the physico-mechanical behaviour of four commercially available dual-cure dental composites (Bioactive, Fill Up!, Surefil One, Cention N) and two commercially available self-cure dental composites (Stela Capsule and Stela Automix). Test specimens for flexural and compressive strength, microhardness, fracture toughness, and hydrolytic behaviour were prepared and tested as per respective standards. The data sets were statistically analysed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc comparison. RESULTS There was a substantial variation in flexural strength and modulus values in this study, ranging from 32.0 to 113.4 MPa and 2.36 to 12.07 GPa, respectively. Similarly, there were significant differences in compressive strength between the materials in this study, ranging from 119.3 to 223.5 MPa. The highest fracture toughness value was found to be 1.41 MPa.m0.5, while the lowest value was 0.43 MPa.m0.5. Variations in surface microhardness were significant (24.11-68.0 N/mm2), which correlated with the filler content. Water sorption and solubility demonstrated high variations among materials, with Surefil One exceeding ISO 4049 thresholds significantly. CONCLUSIONS A linear correlation can be established between surface microhardness (HV) and flexural and compressive moduli, as well as filler content (wt.%). However, both flexural and compressive strengths are impacted by the resin's constituent monomers and the resin-filler matrix's cross-linking capability. Additionally, factors such as filler size, shape, and the cross-linking ability of the resin-filler matrix play a crucial role in fracture toughness and the propagation of cracks within the restoration. Also, resin monomers and filler particle size affect the hydrolytic degradation characteristics of composites, which can also affect their mechanical properties. © 2023 Australian Dental Association.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Thadathil Varghese
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R Raju
- ARC Centre for Automated Manufacture of Advanced Composites, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P Farrar
- SDI Limited, Bayswater, Victoria, Australia
| | - L Prentice
- SDI Limited, Bayswater, Victoria, Australia
| | - B G Prusty
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre for Automated Manufacture of Advanced Composites, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Australian Composites Manufacturing CRC Ltd. (ACM CRC), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Alzahrani B, Alshabib A, Awliya W. The Depth of Cure, Sorption and Solubility of Dual-Cured Bulk-Fill Restorative Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6673. [PMID: 37895655 PMCID: PMC10608248 DOI: 10.3390/ma16206673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine depth of cure (DoC), mass change, water sorption and solubility of dual-cured bulk-fill restorative materials (Surfil One and Activa) in comparison with a light-cured bulk-fill composite (Filtek One Bulk-Fill) and a resin-modified glass ionomer (Fuji II LC). Twenty specimens were prepared of each material using stainless steel molds designed with a slot (8 × 4 × 2 mm) and irradiated for either 20 or 40 s. The Vickers hardness (VHN) was measured at every 0.5 mm to assess the DoC after 24 h of storage at 37 °C. The depth of cure was reported as the depth corresponding to 80% of the maximum Vickers hardness. Disc-shaped specimens were prepared of each material (n = 5) to investigate mass change, sorption and solubility after 4 months of water storage. The data were analyzed using a two-way and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Tukey post hoc test (p ≤ 0.05). Fuji II LC had the greatest DoC while Activa had the lowest. The two different irradiation times did not demonstrate a significant difference in DoC for all dual-cured materials (p > 0.05). Fuji II LC had the highest sorption while Filtek One showed the lowest. Surefil One and Fuji II LC had a negative solubility. This study concluded that dual-cured materials showed different depth of cure values despite having the same setting reaction. Both materials exhibited a high water sorption, which might jeopardize their dimensional stability and effect their clinical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashayer Alzahrani
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Abdulrahman Alshabib
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University P.O. Box 60169, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia;
