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Cao H, Deng B, Song T, Lian J, Xia L, Chu X, Zhang Y, Yang F, Wang C, Cai Y, Diao Y, Kapranov P. Genome-wide profiles of DNA damage represent highly accurate predictors of mammalian age. Aging Cell 2024; 23:e14122. [PMID: 38391092 PMCID: PMC11113270 DOI: 10.1111/acel.14122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The identification of novel age-related biomarkers represents an area of intense research interest. Despite multiple studies associating DNA damage with aging, there is a glaring paucity of DNA damage-based biomarkers of age, mainly due to the lack of precise methods for genome-wide surveys of different types of DNA damage. Recently, we developed two techniques for genome-wide mapping of the most prevalent types of DNA damage, single-strand breaks and abasic sites, with nucleotide-level resolution. Herein, we explored the potential of genomic patterns of DNA damage identified by these methods as a source of novel age-related biomarkers using mice as a model system. Strikingly, we found that models based on genomic patterns of either DNA lesion could accurately predict age with higher precision than the commonly used transcriptome analysis. Interestingly, the informative patterns were limited to relatively few genes and the DNA damage levels were positively or negatively correlated with age. These findings show that previously unexplored high-resolution genomic patterns of DNA damage contain useful information that can contribute significantly to both practical applications and basic science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifen Cao
- Institute of Genomics, School of MedicineHuaqiao UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Bolin Deng
- Institute of Genomics, School of MedicineHuaqiao UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Tianrong Song
- Institute of Genomics, School of MedicineHuaqiao UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Jiabian Lian
- Department of Clinical Laboratorythe First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Lu Xia
- Xiamen Cell Therapy Research Centerthe First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen UniversityXiamenChina
| | | | - Yufei Zhang
- Institute of Genomics, School of MedicineHuaqiao UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Fujian Yang
- Institute of Genomics, School of MedicineHuaqiao UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Chunlian Wang
- Institute of Genomics, School of MedicineHuaqiao UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Ye Cai
- Institute of Genomics, School of MedicineHuaqiao UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Yong Diao
- Institute of Genomics, School of MedicineHuaqiao UniversityXiamenChina
| | - Philipp Kapranov
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life SciencesXiamen UniversityXiamenChina
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2
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Sobol RW. Mouse models to explore the biological and organismic role of DNA polymerase beta. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2024; 65 Suppl 1:57-71. [PMID: 38619421 PMCID: PMC11027944 DOI: 10.1002/em.22593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Gene knock-out (KO) mouse models for DNA polymerase beta (Polβ) revealed that loss of Polβ leads to neonatal lethality, highlighting the critical organismic role for this DNA polymerase. While biochemical analysis and gene KO cell lines have confirmed its biochemical role in base excision repair and in TET-mediated demethylation, more long-lived mouse models continue to be developed to further define its organismic role. The Polb-KO mouse was the first of the Cre-mediated tissue-specific KO mouse models. This technology was exploited to investigate roles for Polβ in V(D)J recombination (variable-diversity-joining rearrangement), DNA demethylation, gene complementation, SPO11-induced DNA double-strand break repair, germ cell genome stability, as well as neuronal differentiation, susceptibility to genotoxin-induced DNA damage, and cancer onset. The revolution in knock-in (KI) mouse models was made possible by CRISPR/cas9-mediated gene editing directly in C57BL/6 zygotes. This technology has helped identify phenotypes associated with germline or somatic mutants of Polβ. Such KI mouse models have helped uncover the importance of key Polβ active site residues or specific Polβ enzyme activities, such as the PolbY265C mouse that develops lupus symptoms. More recently, we have used this KI technology to mutate the Polb gene with two codon changes, yielding the PolbL301R/V303R mouse. In this KI mouse model, the expressed Polβ protein cannot bind to its obligate heterodimer partner, Xrcc1. Although the expressed mutant Polβ protein is proteolytically unstable and defective in recruitment to sites of DNA damage, the homozygous PolbL301R/V303R mouse is viable and fertile, yet small in stature. We expect that this and additional targeted mouse models under development are poised to reveal new biological and organismic roles for Polβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Sobol
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School & Legorreta Cancer Center, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
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3
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Maliar NL, Talbot EJ, Edwards AR, Khoronenkova SV. Microglial inflammation in genome instability: A neurodegenerative perspective. DNA Repair (Amst) 2024; 135:103634. [PMID: 38290197 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2024.103634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The maintenance of genome stability is crucial for cell homeostasis and tissue integrity. Numerous human neuropathologies display chronic inflammation in the central nervous system, set against a backdrop of genome instability, implying a close interplay between the DNA damage and immune responses in the context of neurological disease. Dissecting the molecular mechanisms of this crosstalk is essential for holistic understanding of neuroinflammatory pathways in genome instability disorders. Non-neuronal cell types, specifically microglia, are major drivers of neuroinflammation in the central nervous system with neuro-protective and -toxic capabilities. Here, we discuss how persistent DNA damage affects microglial homeostasis, zooming in on the cytosolic DNA sensing cGAS-STING pathway and the downstream inflammatory response, which can drive neurotoxic outcomes in the context of genome instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina L Maliar
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Emily J Talbot
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Abigail R Edwards
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Cambridge, UK
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4
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Xu S, Wei J, Sun S, Zhang J, Chan TF, Li Y. SSBlazer: a genome-wide nucleotide-resolution model for predicting single-strand break sites. Genome Biol 2024; 25:46. [PMID: 38347618 PMCID: PMC10863285 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-024-03179-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Single-strand breaks are the major DNA damage in the genome and serve a crucial role in various biological processes. To reveal the significance of single-strand breaks, multiple sequencing-based single-strand break detection methods have been developed, which are costly and unfeasible for large-scale analysis. Hence, we propose SSBlazer, an explainable and scalable deep learning framework for single-strand break site prediction at the nucleotide level. SSBlazer is a lightweight model with robust generalization capabilities across various species and is capable of numerous unexplored SSB-related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Xu
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 100871, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Research Institute of Intelligent Complex Systems, Fudan University, 220 Handan Rd, Shanghai, 200437, China
- Shanghai AI Lab, 422 Jingan Rd, 200041, Shanghai, China
| | - Junkang Wei
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 100871, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA.
| | - Siqi Sun
- Research Institute of Intelligent Complex Systems, Fudan University, 220 Handan Rd, Shanghai, 200437, China
- Shanghai AI Lab, 422 Jingan Rd, 200041, Shanghai, China
| | - Jizhou Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 100871, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 100871, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ting-Fung Chan
- School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 100871, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 100871, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 100871, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- The CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, Hi-Tech Park, Nanshan, 518057, Shenzhen, China.
