Short Scar Face-Lift with the Use of Fibrin Sealant

Limited Incision Facelifts: A Contemporary Review of Approaches and Complications

Limited incision facelifts (LIFs) have gained popularity as an alternative to traditional facelift procedures. While surgical techniques vary, these approaches share a common goal: to rejuvenate the face while minimizing scar visibility. Previous studies also suggest that the reduced tissue dissection in LIFs can lead to decreased postoperative swelling, shorter recovery periods, and fewer complications. In this systematic review we delved into the literature on LIFs, shedding light on the various surgical approaches and their respective safety profiles. A systematic review was conducted by independent evaluators who followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. A random-effects model was utilized to summarize complications data, and meta-regressions were conducted to analyze associations with operative variables. The analysis encompassed a total of 20 articles, comprising data from 4451 patients. The vast majority (84%) of these patients underwent either local wide-awake surgery or conscious sedation, while the remaining 16% underwent general anesthesia. Our analysis revealed an overall complication frequency of 3.2%, with hematoma being the most common complication (2%), followed by temporary nerve injury (0.2%), and skin necrosis or wounds (0.06%). Notably, hematomas rarely required operating room interventions. Use of drains or tissue sealants was associated with an 86% decrease in complications. Limited incision facelifts can be performed with a low complication rate, utilizing a variety of techniques. Utilization of tissue sealants and drains may limit hematoma formation, which is the most common complication.

Perioperative Approach to Reducing Hematoma during Rhytidectomy: What Does the Evidence Show?

BACKGROUND

Postoperative hematoma remains the most common complication in rhytidectomy, prompting surgeons to use a multitude of adjunctive measures to prevent its occurrence. The goal of this systematic review was to determine which of these measures are supported by strong evidence, and to highlight those that remain unsubstantiated and require further investigation.

METHODS

A systematic search was performed of the PubMed and Embase databases for English literature from 1975 to March of 2020 containing designated keywords, and focusing specifically on adjunctive measures aimed at preventing hematoma in rhytidectomy. The resultant articles were then systematically screened according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria to determine eligibility for inclusion in the study.

RESULTS

The keyword search yielded a total of 2391 articles. Title and abstract screening resulted in 103 articles that were eligible for full-text review. Ultimately, 48 articles met final inclusion criteria. The articles were categorized into their particular mode of intervention: fibrin tissue sealants, perioperative medications (anesthetics, antihypertensives, miscellaneous medications), and intraoperative maneuvers (hemostatic agents, preinfiltration, intraoperative maneuvers, and drains). Nine studies were indexed as evidence Level II and 24 as evidence Level III. The remainder of studies constituted Level IV evidence.

CONCLUSIONS

Adjunctive interventions have been borne out of necessity in efforts to reduce postoperative hematoma after rhytidectomy. Although many of these interventions have promising results, the current literature supports the senior author's (R.J.R.) experience that an evidence-based, multimodal approach is ideal to minimize the rates of hematoma after rhytidectomy.

Hematomas in Aesthetic Surgery

Hematomas represent one of the most common postoperative complications in patients undergoing aesthetic surgery. Depending on the type of procedure performed, hematoma incidence and presentation can vary greatly. Understanding the risk factors for hematoma formation and the preoperative considerations to mitigate the risk is critical to provide optimal care to the aesthetic patient. Various perioperative prevention measures may also be employed to minimize hematoma incidence. The surgeon's ability to adequately diagnose and treat hematomas after aesthetic surgery is not only crucial to patient care but also minimizes the risk of further complications or long-term sequelae. Understanding hematoma development and management enhances patient safety and will lead to overall increased patient satisfaction after aesthetic surgery.

Comparison of commercial fibrin sealants in facelift surgery: a prospective study

Background

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of two types of fibrin glue in patients undergoing facelift surgery.

Methods

A prospective, controlled “right-left side” study was carried out in 20 patients. The two fibrin sealants used were Quixil® and Tissucol®. The two sealants were used at the same time, ie, one on one side of the face and the other on the contralateral side. Comparisons were made with regard to rates of hematoma and seroma, degree of induration, edema, ecchymosis, pain levels, and patient satisfaction.

Results

The results were almost equivalent. The only exception was a significant (40 mL) hematoma in a patient treated with Quixil. Bleeding was most likely due to a sudden rise in blood pressure during the immediate postoperative period. However, it must be emphasized that, while Tissucol actually seals the undermined area, thus virtually eliminating the dead space, Quixil acts differently, in that its effectiveness in preventing hematoma is linked mainly to its hemostatic effect.