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Catel Y, Angermann J, Grob B, Fässler P, Lamparth I, Schnur T. Acylthiourea oligomers as promising reducing agents for dimethacrylate-based two-component dental materials. Dent Mater 2023; 39:886-893. [PMID: 37591708 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Currently used thiourea-based two-component dental materials may release bitter compounds if they are not properly cured. To address this issue, the objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of acylthiourea oligomers as reducing agents for the development of self-cure composites. METHODS Acylthiourea oligomers ATUO1-3 were synthesized via cotelomerization of the acylthiourea methacrylate ATU1 with butyl methacrylate. They were characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy and size exclusion chromatography. Self-cure composites based on the redox initiator system cumene hydroperoxide/acylthiourea oligomer/copper(II) acetylacetonate were formulated. The flexural strength and modulus were measured using a three-point bending setup. The double bond conversions were determined using NIR spectroscopy. The working time of each self-cure composite was measured using an oscillating rheometer. Leaching experiments using light-cure composites were performed in DMSO-d6. RESULTS Acylthiourea oligomers ATUO1-3 were successfully synthesized in good yields. Both the oligomer molecular weight and the amount of thiourea groups were varied. Self-cure composites containing ATUO1 or ATUO2 as reducing agents exhibited excellent mechanical properties and high double-bond conversions. The amounts of reducing agent, cumene hydroperoxide and copper(II) acetylacetonate were shown to have a significant impact on the working time. Moreover, a correlation between flexural modulus and the amount of metal salt was clearly established. Self-cure composites containing the oligomer ATUO1 exhibited a longer working time than materials containing ATU1 or acetylthiourea. Contrary to acetylthiourea, ATUO1 was not able to leach out of light-cured composites. SIGNIFICANCE Acylthiourea oligomers are promising reducing agents for the formulation of two-component dental materials that do not induce a bitter taste in mouth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohann Catel
- Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Bendererstrasse 2, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein.
| | - Jörg Angermann
- Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Bendererstrasse 2, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein
| | - Benjamin Grob
- Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Bendererstrasse 2, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein
| | - Pascal Fässler
- Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Bendererstrasse 2, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein
| | - Iris Lamparth
- Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Bendererstrasse 2, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein
| | - Thomas Schnur
- Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Bendererstrasse 2, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein
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Karaoğlanoğlu S, Aydın N, Oktay EA, Ersöz B. Comparison of the Surface Properties of 3D-printed Permanent Restorative Resins and Resin-based CAD/CAM Blocks. Oper Dent 2023; 48:588-598. [PMID: 37635458 DOI: 10.2341/23-006-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the surface roughness, microhardness, and color changes of resin-based computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) blocks and 3D-printed permanent resins in different beverages. METHODS AND MATERIALS Resin-based CAD/CAM blocks (Cerasmart 270 and Grandio Blocs) and 3D-printed permanent restorative resins (Crowntec and Permanent Crown) were used in this study. A total of 96 specimens were prepared from CAD/CAM blocks and 3D-printed permanent resins. The initial surface roughness, microhardness, and shade value of the specimens were measured. Then, the specimens prepared from each material were divided into three subgroups (n=8) and immersed in tea, coffee, and distilled water for 30 days. After the specimens were immersed in the beverages, the surface roughness, microhardness, and tone values were measured again. The data were statistically analyzed using a two-way analysis of variance test (p<0.05). RESULTS No statistically significant difference was found in the surface roughness values of the resin-based CAD/CAM blocks and 3D-printed resins (p<0.05). Resin-based CAD/CAM blocks showed statistically significantly higher microhardness than 3D-printed permanent resins (p<0.05). Although the color changes in 3D-printed resins in tea and coffee were similar to those in resin-based CAD/CAM blocks on the first and seventh days, more color changes appeared in the 3D-printed resins after 30 days. The surface roughness and microhardness values of the specimens submerged in tea, coffee, and distilled water showed no statistically significant changes (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Although the surface roughness of 3D-printed permanent resins was similar to that of resin-based CAD/CAM blocks, they had a lower microhardness value. Moreover, 3D-printed permanent resins showed more color changes in tea and coffee.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Karaoğlanoğlu