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5
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Hu ML, Pan YR, Yong YY, Liu Y, Yu L, Qin DL, Qiao G, Law BYK, Wu JM, Zhou XG, Wu AG. Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 and neurodegenerative diseases: Past, present, and future. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 91:102078. [PMID: 37758006 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is a first responder that recognizes DNA damage and facilitates its repair. Neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by progressive neuron loss driven by various risk factors, including DNA damage, have increasingly shed light on the pivotal involvement of PARP1. During the early phases of neurodegenerative diseases, PARP1 experiences controlled activation to swiftly address mild DNA damage, thereby contributing to maintain brain homeostasis. However, in late stages, exacerbated PARP1 activation precipitated by severe DNA damage exacerbates the disease condition. Consequently, inhibition of PARP1 overactivation emerges as a promising therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we comprehensively synthesize and explore the multifaceted role of PARP1 in neurodegenerative diseases, with a particular emphasis on its over-activation in the aggregation of misfolded proteins, dysfunction of the autophagy-lysosome pathway, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and blood-brain barrier (BBB) injury. Additionally, we encapsulate the therapeutic applications and limitations intrinsic of PARP1 inhibitors, mainly including limited specificity, intricate pathway dynamics, constrained clinical translation, and the heterogeneity of patient cohorts. We also explore and discuss the potential synergistic implementation of these inhibitors alongside other agents targeting DNA damage cascades within neurodegenerative diseases. Simultaneously, we propose several recommendations for the utilization of PARP1 inhibitors within the realm of neurodegenerative disorders, encompassing factors like the disease-specific roles of PARP1, combinatorial therapeutic strategies, and personalized medical interventions. Lastly, the encompassing review presents a forward-looking perspective along with strategic recommendations that could guide future research endeavors in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ling Hu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yi-Ru Pan
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yong
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Lu Yu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Da-Lian Qin
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Gan Qiao
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China
| | - Betty Yuen-Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
| | - Jian-Ming Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Xiao-Gang Zhou
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - An-Guo Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 646000, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China.
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6
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Eidhof I, Krebbers A, van de Warrenburg B, Schenck A. Ataxia-associated DNA repair genes protect the Drosophila mushroom body and locomotor function against glutamate signaling-associated damage. Front Neural Circuits 2023; 17:1148947. [PMID: 37476399 PMCID: PMC10354283 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2023.1148947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise control of motor movements is of fundamental importance to all behaviors in the animal kingdom. Efficient motor behavior depends on dedicated neuronal circuits - such as those in the cerebellum - that are controlled by extensive genetic programs. Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias (ARCAs) provide a valuable entry point into how interactions between genetic programs maintain cerebellar motor circuits. We previously identified a striking enrichment of DNA repair genes in ARCAs. How dysfunction of ARCA-associated DNA repair genes leads to preferential cerebellar dysfunction and impaired motor function is however unknown. The expression of ARCA DNA repair genes is not specific to the cerebellum. Only a limited number of animal models for DNA repair ARCAs exist, and, even for these, the interconnection between DNA repair defects, cerebellar circuit dysfunction, and motor behavior is barely established. We used Drosophila melanogaster to characterize the function of ARCA-associated DNA repair genes in the mushroom body (MB), a structure in the Drosophila central brain that shares structural features with the cerebellum. Here, we demonstrate that the MB is required for efficient startle-induced and spontaneous motor behaviors. Inhibition of synaptic transmission and loss-of-function of ARCA-associated DNA repair genes in the MB affected motor behavior in several assays. These motor deficits correlated with increased levels of MB DNA damage, MB Kenyon cell apoptosis and/or alterations in MB morphology. We further show that expression of genes involved in glutamate signaling pathways are highly, specifically, and persistently elevated in the postnatal human cerebellum. Manipulation of glutamate signaling in the MB induced motor defects, Kenyon cell DNA damage and apoptosis. Importantly, pharmacological reduction of glutamate signaling in the ARCA DNA repair models rescued the identified motor deficits, suggesting a role for aberrant glutamate signaling in ARCA-DNA repair disorders. In conclusion, our data highlight the importance of ARCA-associated DNA repair genes and glutamate signaling pathways to the cerebellum, the Drosophila MB and motor behavior. We propose that glutamate signaling may confer preferential cerebellar vulnerability in ARCA-associated DNA repair disorders. Targeting glutamate signaling could provide an exciting therapeutic entry point in this large group of so far untreatable disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Eidhof
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Alina Krebbers
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Bart van de Warrenburg
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Annette Schenck
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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7
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Mechetin GV, Zharkov DO. DNA Damage Response and Repair in Boron Neutron Capture Therapy. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:127. [PMID: 36672868 PMCID: PMC9859301 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is an approach to the radiotherapy of solid tumors that was first outlined in the 1930s but has attracted considerable attention recently with the advent of a new generation of neutron sources. In BNCT, tumor cells accumulate 10B atoms that react with epithermal neutrons, producing energetic α particles and 7Li atoms that damage the cell's genome. The damage inflicted by BNCT appears not to be easily repairable and is thus lethal for the cell; however, the molecular events underlying the action of BNCT remain largely unaddressed. In this review, the chemistry of DNA damage during BNCT is outlined, the major mechanisms of DNA break sensing and repair are summarized, and the specifics of the repair of BNCT-induced DNA lesions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigory V. Mechetin
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Dmitry O. Zharkov
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova St., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, 8 Lavrentieva Ave., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
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8