Conclusion

The two fibrin sealants used were nearly identical with regard to patient safety and quality of the result. Nevertheless, it is noted that, while Tissucol has both hemostatic and “gluing” effects, Quixil is mainly effective in securing hemostasis.

Efficacy and safety of fibrin sealant for tissue adherence in facial rhytidectomy

The purpose of this review is to clarify the present use of fibrin sealant in rhyditectomy procedures and help maximize the appropriate and safe application of this material. A set of terms and definitions for hemostats, sealants, and adhesives based on group, category, and class will be employed to highlight the specific capabilities of fibrin sealant. Fibrin sealant has now emerged as an example of maximizing the usefulness of a surgical agent and is the only product with Food and Drug Administration approval in all three groupings: hemostats; sealants; and adhesives. A variety of manufacturers’ fibrin sealant products are available including multiple liquids and one patch. A single liquid product is now specifically indicated for skin flap adherence during rhytidectomy. The unique characteristic of this particular two component fibrin sealant adhesive agent is its slower polymerization rate as a result of a low thrombin concentration which when combined with fibrinogen permits adequate time for manipulation of flaps and tissues prior to final fixation. In addition to its flap adherence and potential space elimination capability, fibrin sealant is also an excellent blood clotting agent and can seal tissues to prevent lymphatic leak or serous fluid accumulation. Thus, it is almost ideally suited to reduce the occurrence of fluid accumulation, hematomas, ecchymoses, and swelling, as well as to possibly eliminate the need for drains following rhytidectomy. A literature review of fibrin sealant in rhytidectomy is included to help define the current state of its clinical use. The author’s recommendations for the best use of this material during facial procedures are also provided.

Fibrin adhesive derived from snake venom in periodontal surgery

BACKGROUND

A new fibrin adhesive made of buffalo plasma-derived fibrinogen and a thrombin-like enzyme obtained from snake venom was evaluated in this case series with regard to its applicability in periodontal surgery. Free gingival grafts that were sutured (control group) were compared to others immobilized through the use of the adhesive (experimental group).

METHODS

The grafts were carried out in contralateral mandibular bicuspids of 15 patients so that each subject received one treatment of each type. The analysis included measurements of probing and vertical dimension of the grafts and photographic follow-up for 90 days. The patients answered a questionnaire concerning postoperative signs and symptoms.

RESULTS

The decrease in the vertical dimension of the grafts was significant during the first 30 days and more dramatic for the control group. Probing depth and attachment level presented statistically significant decreases for both groups. The grafts of the experimental group presented better appearance during the first 14 postoperative days. Pain was observed more often in the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

Within the limits of the present study, it is suggested that the alternative fibrin adhesive tested may represent an alternative to sutures in periodontal surgery. Nevertheless, randomized clinical trials should be performed to evaluate the clinical advantages and disadvantages of the material.

Experience with Fibrin Glue in Rhytidectomy

BACKGROUND

The authors conducted a large, prospective, controlled trial of fibrin glue in rhytidectomy using a wide set of variables.

METHODS

Two hundred consecutive patients undergoing elective rhytidectomy were studied. One hundred patients received fibrin glue over a 1-year period and were followed prospectively. Another 100 patients from the previous year who had not received fibrin glue had their charts reviewed retrospectively. All patients underwent bilateral face lifts using the deep plane technique.

RESULTS

The following data were observed for the glue versus nonglue patients: expanding hematoma rate, 1 percent versus 3 percent (p > 0.05); seroma rate, 1 percent versus 7 percent (p > 0.05); and prolonged induration, edema, and ecchymosis, 0 percent versus 22 percent (p < 0.05). The pain score for glue versus nonglue patients was 100 percent minimal versus 95 percent minimal and 5 percent moderate (p > 0.05). The average score for patient satisfaction (scale, 1 to 10, with 10 being best) for glue versus nonglue patients was 9.5 versus 9.0 (p > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

The use of fibrin glue was associated with some benefits for rhytidectomy. Fibrin glue eliminated the use of drains. The difference in expanding hematoma was clinically, but not statistically, significant. The seroma rate was decreased and neared statistical significance. There was an impressive immediate decrease in postoperative swelling. The fibrin glue was most advantageous in eliminating prolonged induration, edema, and ecchymosis. There were no statistical differences between groups for patient satisfaction or pain. The use of fibrin glue has been shown to reduce some of the morbidity and severe complications of face lifting.