- Serpil Karaoğlanoğlu, DDS, PhD, University of Health Sciences, Gulhane Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dental Treatment, Ankara, Turkey
| | - N Aydın
- *Numan Aydın, DDS, PhD, University of Health Sciences, Gulhane Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dental Treatment, Ankara, Turkey
| | - E A Oktay
- Elif Aybala Oktay, DDS, PhD, University of Health Sciences, Gulhane Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dental Treatment, Ankara, Turkey
| | - B Ersöz
- Bilge Ersöz, DDS, PhD, University of Health Sciences, Gulhane Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dental Treatment, Ankara, Turkey
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Burrer P, Par M, Fürer L, Stübi M, Marovic D, Tarle Z, Attin T, Tauböck TT. Effect of polymerization mode on shrinkage kinetics and degree of conversion of dual-curing bulk-fill resin composites. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:3169-3180. [PMID: 36869923 PMCID: PMC10264464 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-04928-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the behavior of dual-cure and conventional bulk-fill composite materials on real-time linear shrinkage, shrinkage stress, and degree of conversion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two dual-cure bulk-fill materials (Cention, Ivoclar Vivadent (with ion-releasing properties) and Fill-Up!, Coltene) and two conventional bulk-fill composites (Tetric PowerFill, Ivoclar Vivadent; SDR flow + , Dentsply Sirona) were compared to conventional reference materials (Ceram.x Spectra ST (HV), Dentsply Sirona; X-flow; Dentsply Sirona). Light curing was performed for 20 s, or specimens were left to self-cure only. Linear shrinkage, shrinkage stress, and degree of conversion were measured in real time for 4 h (n = 8 per group), and kinetic parameters were determined for shrinkage stress and degree of conversion. Data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA followed by post hoc tests (α = 0.05). Pearson's analysis was used for correlating linear shrinkage and shrinkage force. RESULTS Significantly higher linear shrinkage and shrinkage stress were found for the low-viscosity materials compared to the high-viscosity materials. No significant difference in degree of conversion was revealed between the polymerization modes of the dual-cure bulk-fill composite Fill-Up!, but the time to achieve maximum polymerization rate was significantly longer for the self-cure mode. Significant differences in degree of conversion were however found between the polymerization modes of the ion-releasing bulk-fill material Cention, which also exhibited the significantly slowest polymerization rate of all materials when chemically cured. CONCLUSIONS While some of the parameters tested were found to be consistent across all materials studied, heterogeneity increased for others. CLINICAL RELEVANCE With the introduction of new classes of composite materials, predicting the effects of individual parameters on final clinically relevant properties becomes more difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phoebe Burrer
- Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Matej Par
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gunduliceva 5, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Leo Fürer
- Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michelle Stübi
- Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Danijela Marovic
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gunduliceva 5, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Tarle
- Department of Endodontics and Restorative Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Gunduliceva 5, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Thomas Attin
- Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tobias T Tauböck
- Department of Conservative and Preventive Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Plattenstrasse 11, 8032, Zurich, Switzerland