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Chakraborty A, Hazra TK. Highly Sensitive Radioactivity-Based DNA 3'-Phosphatase Activity Assay for Polynucleotide Kinase 3'-Phosphatase. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2701:39-54. [PMID: 37574474 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3373-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous and exogenous genotoxic agents can generate various types of non-ligatable DNA ends at the site of strand break in the mammalian genome. If not repaired, such lesions will impede transcription and replication and can lead to various cellular pathologies. Among various "dirty" DNA ends, 3'-phosphate is one of the most abundant lesions generated in the mammalian cells. Polynucleotide kinase 3'-phosphatase (PNKP) is the major DNA end-processing enzyme for resolving 3'-phosphate termini in the mammalian cells, and thus, it is involved in DNA base excision repair (BER), single-strand break repair, and classical nonhomologous end joining (C-NHEJ)-mediated DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair. The 3'-OH ends generated following PNKP-mediated processing of 3'-P are utilized by a DNA polymerase to fill in the gap, and subsequently, the nick is sealed by a DNA ligase to complete the repair process. Here we describe two novel assay systems to detect phosphate release by PNKP's 3'-phosphatase activity and PNKP-mediated in vitro single-strand break repair with minimal repair components (PNKP, DNA polymerase, and DNA ligase) using either purified proteins or cell-free nuclear extracts from mammalian cells/tissues. These assays are highly reproducible and sensitive, and the researchers would be able to detect any significant difference in PNKP's 3'-phosphatase activity as well as PNKP-mediated single-strand break repair activity in diseased mammalian cells/tissues vs normal healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Chakraborty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Tapas K Hazra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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9
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Cai Y, Cao H, Wang F, Zhang Y, Kapranov P. Complex genomic patterns of abasic sites in mammalian DNA revealed by a high-resolution SSiNGLe-AP method. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5868. [PMID: 36198706 PMCID: PMC9534904 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33594-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage plays a critical role in biology and diseases; however, how different types of DNA lesions affect cellular functions is far from clear mostly due to the paucity of high-resolution methods that can map their locations in complex genomes, such as those of mammals. Here, we present the development and validation of SSiNGLe-AP method, which can map a common type of DNA damage, abasic (AP) sites, in a genome-wide and high-resolution manner. We apply this method to six different tissues of mice with different ages and human cancer cell lines. We find a nonrandom distribution of AP sites in the mammalian genome that exhibits dynamic enrichment at specific genomic locations, including single-nucleotide hotspots, and is significantly influenced by gene expression, age and tissue type in particular. Overall, these results suggest that we are only starting to understand the true complexities in the genomic patterns of DNA damage. Abasic (AP) sites represent a prominent type of DNA damage, yet the genomics of this lesion remains unexplored. Here, the authors report a method to map such sites at the nucleotide level in complex genomes and use it to extract complex age- and tissue-dependent patterns of AP sites in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Cai
- Institute of Genomics, School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, 361021, Xiamen, China
| | - Huifen Cao
- Institute of Genomics, School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, 361021, Xiamen, China.
| | - Fang Wang
- Institute of Genomics, School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, 361021, Xiamen, China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- Institute of Genomics, School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, 361021, Xiamen, China
| | - Philipp Kapranov
- Institute of Genomics, School of Medicine, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, 361021, Xiamen, China.
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10
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Mohiuddin M, Kooy RF, Pearson CE. De novo mutations, genetic mosaicism and human disease. Front Genet 2022; 13:983668. [PMID: 36226191 PMCID: PMC9550265 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.983668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosaicism—the existence of genetically distinct populations of cells in a particular organism—is an important cause of genetic disease. Mosaicism can appear as de novo DNA mutations, epigenetic alterations of DNA, and chromosomal abnormalities. Neurodevelopmental or neuropsychiatric diseases, including autism—often arise by de novo mutations that usually not present in either of the parents. De novo mutations might occur as early as in the parental germline, during embryonic, fetal development, and/or post-natally, through ageing and life. Mutation timing could lead to mutation burden of less than heterozygosity to approaching homozygosity. Developmental timing of somatic mutation attainment will affect the mutation load and distribution throughout the body. In this review, we discuss the timing of de novo mutations, spanning from mutations in the germ lineage (all ages), to post-zygotic, embryonic, fetal, and post-natal events, through aging to death. These factors can determine the tissue specific distribution and load of de novo mutations, which can affect disease. The disease threshold burden of somatic de novo mutations of a particular gene in any tissue will be important to define.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohiuddin Mohiuddin
- Program of Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Mohiuddin Mohiuddin, ; Christopher E. Pearson,
| | - R. Frank Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Christopher E. Pearson
- Program of Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Mohiuddin Mohiuddin, ; Christopher E. Pearson,
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11
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Cao H, Zhang Y, Cai Y, Tang L, Gao F, Xu D, Kapranov P. Hotspots of single-strand DNA “breakome” are enriched at transcriptional start sites of genes. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:895795. [PMID: 36046604 PMCID: PMC9420937 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.895795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Single-strand breaks (SSBs) represent one of the most common types of DNA damage, yet not much is known about the genome landscapes of this type of DNA lesions in mammalian cells. Here, we found that SSBs are more likely to occur in certain positions of the human genome—SSB hotspots—in different cells of the same cell type and in different cell types. We hypothesize that the hotspots are likely to represent biologically relevant breaks. Furthermore, we found that the hotspots had a prominent tendency to be enriched in the immediate vicinity of transcriptional start sites (TSSs). We show that these hotspots are not likely to represent technical artifacts or be caused by common mechanisms previously found to cause DNA cleavage at promoters, such as apoptotic DNA fragmentation or topoisomerase type II (TOP2) activity. Therefore, such TSS-associated hotspots could potentially be generated using a novel mechanism that could involve preferential cleavage at cytosines, and their existence is consistent with recent studies suggesting a complex relationship between DNA damage and regulation of gene expression.
