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Menck CFM, Galhardo RS, Quinet A. The accurate bypass of pyrimidine dimers by DNA polymerase eta contributes to ultraviolet-induced mutagenesis. Mutat Res 2024; 828:111840. [PMID: 37984186 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2023.111840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Human xeroderma pigmentosum variant (XP-V) patients are mutated in the POLH gene, responsible for encoding the translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerase eta (Pol eta). These patients suffer from a high frequency of skin tumors. Despite several decades of research, studies on Pol eta still offer an intriguing paradox: How does this error-prone polymerase suppress mutations? This review examines recent evidence suggesting that cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) are instructional for Pol eta. Consequently, it can accurately replicate these lesions, and the mutagenic effects induced by UV radiation stem from the deamination of C-containing CPDs. In this model, the deamination of C (forming a U) within CPDs leads to the correct insertion of an A opposite to the deaminated C (or U)-containing dimers. This intricate process results in C>T transitions, which represent the most prevalent mutations detected in skin cancers. Finally, the delayed replication in XP-V cells amplifies the process of C-deamination in CPDs and increases the burden of C>T mutations prevalent in XP-V tumors through the activity of backup TLS polymerases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C F M Menck
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - R S Galhardo
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - A Quinet
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, LRS/iRCM/IBFJ, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France; Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Stabilité Génétique Cellules Souches et Radiations, LRS/iRCM/IBFJ, F-92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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Quinet A, Lerner LK, Martins DJ, Menck CFM. Filling gaps in translesion DNA synthesis in human cells. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2018; 836:127-142. [PMID: 30442338 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2018.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
During DNA replication, forks may encounter unrepaired lesions that hamper DNA synthesis. Cells have universal strategies to promote damage bypass allowing cells to survive. DNA damage tolerance can be performed upon template switch or by specialized DNA polymerases, known as translesion (TLS) polymerases. Human cells count on more than eleven TLS polymerases and this work reviews the functions of some of these enzymes: Rev1, Pol η, Pol ι, Pol κ, Pol θ and Pol ζ. The mechanisms of damage bypass vary according to the lesion, as well as to the TLS polymerases available, and may occur directly at the fork during replication. Alternatively, the lesion may be skipped, leaving a single-stranded DNA gap that will be replicated later. Details of the participation of these enzymes are revised for the replication of damaged template. TLS polymerases also have functions in other cellular processes. These include involvement in somatic hypermutation in immunoglobulin genes, direct participation in recombination and repair processes, and contributing to replicating noncanonical DNA structures. The importance of DNA damage replication to cell survival is supported by recent discoveries that certain genes encoding TLS polymerases are induced in response to DNA damaging agents, protecting cells from a subsequent challenge to DNA replication. We retrace the findings on these genotoxic (adaptive) responses of human cells and show the common aspects with the SOS responses in bacteria. Paradoxically, although TLS of DNA damage is normally an error prone mechanism, in general it protects from carcinogenesis, as evidenced by increased tumorigenesis in xeroderma pigmentosum variant patients, who are deficient in Pol η. As these TLS polymerases also promote cell survival, they constitute an important mechanism by which cancer cells acquire resistance to genotoxic chemotherapy. Therefore, the TLS polymerases are new potential targets for improving therapy against tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Quinet
- Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Leticia K Lerner
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology,Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Davi J Martins
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos F M Menck
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Lerner LK, Francisco G, Soltys DT, Rocha CRR, Quinet A, Vessoni AT, Castro LP, David TIP, Bustos SO, Strauss BE, Gottifredi V, Stary A, Sarasin A, Chammas R, Menck CFM. Predominant role of DNA polymerase eta and p53-dependent translesion synthesis in the survival of ultraviolet-irradiated human cells. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:1270-1280. [PMID: 28180309 PMCID: PMC5388406 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkw1196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome lesions trigger biological responses that help cells manage damaged DNA, improving cell survival. Pol eta is a translesion synthesis (TLS) polymerase that bypasses lesions that block replicative polymerases, avoiding continued stalling of replication forks, which could lead to cell death. p53 also plays an important role in preventing cell death after ultraviolet (UV) light exposure. Intriguingly, we show that p53 does so by favoring translesion DNA synthesis by pol eta. In fact, the p53-dependent induction of pol eta in normal and DNA repair-deficient XP-C human cells after UV exposure has a protective effect on cell survival after challenging UV exposures, which was absent in p53- and Pol H-silenced cells. Viability increase was associated with improved elongation of nascent DNA, indicating the protective effect was due to more efficient lesion bypass by pol eta. This protection was observed in cells proficient or deficient in nucleotide excision repair, suggesting that, from a cell survival perspective, proper bypass of DNA damage can be as relevant as removal. These results indicate p53 controls the induction of pol eta in DNA damaged human cells, resulting in improved TLS and enhancing cell tolerance to DNA damage, which parallels SOS responses in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia K Lerner
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Francisco
- Department of Center for Translational Oncology Cellular, Biology Group, Center for Translational Oncology, Cancer Institute of the State of São Paulo-ICESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela T Soltys
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarissa R R Rocha
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Annabel Quinet
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre T Vessoni
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ligia P Castro
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Taynah I P David
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvina O Bustos
- Department of Center for Translational Oncology Cellular, Biology Group, Center for Translational Oncology, Cancer Institute of the State of São Paulo-ICESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bryan E Strauss
- Viral Vector Laboratory, Heart Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanesa Gottifredi
- Cell Cycle and Genomic Stability Laboratory, Fundación Instituto Leloir-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anne Stary
- CNRS-UMR8200, Université Paris-Sud, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Alain Sarasin
- CNRS-UMR8200, Université Paris-Sud, Institut de Cancérologie Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Roger Chammas
- Department of Center for Translational Oncology Cellular, Biology Group, Center for Translational Oncology, Cancer Institute of the State of São Paulo-ICESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos F M Menck
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Yamashita T, Okura M, Ishii-Osai Y, Hida T. Diagnosis of eight groups of xeroderma pigmentosum by genetic complementation using recombinant adenovirus vectors. J Dermatol 2016; 43:1167-1173. [PMID: 26971583 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.13333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Because patients with xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) must avoid ultraviolet (UV) light from an early age, an early diagnosis of this disorder is essential. XP is composed of seven genetic complementation groups, XP-A to -G, and a variant type (XP-V). To establish an easy and accurate diagnosis of the eight disease groups, we constructed recombinant adenoviruses that expressed one of the XP cDNA. When fibroblasts derived from patients with XP-A, -B, -C, -D, -F or -G were infected with the adenovirus expressing XPA, XPB, XPC, XPD, XPF or XPG, respectively, and UV-C at 5-20 J/m2 was irradiated, cell viability was clearly recovered by the corresponding recombinant adenoviruses. In contrast, XP-E and XP-V cells were not significantly sensitive to UV irradiation and were barely complemented by the matched recombinant adenoviruses. However, co-infection of Ad-XPA with Ad-XPE increased survival rate of XP-E cells after UV-C exposure. When XP-V cell strains, including one derived from a Japanese patient, were infected with Ad-XPV, exposed to UV-B and cultured with 1 mmol/L of caffeine, flow cytometry detected a characteristic decrease in the S phase in all the XP-V cell strains. From these results, the eight groups of XP could be differentiated by utilizing a set of recombinant adenoviruses, indicating that our procedure provides a convenient and correct diagnostic method for all the XP groups including XP-E and XP-V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiharu Yamashita
- Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Masae Okura
- Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasue Ishii-Osai
- Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tokimasa Hida
- Department of Dermatology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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Sarasin A. Progress and Prospects of Xeroderma Pigmentosum Therapy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 637:144-51. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-09599-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Leite RA, Marchetto MC, Muotri AR, Vasconcelos DDM, de Oliveira ZNP, Machado MCR, Menck CFM. Identification of XP complementation groups by recombinant adenovirus carrying DNA repair genes. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 129:502-6. [PMID: 18685619 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Armelini MG, Lima-Bessa KM, Marchetto MCN, Muotri AR, Chiganças V, Leite RA, Carvalho H, Menck CFM. Exploring DNA damage responses in human cells with recombinant adenoviral vectors. Hum Exp Toxicol 2007; 26:899-906. [PMID: 18042584 DOI: 10.1177/0960327107083556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adenoviral vectors provide efficient means for gene transduction in mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo. We are currently using these vectors to transduce DNA repair genes into repair deficient cells, derived from xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) patients. XP is an autosomal syndrome characterized by a high frequency of skin tumors, especially in areas exposed to sunlight, and, occasionally, developmental and neurological abnormalities. XP cells are deficient in nucleotide excision repair (affecting one of the seven known XP genes, xpa to xpg) or in DNA replication of DNA lesions (affecting DNA polymerase eta, xpv). The adenovirus approach allows the investigation of different consequences of DNA lesions in cell genomes. Adenoviral vectors carrying several xp and photolyases genes have been constructed and successfully tested in cell culture systems and in vivo directly in the skin of knockout model mice. This review summarizes these recent data and proposes the use of recombinant adenoviruses as tools to investigate the mechanisms that provide protection against DNA damage in human cells, as well as to better understand the higher predisposition of XP patients to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa G Armelini
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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