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Alzahrani B, Alshabib A, Awliya W. Surface hardness and flexural strength of dual-cured bulk-fill restorative materials after solvent storage. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:306. [PMID: 37208664 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03047-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the surface hardness (VHN) and biaxial flexural strength (BFS) of dual-cured bulk-fill restorative materials after solvent storage. METHODS Two dual-cured bulk-fill composites (Surefil One® and Activa™ Bioactive), a light-cured bulk-fill composite (Filtek One Bulk-Fill) and a resin-modified glass ionomer (Fuji II LC) were investigated. Surefil One and Activa were used in the dual-cure mode, all materials were handled according to manufacturer's instructions. For VHN determination, 12 specimens were prepared from each material and measured after 1 h (baseline), 1 d, 7 d and 30 d of storage in either water or 75% ethanol-water. For BFS test, 120 specimens were prepared (n = 30/material) and stored in water for either 1, 7 or 30 d before testing. Repeated measures MANOVA, two-way and one-way ANOVA followed by the Tukey post hoc test (p ≤ 0.05) were used to analyze the data. RESULTS Filtek One had the highest VHN, while Activa had the lowest. All materials exhibited a significant increase in VHN after 1d of storage in water, except for Surefil One. After 30 d of storage, VHN increased significantly in water except for Activa, while ethanol storage caused a significant time-dependent reduction in all tested materials (p ≤ 0.05). Filtek One showed the highest BFS values (p ≤ 0.05). All the materials, except for Fuji II LC, exhibited no significant differences between 1 and 30 d BFS measurements (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Dual-cured materials had significantly lower VHN and BFS compared to the light-cured bulk-fill material. The low results of Activa VHN and Surefil One BFS, indicate that these materials should not be recommended in posterior stress-bearing areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashayer Alzahrani
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdulrahman Alshabib
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wedad Awliya
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Elgezawi M, Haridy R, Abdalla MA, Heck K, Draenert M, Kaisarly D. Current Strategies to Control Recurrent and Residual Caries with Resin Composite Restorations: Operator- and Material-Related Factors. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11216591. [PMID: 36362817 PMCID: PMC9657252 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11216591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This review addresses the rationale of recurrent and/or residual caries associated with resin composite restorations alongside current strategies and evidence-based recommendations to arrest residual caries and restrain recurrent caries. The PubMed and MEDLINE databases were searched for composite-associated recurrent/residual caries focusing on predisposing factors related to materials and operator’s skills; patient-related factors were out of scope. Recurrent caries and fractures are the main reasons for the failure of resin composites. Recurrent and residual caries are evaluated differently with no exact distinguishment, especially for wall lesions. Recurrent caries correlates to patient factors, the operator’s skills of cavity preparation, and material selection and insertion. Material-related factors are significant. Strong evidence validates the minimally invasive management of deep caries, with concerns regarding residual infected dentin. Promising technologies promote resin composites with antibacterial and remineralizing potentials. Insertion techniques influence adaptation, marginal seal, and proximal contact tightness. A reliable diagnostic method for recurrent or residual caries is urgently required. Ongoing endeavors cannot eliminate recurrent caries or precisely validate residual caries. The operator’s responsibility to precisely diagnose original caries and remaining tooth structure, consider oral environmental conditions, accurately prepare cavities, and select and apply restorative materials are integral aspects. Recurrent caries around composites requires a triad of attention where the operator’s skills are cornerstones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moataz Elgezawi
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (M.E.); (D.K.); Tel.: +49-89-4400-59452 (D.K.); Fax: +49-89-4400-59302 (D.K.)
| | - Rasha Haridy
- Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 4240310, Egypt
| | - Moamen A. Abdalla
- Department of Substitutive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Katrin Heck
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethe Str. 70, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Miriam Draenert
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethe Str. 70, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Dalia Kaisarly
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Goethe Str. 70, 80336 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.E.); (D.K.); Tel.: +49-89-4400-59452 (D.K.); Fax: +49-89-4400-59302 (D.K.)