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12
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Guo Y, Chomiak A, Hong Y, Lowe CC, Kopsidas CA, Chan WC, Andrade J, Pan H, Zhou X, Monuki ES, Feng Y. Histone H2A ubiquitination resulting from Brap loss of function connects multiple aging hallmarks and accelerates neurodegeneration. iScience 2022; 25:104519. [PMID: 35754718 PMCID: PMC9213774 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is an intricate process characterized by multiple hallmarks including stem cell exhaustion, genome instability, epigenome alteration, impaired proteostasis, and cellular senescence. Whereas each of these traits is detrimental at the cellular level, it remains unclear how they are interconnected to cause systemic organ deterioration. Here we show that abrogating Brap, a BRCA1-associated protein essential for neurogenesis, results in persistent DNA double-strand breaks and elevation of histone H2A mono- and poly-ubiquitination (H2Aub). These defects extend to cellular senescence and proteasome-mediated histone H2A proteolysis with alterations in cells' proteomic and epigenetic states. Brap deletion in the mouse brain causes neuroinflammation, impaired proteostasis, accelerated neurodegeneration, and substantially shortened the lifespan. We further show the elevation of H2Aub also occurs in human brain tissues with Alzheimer's disease. These data together suggest that chromatin aberrations mediated by H2Aub may act as a nexus of multiple aging hallmarks and promote tissue-wide degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Alison.A. Chomiak
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Ye Hong
- University of Turku, Turku 20500, Finland
| | - Clara C. Lowe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Caroline A. Kopsidas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Wen-Ching Chan
- Center for Research Informatics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jorge Andrade
- Center for Research Informatics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Hongna Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Xiaoming Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Edwin S. Monuki
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yuanyi Feng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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13
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Li X, Cao G, Liu X, Tang TS, Guo C, Liu H. Polymerases and DNA Repair in Neurons: Implications in Neuronal Survival and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:852002. [PMID: 35846567 PMCID: PMC9279898 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.852002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the neurodegenerative diseases and aging are associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) or other intracellular damaging agents that challenge the genome integrity of the neurons. As most of the mature neurons stay in G0/G1 phase, replication-uncoupled DNA repair pathways including BER, NER, SSBR, and NHEJ, are pivotal, efficient, and economic mechanisms to maintain genomic stability without reactivating cell cycle. In these progresses, polymerases are prominent, not only because they are responsible for both sensing and repairing damages, but also for their more diversified roles depending on the cell cycle phase and damage types. In this review, we summarized recent knowledge on the structural and biochemical properties of distinct polymerases, including DNA and RNA polymerases, which are known to be expressed and active in nervous system; the biological relevance of these polymerases and their interactors with neuronal degeneration would be most graphically illustrated by the neurological abnormalities observed in patients with hereditary diseases associated with defects in DNA repair; furthermore, the vicious cycle of the trinucleotide repeat (TNR) and impaired DNA repair pathway is also discussed. Unraveling the mechanisms and contextual basis of the role of the polymerases in DNA damage response and repair will promote our understanding about how long-lived postmitotic cells cope with DNA lesions, and why disrupted DNA repair contributes to disease origin, despite the diversity of mutations in genes. This knowledge may lead to new insight into the development of targeted intervention for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Li
- Nano-Biotechnology Key Lab of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Xiaoling Li
| | - Guanghui Cao
- Nano-Biotechnology Key Lab of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Xiaokang Liu
- Nano-Biotechnology Key Lab of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Tie-Shan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Caixia Guo
- Beijing Institute of Genomics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences/China National Center for Bioinformation, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Caixia Guo
| | - Hongmei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China
- Hongmei Liu
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CHAMP1-POGZ counteracts the inhibitory effect of 53BP1 on homologous recombination and affects PARP inhibitor resistance. Oncogene 2022; 41:2706-2718. [PMID: 35393543 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-022-02299-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair-pathway choice regulated by 53BP1 and BRCA1 contributes to genome stability. 53BP1 cooperates with the REV7-Shieldin complex and inhibits DNA end resection to block homologous recombination (HR) and affects the sensitivity to inhibitors for poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) in BRCA1-deficient cells. Here, we show that a REV7 binding protein, CHAMP1 (chromosome alignment-maintaining phosphoprotein 1), has an opposite function of REV7 in DSB repair and promotes HR through DNA end resection together with POGZ (POGO transposable element with ZNF domain). CHAMP1 was recruited to laser-micro-irradiation-induced DSB sites and promotes HR, but not NHEJ. CHAMP1 depletion suppressed the recruitment of BRCA1, but not the recruitment of 53BP1, suggesting that CHAMP1 regulates DSB repair pathway in favor of HR. Depletion of either CHAMP1 or POGZ impaired the recruitment of phosphorylated RPA2 and CtIP (CtBP-interacting protein) at DSB sites, implying that CHAMP1, in complex with POGZ, promotes DNA end resection for HR. Furthermore, loss of CHAMP1 and POGZ restored the sensitivity to a PARP inhibitor in cells depleted of 53BP1 together with BRCA1. These data suggest that CHAMP1and POGZ counteract the inhibitory effect of 53BP1 on HR by promoting DNA end resection and affect the resistance to PARP inhibitors.
