Other sexually transmitted diseases chancroid and donovanosis

The dermatological manifestations and differential diagnosis of monkeypox: A narrative review

Monkeypox (MPX) is a zoonotic viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), which belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus. The main clinical features of MPX are fever, rash, and lymphadenopathy. It is usually a self-limited disease and can resolve within a few weeks in most cases. MPXV is now becoming a global concern. The world health organization declared the outbreak of MPX in 2022 a global health emergency. In this article, we focus on the mucocutaneous manifestations and differential diagnosis of MPX.

Transmission of viable Haemophilus ducreyi by Musca domestica

Haemophilus ducreyi was historically known as the causative agent of chancroid, a sexually-transmitted disease causing painful genital ulcers endemic in many low/middle-income nations. In recent years the species has been implicated as the causative agent of nongenital cutaneous ulcers affecting children of the South Pacific Islands and West African countries. Much is still unknown about the mechanism of H. ducreyi transmission in these areas, and recent studies have identified local insect species, namely flies, as potential transmission vectors. H. ducreyi DNA has been detected on the surface and in homogenates of fly species sampled from Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea. The current study develops a model system using Musca domestica, the common house fly, as a model organism to demonstrate proof of concept that flies are a potential vector for the transmission of viable H. ducreyi. Utilizing a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged strain of H. ducreyi and three separate exposure methods, we detected the transmission of viable H. ducreyi by 86.11% ± 22.53% of flies sampled. Additionally, the duration of H. ducreyi viability was found to be directly related to the bacterial concentration, and transmission of H. ducreyi was largely undetectable within one hour of initial exposure. Push testing, Gram staining, and PCR were used to confirm the identity and presence of GFP colonies as H. ducreyi. This study confirms that flies are capable of mechanically transmitting viable H. ducreyi, illuminating the importance of investigating insects as vectors of cutaneous ulcerative diseases.

Benign Anorectal Disorder Management in Low-Resource Settings

There are many benign anorectal disorders, which can make patients seek care. In low-resource settings, the incidence of those pathologies is not different from the industrialized and western world. However, an interesting difference colorectal surgeons and gastroenterologists can face is the fact that many patients do not seek help or are not aware and have little opportunities to be helped. Latin America population is estimated to be around 8% of the world population, with Brazil having the largest percentage. Infectious diseases, which were previously under control or were steadily declining, have emerged. For example, we have seen resurgence of dengue, malaria, and syphilis in pregnancy, as well as other sexually transmitted diseases that can affect the anorectal region. In this article, we will address the most common benign anorectal disorders.

Association of human gut microbiota with rare diseases: A close peep through

The human body harbors approximately 1014 cells belonging to a diverse group of microorganisms. Bacteria outnumbers protozoa, fungi and viruses inhabiting our gastrointestinal tract (GIT), commonly referred to as the "human gut microbiome". Dysbiosis occurs when the balanced relationship between the host and the gut microbiota is disrupted, altering the usual microbial population there. This increases the susceptibility of the host to pathogens, and chances of its morbidity. It is due to the fact that the gut microbiome plays an important role in human health; it influences the progression of conditions varying from colorectal cancer to GIT disorders linked with the nervous system, autoimmunity, metabolism and inheritance. A rare disease is a lethal and persistent condition affecting 2-3 people per 5,000 populaces. This review article intends to discuss such rare neurological, autoimmune, cardio-metabolic and genetic disorders of man, focusing on the fundamental mechanism that links them with their gut microbiome. Ten rare diseases, including Pediatric Crohn's disease (PCD), Lichen planus (LP), Hypophosphatasia (HPP), Discitis, Cogan's syndrome, Chancroid disease, Sennetsu fever, Acute cholecystitis (AC), Grave's disease (GD) and Tropical sprue (TS) stands to highlight as key examples, along with personalized therapeutics meant for them. This medicinal approach addresses the individual's genetic and genomic pathography, and tackles the illness with specific and effective treatments.