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Effect of hydrothermal aging on the microhardness of high- and low-viscosity conventional and additively manufactured polymers. J Prosthet Dent 2022; 128:822.e1-822.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prosdent.2022.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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Dual-cure dental composites: can light curing interfere with conversion? J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 132:105289. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lamparth I, Fässler P, Schnur T, Thetiot E, Lalevée J, Catel Y. Polymerizable thioureas as innovative reducing agents for self-cured and dual-cured dental materials. Dent Mater 2022; 38:1108-1116. [PMID: 35589440 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2022.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate polymerizable acylthioureas as reducing agents in two-component dental materials. METHODS Acylthioureas 1 and 2 were synthesized and characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Self-cured composites based on the redox initiator system cumene hydroperoxide/acylthiourea 1 or 2/copper(II) acetylacetonate were formulated. Various amounts of cumene hydroperoxide, acylthiourea and copper(II) acetylacetonate were used. An equimolar cumene hydroperoxide/acylthiourea ratio was selected for each self-cured composite. The reactivity and the final double-bond conversions obtained with these two-component materials was assessed using RT-FTIR spectroscopy. The flexural strength and modulus were measured using a three-point bending setup, after storage of the specimens for 45 min at 37 °C (dry) and for 24 h in water at 37 °C. The working time of each composite was determined using an oscillating rheometer. RESULTS Acylthioureas 1 and 2 were synthesized in three to four steps. In combination with cumene hydroperoxide and copper(II) acetylacetonate, both prepared compounds were found to be effective reducing agents. The higher the amount of cumene hydroperoxide and acylthiourea in the self-cured composite, the higher the flexural modulus and the faster the polymerization (lower working times). Similarly, it was shown that increased copper(II) acetylacetonate amounts result in an acceleration of the curing as well as in an improvement of the mechanical properties. The self-cured composite containing 1.25 wt% of cumene hydroperoxide in the monomer mixture of the first paste and 2.00 wt% of acylthiourea 1 in the monomer mixture of the second one provided excellent mechanical properties as well as an optimal working time. SIGNIFICANCE Polymerizable acylthioureas can be used as reducing agents in two-component dental materials. Due to the presence of the methacrylate group, such structures should be efficiently incorporated into the network during polymerization and should not leach out of the composite after curing. As a result, such dental materials are not expected to exhibit bitterness properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Lamparth
- Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Bendererstrasse 2, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein
| | - Pascal Fässler
- Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Bendererstrasse 2, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein
| | - Thomas Schnur
- Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Bendererstrasse 2, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein
| | - Estelle Thetiot
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France; Université de Strasbourg, France
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France; Université de Strasbourg, France
| | - Yohann Catel
- Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Bendererstrasse 2, FL-9494 Schaan, Liechtenstein.
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12
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Bilgili Can D, Özarslan M. Evaluation of color stability and microhardness of contemporary bulk-fill composite resins with different polymerization properties. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2022; 34:924-932. [PMID: 35118802 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the color stability and microhardness of three bulk-fill composites with different polymerization characteristics, after immersion in four different solutions. MATERIALS AND METHODS Color measurements of three bulk fill (Viscalor (VIS), Tetric PowerFill (TPF), Fill Up! (FUP)) and a microhyrid composite resin (G-aenial posterior [GCP]) were performed after polymerization. The specimens were immersed in coffee, cola, red wine and distilled water. Discolorations were recorded after 24 h (T1), 10 days (T2) and 30 days (T3) of immersion. ΔE (CIEDE2000) values were calculated. Vickers microhardness (VHN) was measured from top and bottom surfaces at T0 and T3. Data was analyzed with Two-way ANOVA, One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests. RESULTS The highest discoloration was seen in wine and the lowest in distilled water and cola. At T3, there was no difference in distilled water groups, while the statistically highest ΔE00 were obtained in TPF and GCP in coffee, cola and wine. VIS groups had the highest VHN values at T0 and T3 in all solutions. CONCLUSIONS Samples immersed in coffee and wine showed discoloration beyond clinically acceptable limits. After 30 days, discoloration occurred in all materials immersed in all solutions. At T3, VIS microhardness generally decreased, while TPF did not. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE After 30 days, all bulk-fill composites immersed in distilled water, coffee and wine showed clinically unacceptable ΔE00 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilber Bilgili Can
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Merve Özarslan
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
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13
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Fraga MAA, Correr-Sobrinho L, Sinhoreti MAC, Carletti TM, Correr AB. Do dual-cure bulk-fill resin composites reduce gaps and improve depth of cure. Braz Dent J 2021; 32:77-86. [PMID: 34877980 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202104497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the gaps length and depth of cure of dual-cure bulk-fill resin composites inserted in box-shaped preparations. Box-shaped preparations (4 mm deep) were made in fifteen human third-molars and divided into three groups according to the resin composites (n=5): Dual-cure bulk-fill BulkEZ (BEZ); Dual-cure bulk-fill HyperFIL (HF); and Tetric Evoceram Bulk-fill (TETRIC), as control. Gaps length (%) was evaluated in tooth-restoration interface with micro-computed tomography (µCT). The restorations were sectioned, and the degree of conversion (DC) and Knoop microhardness were evaluated at five depths (0.3, 1, 2, 3, and 4 mm). Microhardness data were statistically evaluated using absolute values (KHN) and relative values (microhardness percentages in relation to top). Gaps length (%) increased in the following order: BEZ=TETRIC<HF. The microhardness percentages in relation to top significantly decreased from 2 mm for TETRIC and 3 mm for HF. BEZ had constant microhardness and DC at all depths, while HF and TETRIC presented a significant decrease on DC at 4 mm. Dual-cure bulk-fill composites did not reduce gaps compared to light-cure bulk-fill, but they can improve depth of cure of bulk-filled restorations.