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Gong X, Cheng J, Zhang K, Wang Y, Li S, Luo Y. Transcriptome sequencing reveals Gastrodia elata Blume could increase the cell viability of eNPCs under hypoxic condition by improving DNA damage repair ability. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 282:114646. [PMID: 34530095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Gastrodia elata Blume (GEB), known as Tianma in China, is a traditional medicinal herb that has been reported to have various pharmacological effects and neuroprotection, has long been used for treating dizziness, epilepsy, stroke. However, explanation of its underlying mechanisms remains a great challenge. AIM OF THE STUDY The neuroprotective mechanism of GEB on hypoxia-induced neuronal injury in cultured mouse embryonic neural progenitor cells (eNPCs) was investigated, with emphasis on the eNPCs proliferation and DNA damage repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, hypoxia was focused, which may be caused by stroke or acute cerebral ischemia and is considered as one of the important factors contributing to the Central Nervous System diseases. CoCl2 was adopted to construct a hypoxic/ischemic condition in eNPCs. eNPCs proliferation analysis validated GEB neuroprotective effect under hypoxic/ischemic condition. Transcriptome and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) screened the special gene-network module correlated with what appeared to have significant positive correlation with GEB. Then, Gene ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were performed to explore the biological functions of selected genes in the modules that had high correlation with GEB. RESULTS GEB has neuroprotective effect and could rescue eNPCs proliferation under hypoxic/ischemic condition induced by CoCl2. Transcriptome and WGCNA unveil the neuroprotective mechanism of GEB on improving DNA damage repair ability by increasing the expression of genes associated with DNA repair and replication. Western blotting and qPCR showed that GEB could improve DNA damage repair ability by increasing the expression of Mcm2, Mcm6, Pold2, Pole, Pole2, Rfc1, Pole4, Dna2 and Rpa2, which were associated with DNA damage and replication. CONCLUSION Through transcriptome and WGCNA, this study unveiled Gastrodia elata Blume could increase the cell viability of eNPCs under hypoxic condition by improving DNA damage repair ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Gong
- Human Aging Research Institute and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, 999 Xuefu Rd., Honggutan New District, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Human Aging Research Institute and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, 999 Xuefu Rd., Honggutan New District, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Kunshan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China
| | - Yanlu Wang
- Human Aging Research Institute and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, 999 Xuefu Rd., Honggutan New District, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China
| | - Siguang Li
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China.
| | - Yuping Luo
- Human Aging Research Institute and School of Life Science, Nanchang University, and Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Human Aging, Nanchang, 999 Xuefu Rd., Honggutan New District, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330031, China; Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopedic Department of Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200065, China.
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16
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Pradhan R, Singh AK, Kumar P, Bajpai S, Pathak M, Chatterjee P, Dwivedi S, Dey AB, Dey S. Blood Circulatory Level of Seven Sirtuins in Alzheimer's Disease: Potent Biomarker Based on Translational Research. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:1440-1451. [PMID: 34993847 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02671-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an accelerating neurodegenerative disorder. Dysfunction of mitochondria and oxidative stress contributes to the pathogenesis of AD. Sirtuins play a role in this pathway and can be a potential marker to study neurodegenerative changes. This study evaluated serum levels of all seven sirtuin (SIRT1-SIRT7) proteins in three study groups: AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and geriatric control (GC) by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique. Further, it was validated by the Western blot experiment. ROC analysis was performed to differentiate the study group based on the concentration of serum SIRT proteins. Out of seven sirtuins, serum SIRT1, SIRT3 and SIRT6 levels (mean ± SD) were significantly decreased in AD (1.65 ± 0.56, 3.15 ± 0.28, 3.36 ± 0.32 ng/µl), compared to MCI (2.17 ± 0.39, 3.60 ± 0.51, 3.73 ± 0.48 ng/µl) and GC (2.84 ± 0.47, 4.55 ± 0.48, 4.65 ± 0.55 ng/µl). ROC analysis showed the cut-off value with high sensitivity and specificity for cognitive impairment (AD and MCI). The concentration declined significantly with the disease progression. No specific difference was observed in the case of other SIRTs between the study groups. This study reveals an inverse relation of serum SIRT1, SIRT3 and SIRT6 concentration with AD. ROC analysis showed that these serum proteins have greater accuracy in diagnosing of AD. This is the first report of estimation of all seven serum sirtuins and the clinical relevance of SIRT3 and SIRT6 as serum protein markers for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmita Pradhan
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, AIIMS, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| | | | - Pramod Kumar
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, AIIMS, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Swati Bajpai
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, AIIMS, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Mona Pathak
- Department of Biostatistics, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Prasun Chatterjee
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, AIIMS, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | | | - A B Dey
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, AIIMS, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sharmistha Dey
- Department of Biophysics, AIIMS, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India.
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17
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Chakraborty A, Tapryal N, Islam A, Mitra S, Hazra T. Transcription coupled base excision repair in mammalian cells: So little is known and so much to uncover. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 107:103204. [PMID: 34390916 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized bases in the genome has been implicated in various human pathologies, including cancer, aging and neurological diseases. Their repair is initiated with excision by DNA glycosylases (DGs) in the base excision repair (BER) pathway. Among the five oxidized base-specific human DGs, OGG1 and NTH1 preferentially excise oxidized purines and pyrimidines, respectively, while NEILs remove both oxidized purines and pyrimidines. However, little is known about why cells possess multiple DGs with overlapping substrate specificities. Studies of the past decades revealed that some DGs are involved in repair of oxidized DNA base lesions in the actively transcribed regions. Preferential removal of lesions from the transcribed strands of active genes, called transcription-coupled repair (TCR), was discovered as a distinct sub-pathway of nucleotide excision repair; however, such repair of oxidized DNA bases had not been established until our recent demonstration of NEIL2's role in TC-BER of the nuclear genome. We have shown that NEIL2 forms a distinct transcriptionally active, repair proficient complex. More importantly, we for the first time reconstituted TC-BER using purified components. These studies are important for characterizing critical requirement for the process. However, because NEIL2 cannot remove all types of oxidized bases, it is unlikely to be the only DNA glycosylase involved in TC-BER. Hence, we postulate TC-BER process to be universally involved in maintaining the functional integrity of active genes, especially in post-mitotic, non-growing cells. We further postulate that abnormal bases (e.g., uracil), and alkylated and other small DNA base adducts are also repaired via TC-BER. In this review, we have provided an overview of the various aspects of TC-BER in mammalian cells with the hope of generating significant interest of many researchers in the field. Further studies aimed at better understanding the mechanistic aspects of TC-BER could help elucidate the linkage of TC-BER deficiency to various human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Chakraborty
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| | - Nisha Tapryal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Azharul Islam
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Sankar Mitra
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Tapas Hazra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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18
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Mapping the hotspots for DNA repair synthesis in human brain organoids. Cell Death Differ 2021; 28:3193-3195. [PMID: 34465892 PMCID: PMC8563951 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00863-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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19
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Association of Caspase 3 Activation and H2AX γ Phosphorylation in the Aging Brain: Studies on Untreated and Irradiated Mice. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091166. [PMID: 34572352 PMCID: PMC8468010 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of H2AX is a response to DNA damage, but γH2AX also associates with mitosis and/or apoptosis. We examined the effects of X-rays on DNA integrity to shed more light on the significance of H2AX phosphorylation and its relationship with activation of caspase 3 (CASP3), the main apoptotic effector. After administration of the S phase marker BrdU, brains were collected from untreated and irradiated (10 Gray) 24-month-old mice surviving 15 or 30 min after irradiation. After paraffin embedding, brain sections were single- or double-stained with antibodies against γH2AX, p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) (which is recruited during the DNA damage response (DDR)), active CASP3 (cCASP3), 5-Bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU), and phosphorylated histone H3 (pHH3) (which labels proliferating cells). After statistical analysis, we demonstrated that irradiation not only induced a robust DDR with the appearance of γH2AX and upregulation of 53BP1 but also that cells with damaged DNA attempted to synthesize new genetic material from the rise in BrdU immunostaining, with increased expression of cCASP3. Association of γH2AX, 53BP1, and cCASP3 was also evident in normal nonirradiated mice, where DNA synthesis appeared to be linked to disturbances in DNA repair mechanisms rather than true mitotic activity.
