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Furqan M, Elliott RJR, Nagle PWK, Dawson JC, Masalmeh R, Garcia VA, Munro AF, Drake C, Morrison GM, Pollard SM, Ebner D, Brunton VG, Frame MC, Carragher NO. Drug Combinations Targeting FAK and MEK Overcomes Tumor Heterogeneity in Glioblastoma. Pharmaceutics 2025; 17:549. [PMID: 40430842 PMCID: PMC12114623 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics17050549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2025] [Revised: 03/27/2025] [Accepted: 04/02/2025] [Indexed: 05/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain tumor with limited treatment options and poor prognosis, largely owing to its heterogeneity and the involvement of multiple intracellular signaling pathways that contribute to drug resistance. While recent advancements in targeted drug combination therapies, such as dabrafenib and trametinib, show promise for certain GBM subgroups, identifying effective drug combinations across the broader GBM population remains a challenge. Integrin-mediated signaling, particularly through Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK), plays a pivotal role in GBM pathogenesis and invasion, making it a potential therapeutic target and component of future drug combination strategies. Methods: In this study, we utilized a chemogenomic screening approach to identify synergistic drug combinations that target FAK in glioblastoma. We initially employed a CRISPR-engineered GBM model to assess the effects of FAK depletion and subsequently discovered that combining FAK inhibitors such as VS4718 with MEK inhibitors, particularly trametinib, demonstrated synergistic effects. This potent combination was validated using various 2D and 3D assays, including cell viability/apoptosis assessment, synergistic analysis, cellular imaging, and target engagement assays. This combination also effectively inhibited spheroid growth and invasion across a diverse panel of patient-derived GBM stem cells. Molecular mechanisms underlying these effects include suppression of multiple kinase signaling pathways and enhanced apoptosis, elucidated using Reverse-Phase Protein Array (RPPA) profiling and Western blot validation. Result: In vivo, combination therapy significantly reduced the tumor volume in orthotopic transplantation models. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the combination of FAK and MEK inhibitors represents a promising therapeutic strategy to overcome the challenges of GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Furqan
- Edinburgh Cancer Research, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (M.F.); (R.J.R.E.); (P.W.K.N.); (J.C.D.); (R.M.); (V.A.G.); (A.F.M.); (V.G.B.); (M.C.F.)
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK; (G.M.M.); (S.M.P.)
| | - Richard J. R. Elliott
- Edinburgh Cancer Research, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (M.F.); (R.J.R.E.); (P.W.K.N.); (J.C.D.); (R.M.); (V.A.G.); (A.F.M.); (V.G.B.); (M.C.F.)
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK; (G.M.M.); (S.M.P.)
| | - Peter W. K. Nagle
- Edinburgh Cancer Research, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (M.F.); (R.J.R.E.); (P.W.K.N.); (J.C.D.); (R.M.); (V.A.G.); (A.F.M.); (V.G.B.); (M.C.F.)
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK; (G.M.M.); (S.M.P.)
| | - John C. Dawson
- Edinburgh Cancer Research, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (M.F.); (R.J.R.E.); (P.W.K.N.); (J.C.D.); (R.M.); (V.A.G.); (A.F.M.); (V.G.B.); (M.C.F.)
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK; (G.M.M.); (S.M.P.)
| | - Roza Masalmeh
- Edinburgh Cancer Research, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (M.F.); (R.J.R.E.); (P.W.K.N.); (J.C.D.); (R.M.); (V.A.G.); (A.F.M.); (V.G.B.); (M.C.F.)
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK; (G.M.M.); (S.M.P.)
| | - Virginia Alvarez Garcia
- Edinburgh Cancer Research, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (M.F.); (R.J.R.E.); (P.W.K.N.); (J.C.D.); (R.M.); (V.A.G.); (A.F.M.); (V.G.B.); (M.C.F.)
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK; (G.M.M.); (S.M.P.)
| | - Alison F. Munro
- Edinburgh Cancer Research, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (M.F.); (R.J.R.E.); (P.W.K.N.); (J.C.D.); (R.M.); (V.A.G.); (A.F.M.); (V.G.B.); (M.C.F.)
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK; (G.M.M.); (S.M.P.)
| | - Camilla Drake
- Edinburgh Cancer Research, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (M.F.); (R.J.R.E.); (P.W.K.N.); (J.C.D.); (R.M.); (V.A.G.); (A.F.M.); (V.G.B.); (M.C.F.)
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK; (G.M.M.); (S.M.P.)
| | - Gillian M. Morrison
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK; (G.M.M.); (S.M.P.)
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Steven M. Pollard
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK; (G.M.M.); (S.M.P.)
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - Daniel Ebner
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK;
| | - Valerie G. Brunton
- Edinburgh Cancer Research, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (M.F.); (R.J.R.E.); (P.W.K.N.); (J.C.D.); (R.M.); (V.A.G.); (A.F.M.); (V.G.B.); (M.C.F.)
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK; (G.M.M.); (S.M.P.)
| | - Margaret C. Frame
- Edinburgh Cancer Research, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (M.F.); (R.J.R.E.); (P.W.K.N.); (J.C.D.); (R.M.); (V.A.G.); (A.F.M.); (V.G.B.); (M.C.F.)
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK; (G.M.M.); (S.M.P.)
| | - Neil O. Carragher
- Edinburgh Cancer Research, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, Western General Hospital, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK; (M.F.); (R.J.R.E.); (P.W.K.N.); (J.C.D.); (R.M.); (V.A.G.); (A.F.M.); (V.G.B.); (M.C.F.)
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XR, UK; (G.M.M.); (S.M.P.)
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