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Affiliation(s)
- May Anny Alves Fraga
- University of Campinas- Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials Division
| | - Lourenço Correr-Sobrinho
- University of Campinas- Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials Division
| | | | - Talita Malini Carletti
- University of Campinas- Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials Division
| | - Américo Bortolazzo Correr
- University of Campinas- Piracicaba Dental School, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials Division
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14
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Effect of extended light activation and increment thickness on physical properties of conventional and bulk-filled resin-based composites. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 26:3141-3150. [PMID: 34826031 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04296-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the biaxial flexural strength (BFS), flexural modulus (BFM), and Knoop microhardness (KHN) of incremental and bulk-filled resin-based composites (RBCs) using extended curing exposure times. MATERIALS AND METHODS Disc specimens (n = 8; 6-mm diameter) were fabricated using three stacked molds (0.5-mm thick for the top and bottom molds, and a 1-mm-thick center mold for the conventional and 3-mm thick for the bulk-fill RBCs). Conventional (Tetric EvoCeram/TCE and Filtek Z250/FIZ) and bulk-fill RBCs (Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill/TBF and Filtek One Bulk Fill Restorative/FOB) were evaluated. The stacked RBC-filled molds were light-cured for (1) the manufacturer-recommended exposure (MRE) duration; (2) 50%, and (3) 100% extension of the MRE. The BFS, BFM, and KHN of the top and bottom discs were measured. BFS and BFM were analyzed by three-way ANOVA (material*curing time*depth) and Tukey's post hoc (α = 0.05). KHN was analyzed by two-way ANOVA (curing time*depth) and Tukey's post hoc (α = 0.05). RESULTS Extending the exposure duration did not change the BFS and BFM on the top of the RBCs, but the BFS and KHN increased at the bottom of bulk-fill RBCs. For the conventional RBCs, TCE showed the highest increase on BFS at the bottom, going from 53.6 MPa at T1 to 69.9 at T3. Among the bulk-fill RBCs, FOB presented the highest increase on the bottom BFS (T1: 101.0 ± 19.9 MPa, T3: 147.6 ± 12.9 MPa). For all RBCs and exposure times, BFS and KHN were lower at the bottom. Only FIZ and FOB reached a bottom-to-top hardness ratio of 80%, at T3 and T2. CONCLUSION A significant increase on the BFS and KHN on the bottom of bulk-fill RBCs can be observed when the time of exposure to the curing light is double the MRE. However, extended exposure does not eliminate differences on the BFS and KHN between the shallow and deep regions of RBCs. TCE and TBF failed to reach an acceptable B/T hardness ratio at all evaluated exposure times. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Mechanical properties of RBCs can be affected by insufficient polymerization, specially at deeper regions of the increment. Therefore, clinicians should consider applying twice the MRE to curing-light to polymerize the maximal increment thickness of bulk-fill RBCs.