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20
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Ackerson SM, Romney C, Schuck PL, Stewart JA. To Join or Not to Join: Decision Points Along the Pathway to Double-Strand Break Repair vs. Chromosome End Protection. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:708763. [PMID: 34322492 PMCID: PMC8311741 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.708763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and telomeres are diametrically opposed in the cell. DSBs are considered one of the most deleterious forms of DNA damage and must be quickly recognized and repaired. Telomeres, on the other hand, are specialized, stable DNA ends that must be protected from recognition as DSBs to inhibit unwanted chromosome fusions. Decisions to join DNA ends, or not, are therefore critical to genome stability. Yet, the processing of telomeres and DSBs share many commonalities. Accordingly, key decision points are used to shift DNA ends toward DSB repair vs. end protection. Additionally, DSBs can be repaired by two major pathways, namely homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). The choice of which repair pathway is employed is also dictated by a series of decision points that shift the break toward HR or NHEJ. In this review, we will focus on these decision points and the mechanisms that dictate end protection vs. DSB repair and DSB repair choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Ackerson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Carlan Romney
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - P Logan Schuck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - Jason A Stewart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
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21
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Paull TT. DNA damage and regulation of protein homeostasis. DNA Repair (Amst) 2021; 105:103155. [PMID: 34116476 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2021.103155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of unrepaired DNA lesions is associated with many pathological outcomes in humans, particularly in neurodegenerative diseases and in normal aging. Evidence supporting a causal role for DNA damage in the onset and progression of neurodegenerative disease has come from rare human patients with mutations in DNA damage response genes as well as from model organisms; however, the generality of this relationship in the normal population is unclear. In addition, the relevance of DNA damage in the context of proteotoxic stress-the widely accepted paradigm for pathology during neurodegeneration-is not well understood. Here, observations supporting intertwined roles of DNA damage and proteotoxicity in aging-related neurological outcomes are reviewed, with particular emphasis on recent insights into the relationships between DNA repair and autophagy, the ubiquitin proteasome system, formation of protein aggregates, poly-ADP-ribose polymerization, and transcription-driven DNA lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya T Paull
- The University of Texas at Austin, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Austin, TX, 78712, United States.
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22
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Moreno-Lorite J, Pérez-Luz S, Katsu-Jiménez Y, Oberdoerfer D, Díaz-Nido J. DNA repair pathways are altered in neural cell models of frataxin deficiency. Mol Cell Neurosci 2021; 111:103587. [PMID: 33418083 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is a hereditary and predominantly neurodegenerative disease caused by a deficiency of the protein frataxin (FXN). As part of the overall efforts to understand the molecular basis of neurodegeneration in FRDA, a new human neural cell line with doxycycline-induced FXN knockdown was established. This cell line, hereafter referred to as iFKD-SY, is derived from the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y and retains the ability to differentiate into mature neuron-like cells. In both proliferating and differentiated iFKD-SY cells, the induction of FXN deficiency is accompanied by increases in oxidative stress and DNA damage, reduced aconitase enzyme activity, higher levels of p53 and p21, activation of caspase-3, and subsequent apoptosis. More interestingly, FXN-deficient iFKD-SY cells exhibit an important transcriptional deregulation in many of the genes implicated in DNA repair pathways. The levels of some crucial proteins involved in DNA repair appear notably diminished. Furthermore, similar changes are found in two additional neural cell models of FXN deficit: primary cultures of FXN-deficient mouse neurons and human olfactory mucosa stem cells obtained from biopsies of FRDA patients. These results suggest that the deficiency of FXN leads to a down-regulation of DNA repair pathways that synergizes with oxidative stress to provoke DNA damage, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of FRDA. Thus, a failure in DNA repair may be considered a shared common molecular mechanism contributing to neurodegeneration in a number of hereditary ataxias including FRDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jara Moreno-Lorite
- Departamento Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda (IDIPHIM), Spain
| | - Sara Pérez-Luz
- Departamento Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda (IDIPHIM), Spain; Molecular Genetics Unit, Institute of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), Ctra. Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km2.200, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Yurika Katsu-Jiménez
- Departamento Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda (IDIPHIM), Spain
| | - Daniel Oberdoerfer
- Departamento Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda (IDIPHIM), Spain
| | - Javier Díaz-Nido
- Departamento Biología Molecular and Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa" (UAM-CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Puerta de Hierro-Majadahonda (IDIPHIM), Spain
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23
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Crosstalk between Different DNA Repair Pathways Contributes to Neurodegenerative Diseases. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10020163. [PMID: 33669593 PMCID: PMC7922961 DOI: 10.3390/biology10020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Constant exposure to endogenous and environmental factors induces oxidative stress and DNA damage. Rare brain disorders caused by defects in DNA repair and DNA damage response (DDR) signaling establish that failure to process DNA damage may lead to neurodegeneration. In this review, we present mechanisms that link DDR with neurodegeneration in these disorders and discuss their relevance for common age-related neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Moreover, we highlight recent insight into the crosstalk between the DDR and other cellular processes known to be disturbed during NDDs. Abstract Genomic integrity is maintained by DNA repair and the DNA damage response (DDR). Defects in certain DNA repair genes give rise to many rare progressive neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs), such as ocular motor ataxia, Huntington disease (HD), and spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA). Dysregulation or dysfunction of DDR is also proposed to contribute to more common NDDs, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Here, we present mechanisms that link DDR with neurodegeneration in rare NDDs caused by defects in the DDR and discuss the relevance for more common age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, we highlight recent insight into the crosstalk between the DDR and other cellular processes known to be disturbed during NDDs. We compare the strengths and limitations of established model systems to model human NDDs, ranging from C. elegans and mouse models towards advanced stem cell-based 3D models.
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Deficiency in classical nonhomologous end-joining-mediated repair of transcribed genes is linked to SCA3 pathogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:8154-8165. [PMID: 32205441 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1917280117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) is a dominantly inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by CAG (encoding glutamine) repeat expansion in the Ataxin-3 (ATXN3) gene. We have shown previously that ATXN3-depleted or pathogenic ATXN3-expressing cells abrogate polynucleotide kinase 3'-phosphatase (PNKP) activity. Here, we report that ATXN3 associates with RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) and the classical nonhomologous end-joining (C-NHEJ) proteins, including PNKP, along with nascent RNAs under physiological conditions. Notably, ATXN3 depletion significantly decreased global transcription, repair of transcribed genes, and error-free double-strand break repair of a 3'-phosphate-containing terminally gapped, linearized reporter plasmid. The missing sequence at the terminal break site was restored in the recircularized plasmid in control cells by using the endogenous homologous transcript as a template, indicating ATXN3's role in PNKP-mediated error-free C-NHEJ. Furthermore, brain extracts from SCA3 patients and mice show significantly lower PNKP activity, elevated p53BP1 level, more abundant strand-breaks in the transcribed genes, and degradation of RNAP II relative to controls. A similar RNAP II degradation is also evident in mutant ATXN3-expressing Drosophila larval brains and eyes. Importantly, SCA3 phenotype in Drosophila was completely amenable to PNKP complementation. Hence, salvaging PNKP's activity can be a promising therapeutic strategy for SCA3.
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25
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Cao H, Salazar-García L, Gao F, Wahlestedt T, Wu CL, Han X, Cai Y, Xu D, Wang F, Tang L, Ricciardi N, Cai D, Wang H, Chin MPS, Timmons JA, Wahlestedt C, Kapranov P. Novel approach reveals genomic landscapes of single-strand DNA breaks with nucleotide resolution in human cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5799. [PMID: 31862872 PMCID: PMC6925131 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-strand breaks (SSBs) represent the major form of DNA damage, yet techniques to map these lesions genome-wide with nucleotide-level precision are limited. Here, we present a method, termed SSiNGLe, and demonstrate its utility to explore the distribution and dynamic changes in genome-wide SSBs in response to different biological and environmental stimuli. We validate SSiNGLe using two very distinct sequencing techniques and apply it to derive global profiles of SSBs in different biological states. Strikingly, we show that patterns of SSBs in the genome are non-random, specific to different biological states, enriched in regulatory elements, exons, introns, specific types of repeats and exhibit differential preference for the template strand between exons and introns. Furthermore, we show that breaks likely contribute to naturally occurring sequence variants. Finally, we demonstrate strong links between SSB patterns and age. Overall, SSiNGLe provides access to unexplored realms of cellular biology, not obtainable with current approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifen Cao
- Institute of Genomics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Lorena Salazar-García
- Institute of Genomics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Fan Gao
- Institute of Genomics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Thor Wahlestedt
- Institute of Genomics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Chun-Lin Wu
- Department of Pathology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, China
| | - Xueer Han
- Institute of Genomics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Ye Cai
- Institute of Genomics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Dongyang Xu
- Institute of Genomics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Institute of Genomics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Lu Tang
- Institute of Genomics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Natalie Ricciardi
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - DingDing Cai
- Institute of Genomics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Huifang Wang
- Institute of Genomics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Mario P S Chin
- Institute of Genomics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - James A Timmons
- Augur Precision Medicine LTD, Scion House, Stirling University Innovation Park, Stirling, FK9 4NF, UK
| | - Claes Wahlestedt
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1501 NW 10th Ave, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
| | - Philipp Kapranov
- Institute of Genomics, School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, 668 Jimei Road, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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26
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Gómez-Herreros F. DNA Double Strand Breaks and Chromosomal Translocations Induced by DNA Topoisomerase II. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:141. [PMID: 31921889 PMCID: PMC6915882 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are the most cytotoxic lesions of those occurring in the DNA and can lead to cell death or result in genome mutagenesis and chromosomal translocations. Although most of these rearrangements have detrimental effects for cellular survival, single events can provide clonal advantage and result in abnormal cellular proliferation and cancer. The origin and the environment of the DNA break or the repair pathway are key factors that influence the frequency at which these events appear. However, the molecular mechanisms that underlie the formation of chromosomal translocations remain unclear. DNA topoisomerases are essential enzymes present in all cellular organisms with critical roles in DNA metabolism and that have been linked to the formation of deleterious DSBs for a long time. DSBs induced by the abortive activity of DNA topoisomerase II (TOP2) are “trending topic” because of their possible role in genome instability and oncogenesis. Furthermore, transcription associated TOP2 activity appears to be one of the most determining causes behind the formation of chromosomal translocations. In this review, the origin of recombinogenic TOP2 breaks and the determinants behind their tendency to translocate will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Gómez-Herreros
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Virgen del Rocío-CSIC-Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain.,Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
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27
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Thadathil N, Hori R, Xiao J, Khan MM. DNA double-strand breaks: a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. Chromosome Res 2019; 27:345-364. [PMID: 31707536 PMCID: PMC7934912 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-019-09617-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of neurodegeneration restricts the ability to understand and treat the neurological disorders affecting millions of people worldwide. Therefore, there is an unmet need to develop new and more effective therapeutic strategies to combat these devastating conditions and that will only be achieved with a better understanding of the biological mechanism associated with disease conditions. Recent studies highlight the role of DNA damage, particularly, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), in the progression of neuronal loss in a broad spectrum of human neurodegenerative diseases. This is not unexpected because neurons are prone to DNA damage due to their non-proliferative nature and high metabolic activity. However, it is not clear if DSBs is a primary driver of neuronal loss in disease conditions or simply occurs concomitant with disease progression. Here, we provide evidence that supports a critical role of DSBs in the pathogenesis of the neurodegenerative diseases. Among different kinds of DNA damages, DSBs are the most harmful and perilous type of DNA damage and can lead to cell death if left unrepaired or repaired with error. In this review, we explore the current state of knowledge regarding the role of DSBs repair mechanisms in preserving neuronal function and survival and describe how DSBs could drive the molecular mechanisms resulting in neuronal death in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We also discuss the potential implications of DSBs as a novel therapeutic target and prognostic marker in patients with neurodegenerative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidheesh Thadathil
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Roderick Hori
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jianfeng Xiao
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Mohammad Moshahid Khan
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences and Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
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28
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Abstract
Ageing appears to be a nearly universal feature of life, ranging from unicellular microorganisms to humans. Longevity depends on the maintenance of cellular functionality, and an organism's ability to respond to stress has been linked to functional maintenance and longevity. Stress response pathways might indeed become therapeutic targets of therapies aimed at extending the healthy lifespan. Various progeroid syndromes have been linked to genome instability, indicating an important causal role of DNA damage accumulation in the ageing process and the development of age-related pathologies. Recently, non-cell-autonomous mechanisms including the systemic consequences of cellular senescence have been implicated in regulating organismal ageing. We discuss here the role of cellular and systemic mechanisms of ageing and their role in ageing-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo F L da Silva
- Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Björn Schumacher
- Institute for Genome Stability in Ageing and Disease, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany.,Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Ageing-Associated Diseases (CECAD), Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 26, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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29
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Guo Z, Tian Y, Guo Y, Li B, Liu X, Xie K, Song Y, Wang D. RAD6B Plays a Critical Role in Neuronal DNA Damage Response to Resist Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:392. [PMID: 31507381 PMCID: PMC6716356 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
RAD6 participates in DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) repair by ubiquitinating histone H2B in mitotic cells. In terminally differentiated cells, however, the mechanisms of DNA damage repair are less well known. In this study, we investigate whether RAD6B is involved in DSBs repair in neurons and effects of RAD6B deficiency on neuronal survival. We compared neurons of RAD6B-deficient mice with those of littermate wild type (WT) mice and induced DNA damage by X-ray irradiation. We provide evidence that RAD6B is essential for neural DDR and RAD6B deficiency results in increased genomic instability and neurodegeneration. Moreover, higher levels of p53 and p21 are present in the brains of RAD6B-deficient mice, which may be responsible for neuronal senescence, and degeneration. In addition, behavioral experiments show that RAD6B-deficient mice exhibit marked learning and memory deficits. In conclusion, these findings suggest that RAD6B is critical for neural integrity and that the absence of RAD6B accelerates neurodegeneration in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Guo
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yingxia Tian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Gansu Provincial Academic Institute for Medical Research, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yingli Guo
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Boya Li
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiangwen Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Kun Xie
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanfeng Song
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Degui Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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30
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Li Y, Xie L, Huang T, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Qi B, Wang X, Chen Z, Li P. Aging Neurovascular Unit and Potential Role of DNA Damage and Repair in Combating Vascular and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:778. [PMID: 31440124 PMCID: PMC6694749 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Progressive neurological deterioration poses enormous burden on the aging population with ischemic stroke and neurodegenerative disease patients, such as Alzheimers’ disease and Parkinson’s disease. The past two decades have witnessed remarkable advances in the research of neurovascular unit dysfunction, which is emerging as an important pathological feature that underlies these neurological disorders. Dysfunction of the unit allows penetration of blood-derived toxic proteins or leukocytes into the brain and contributes to white matter injury, disturbed neurovascular coupling and neuroinflammation, which all eventually lead to cognitive dysfunction. Recent evidences suggest that aging-related oxidative stress, accumulated DNA damage and impaired DNA repair capacities compromises the genome integrity not only in neurons, but also in other cell types of the neurovascular unit, such as endothelial cells, astrocytes and pericytes. Combating DNA damage or enhancing DNA repair capacities in the neurovascular unit represents a promising therapeutic strategy for vascular and neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we focus on aging related mechanisms that underlie DNA damage and repair in the neurovascular unit and introduce several novel strategies that target the genome integrity in the neurovascular unit to combat the vascular and neurodegenerative disorders in the aging brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lv Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueman Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Qi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zengai Chen
- Department of Radiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiying Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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31
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Barnes RP, Fouquerel E, Opresko PL. The impact of oxidative DNA damage and stress on telomere homeostasis. Mech Ageing Dev 2019; 177:37-45. [PMID: 29604323 PMCID: PMC6162185 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Telomeres are dynamic nucleoprotein-DNA structures that cap and protect linear chromosome ends. Because telomeres shorten progressively with each replication, they impose a functional limit on the number of times a cell can divide. Critically short telomeres trigger cellular senescence in normal cells, or genomic instability in pre-malignant cells, which contribute to numerous degenerative and aging-related diseases including cancer. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms of telomere loss and preservation is important for human health. Numerous studies have shown that oxidative stress is associated with accelerated telomere shortening and dysfunction. