1
|
Chandrakesan P, Weygant N, May R, Qu D, Chinthalapally HR, Sureban SM, Ali N, Lightfoot SA, Umar S, Houchen CW. DCLK1 facilitates intestinal tumor growth via enhancing pluripotency and epithelial mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget 2015; 5:9269-80. [PMID: 25211188 PMCID: PMC4253433 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Doublecortin-like kinase 1 (Dclk1) is overexpressed in many cancers including colorectal cancer (CRC) and it specifically marks intestinal tumor stem cells. However, the role of Dclk1 in intestinal tumorigenesis in Apc mutant conditions is still poorly understood. We demonstrate that Dclk1 expression and Dclk1+ cells are significantly increased in the intestinal epithelium of elderly ApcMin/+ mice compared to young ApcMin/+ mice and wild type mice. Intestinal epithelial cells of ApcMin/+ mice demonstrate increased pluripotency, self-renewing ability, and EMT. Furthermore, miRNAs are dysregulated, expression of onco-miRNAs are significantly increased with decreased tumor suppressor miRNAs. In support of these findings, knockdown of Dclk1 in elderly ApcMin/+ mice attenuates intestinal adenomas and adenocarcinoma by decreasing pluripotency, EMT and onco-miRNAs indicating that Dclk1 overexpression facilitates intestinal tumorigenesis. Knocking down Dclk1 weakens Dclk1-dependent intestinal processes for tumorigenesis. This study demonstrates that Dclk1 is critically involved in facilitating intestinal tumorigenesis by enhancing pluripotency and EMT factors in Apc mutant intestinal tumors and it also provides a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parthasarathy Chandrakesan
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA. OU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Nathaniel Weygant
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Randal May
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA. Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Dongfeng Qu
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA. OU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Harisha R Chinthalapally
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Sripathi M Sureban
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA. Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Naushad Ali
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Stan A Lightfoot
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Shahid Umar
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Courtney W Houchen
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA. OU Cancer Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA. Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Refaat B, El-Shemi AG, Kensara OA, Mohamed AM, Idris S, Ahmad J, Khojah A. Vitamin D3 enhances the tumouricidal effects of 5-Fluorouracil through multipathway mechanisms in azoxymethane rat model of colon cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2015. [PMID: 26205949 PMCID: PMC4513788 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-015-0187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Vitamin D3 and its analogues have recently been shown to enhance the anti-tumour effects of 5- Fluorouracil (5-FU) both in vitro and in xenograft mouse model of colon cancer. This study measured the potential mechanism(s) by which vitamin D3 could synergise the tumouricidal activities of 5-FU in azoxymethane (AOM) rat model of colon cancer. Methods Seventy-five male Wistar rats were divided equally into 5 groups: Control, AOM, AOM-treated by 5-FU (5-FU), AOM-treated by vitamin D3 (VitD3), and AOM-treated by 5-FU + vitamin D3 (5-FU/D). The study duration was 15 weeks. AOM was injected subcutaneously for 2 weeks (15 mg/kg/week). 5-FU was injected intraperitoneally in the 9th and 10th weeks post AOM (8 total injections were given: 12 mg/kg/day for 4 successive days, then 6 mg/kg every other day for another 4 doses) and oral vitamin D3 (500 IU/rat/day; 3 days/week) was given from week 7 post AOM till the last week of the study. The colons were collected following euthanasia for gross and histopathological examination. The expression of β-catenin, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), TGF-β type 2 receptor (TGF-βR2), smad4, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and heat shock protein-90 (HSP-90) proteins was measured by immunohistochemistry. In colonic tissue homogenates, quantitative RT-PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of Wnt, β-catenin, Dickkopf-1 (DKK-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) genes, while ELISA was used to measure the concentrations of TGF-β1, HSP-90 and COX-2 proteins. Results Monotherapy with 5-FU or vitamin D3 significantly decreased the number of grown tumours induced by AOM (P < 0.05); however, their combination resulted in more significant tumouricidal effects (P < 0.05) compared with monotherapy groups. Mechanistically, vitamin D3/5-FU co-therapy significantly decreased the expression of Wnt, β-catenin, iNOS, COX-2 and HSP-90 and significantly increased the expression of DKK-1, TGF-β1, TGF-βR2, smad4 (P < 0.05), in comparison with their corresponding monotherapy groups. Conclusions Vitamin D3 and 5-FU synergise together and exhibit better anticancer effects by modulating Wnt/β-catenin pathway, TGF-β1 signals, iNOS, COX-2 and HSP-90. Further studies are required to illustrate the clinical value of vitamin D supplementation during the treatment of colon cancer with 5-FU in human patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bassem Refaat
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abdeyah, PO Box 7607, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Adel Galal El-Shemi
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abdeyah, PO Box 7607, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. .,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.
| | - Osama Adnan Kensara
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abdeyah, PO Box 7607, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Amr Mohamed Mohamed
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abdeyah, PO Box 7607, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. .,Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis, Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt.
| | - Shakir Idris
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abdeyah, PO Box 7607, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jawwad Ahmad
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abdeyah, PO Box 7607, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Athar Khojah
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Abdeyah, PO Box 7607, Makkah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
Lipid mediators can trigger physiological responses by activating nuclear hormone receptors, such as the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). PPARs, in turn, control the expression of networks of genes encoding proteins involved in all aspects of lipid metabolism. In addition, PPARs are tumor growth modifiers, via the regulation of cancer cell apoptosis, proliferation, and differentiation, and through their action on the tumor cell environment, namely, angiogenesis, inflammation, and immune cell functions. Epidemiological studies have established that tumor progression may be exacerbated by chronic inflammation. Here, we describe the production of the lipids that act as activators of PPARs, and we review the roles of these receptors in inflammation and cancer. Finally, we consider emerging strategies for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Michalik
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Walter Wahli
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
The capacity to model cancer within the mouse has advanced significantly in recent years. Perhaps the most notable technical gains have been in the development of techniques that allow the temporal and spatial control of gene expression, so that it is now possible to regulate target genes in the tissue of choice and at a given time [Maddison and Clarke (2005) J. Pathol. 205, 181-193; Shaw and Clarke (2007) DNA Repair 6, 1403-1412; Marsh and Clarke (2007) Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther. 7, 519-531]. We have used these approaches to study tumorigenesis in the murine intestine. Loss of function of the tumour-suppressor gene Apc (adenomatous polyposis coli) has been associated with the development of both human and murine neoplasia, principally those of the intestinal epithelium. However, as Apc has been implicated in multiple cellular functions, the precise mechanisms underlying these associations remain somewhat unclear. I review here the use of an inducible strategy to co-ordinately delete genes from the adult murine epithelium. This approach has allowed a characterization of the direct consequences of inactivation of gene function. For Apc, these include failure in the differentiation programme, failure to migrate, aberrant proliferation and the aberrant induction of apoptosis. Transcriptome analysis of this model has also identified potential new targets for therapeutic intervention, such as Sparc (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine), deficiency of which, we have now shown, suppresses adenoma formation. Finally, we have been able to address how other genes modulate the consequences of Apc loss. Thus we show that there is little effect following loss of cyclin D1, Tcf-1 and p53, but that there are marked differences following loss of either c-Myc or Mbd2. The models therefore allow us to define the earliest events associated with carcinogenesis in the intestine.
Collapse
|