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A Comparative Study of the Mechanical Properties of Selected Dental Composites with a Dual-Curing System with Light-Curing Composites. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11101255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dual-curing composites have a wide spectrum of use in practice (rebuilding, reconstruction, and luting). The characterization of this type of material and comparative study of selected mechanical properties with light-cured materials were carried out for this paper. In this study, we used six materials with a dual-cure system—Bulk EZ, Fill-Up!, StarFill 2B, Rebilda DC, MultiCore Flow, Activa Bioactive-Restorative—and three light-cured materials—Filtek Bulk Fill Posterior, Charisma Classic, and G-aenial Universal Flo. The materials were conditioned for 24 h in water at 37 °C before testing. Selected material properties were determined: three-point bending flexural strength, diametral tensile strength, hardness, microhardness, and shrinkage stress. The highest three-point bending flexural strength (TPB) was 137.0 MPa (G-aenial Universal Flo), while the lowest amounted to 86.5 MPa (Activa Bioactive). The diametral tensile strength (DTS) values were in a range from 39.2 MPa (Rebilda DC) to 54.1 MPa (Charisma Classic). The lowest hardness (HV) value of 26 was obtained by the Activa Bioactive material, while the highest values were recorded for Filtek Bulk Fill Posterior and Charisma Classic-53. The shrinkage stress of the tested materials ranged from 6.3 MPa (Charisma Classic) to 13.2 MPa (G-aenial Universal Flo). Dual-curing composites were found to have similar properties to light-cured composites.
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16
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Taylor R, Fuentealba R, Brackett WW, Roberts HW. 24 hour polymerization shrinkage of resin composite core materials. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2021; 33:775-785. [PMID: 34060198 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study's purpose was to evaluate the 24-hour polymerization shrinkage of resin composite core materials. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eleven resin composite core material samples (n = 12) were evaluated using a non-contact imaging device with measurements obtained over 24 h. Shrinkage values were determined corresponding to proposed times involved with CAD/CAM same-day treatment and at 24 h. Shrinkage data was statistically compared using Friedman/Dunn's test for intragroup analysis and Kruskal Wallis/Dunn's test for intergroup analysis, all at a 95% level of confidence (α = 0.05). RESULTS Mean results identified a wide volumetric shrinkage range with considerable similarity overlap. Inconsistent shrinkage behavior was evident and all materials reached maximum values before 24 h. No significant difference was observed during proposed digital same day all ceramic crown procedures, but some differences were noted at 24 h. CONCLUSIONS Under this study's conditions results were material specific, at times inconsistent, with wide variation. Shrinkage consistently increased for all products and it is not known if the continued shrinkage magnitude may compromise the stability and fit of all-ceramic crowns at 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Taylor
- Division of Comprehensive Care, University of Kentucky College of Dentistry, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Rodrigo Fuentealba
- Division of Prosthodontics, University of Kentucky College of Dentistry, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - William W Brackett
- Operative Dentistry and Fixed Prosthodontics, Department of Restorative Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA
| | - Howard W Roberts
- Director of Graduate Studies, University of Kentucky College of Dentistry, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Comprehensive Dentistry, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Postgraduate Dental School, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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17
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Gomes de Araújo-Neto V, Sebold M, Fernandes de Castro E, Feitosa VP, Giannini M. Evaluation of physico-mechanical properties and filler particles characterization of conventional, bulk-fill, and bioactive resin-based composites. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 115:104288. [PMID: 33383377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated physical and mechanical properties and characterized the filler particles of seven composites. MATERIALS AND METHODS Filtek Supreme (FS, 3M Oral Care), Forma (FO, Ultradent), Charisma Diamond (CD, Kulzer), Spectra Smart (SS, Dentsply), Filtek Bulk Fill (FB, 3M Oral Care), Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill (TB, Ivoclar), and Cention N (Ivoclar) in self- (CNSC) or dual-curing (CNDC) were evaluated. Fillers size, shape, and content were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray dispersive energy spectroscopy (EDX). Disk-shaped specimens (n = 5) were prepared for sorption (SP) and solubility (SL). Flexural strength and elastic modulus were tested at 24 h and 12 months (n = 10). Degree of conversion (DC%) and maximum rate of polymerization (Rpmax) were evaluated using micro-Raman spectroscopy. SP and SL results were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA and Dunn's pairwise test (α = 0.05). Mechanical properties were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). DC% of CNSC and CNDC was compared by independent t-test (α = 0.05). Rpmax results were analyzed by 1-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α = 0.05). RESULTS The composites differed regarding filler size, shape, and content. CD and CNSC showed lower SP than FS. SS had lower SL than CNSC and CNDC. CNDC presented higher DC% than CNSC. CD, TB, and CNDC showed the highest Rpmax. TB, CNSC, and CNDC showed the lowest 24-h flexural strengths. Mechanical properties of CD did not decrease, while FO, TB, and CNSC showed a significant reduction after storage. CONCLUSIONS Monomer composition and fillers characteristics greatly influenced the physico-mechanical properties of the tested composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliano Gomes de Araújo-Neto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental Materials Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, 901, Bairro Areião, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maicon Sebold
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Operative Dentistry Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, 901, Bairro Areião, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo Fernandes de Castro
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Operative Dentistry Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, 901, Bairro Areião, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
| | - Victor Pinheiro Feitosa
- School of Dentistry, Faculty Paulo Picanço, Rua Joaquim Sá, 900, Dionísio Torres, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Giannini
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Operative Dentistry Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Avenida Limeira, 901, Bairro Areião, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil.
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18
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Ramachandran P, PradeepKumar AR, Ravishankar P, Kishen A. In Vivo Strain Alterations in Mandibular Molars after Root Canal Treatment Procedures. J Endod 2020; 46:1849-1855. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2020.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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19
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Algamaiah H, Silikas N, Watts DC. Conversion kinetics of rapid photo-polymerized resin composites. Dent Mater 2020; 36:1266-1274. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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de Cássia Romano B, Soto-Montero J, Rueggeberg FA, Giannini M. Effects of extending duration of exposure to curing light and different measurement methods on depth-of-cure analyses of conventional and bulk-fill composites. Eur J Oral Sci 2020; 128:336-344. [PMID: 32502304 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of extending the duration of exposure to curing light on the depth of cure of two conventional (RBC1-conventional and RBC2-conventional) and two bulk-fill (RBC1-bulk and RBC2-bulk) resin composites. Polywave and single-peak photocuring units were used. Cylinder-shaped specimens were exposed to curing light either for the time period recommended by the manufacturer or twice the length of that time, and depth of cure was estimated using manual scraping (similar to the ISO-4049 standard) and solvent immersion techniques. Depth of cure was analyzed, using two-way ANOVA, for the factors measurement method and exposure time. For RBC1-conventional and RBC1-bulk, the solvent immersion technique estimated a greater depth of cure than did manual scraping; for RBC1-conventional, both techniques and both light-exposure time periods resulted in a depth of cure of >2 mm; and for RBC1-bulk, only the solvent method after photocuring for twice the manufacturer's recommended time resulted in a depth of cure of 5 mm. For RBC2-conventional and RBC2-bulk, neither technique nor exposure time resulted in estimated depths of cure that matched those indicated by the manufacturer. The results suggest that extending the duration of photopolymerization increases depth of cure. Also, calculation of depth of cure can vary according to the measurement technique used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz de Cássia Romano
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Jorge Soto-Montero
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil.,Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Costa Rica, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
| | - Frederick A Rueggeberg
- Department of Restorative Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Marcelo Giannini
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
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21
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Aminoroaya A, Esmaeely Neisiany R, Nouri Khorasani S, Panahi P, Das O, Ramakrishna S. A Review of Dental Composites: Methods of Characterizations. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:3713-3744. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Aminoroaya
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Rasoul Esmaeely Neisiany
- Department of Materials and Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar 9617976487, Iran
| | - Saied Nouri Khorasani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Parisa Panahi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
| | - Oisik Das
- Material Science Division, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå 97187, Sweden
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Centre for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
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22
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Yang J, Silikas N, Watts DC. Pre-heating time and exposure duration: Effects on post-irradiation properties of a thermo-viscous resin-composite. Dent Mater 2020; 36:787-793. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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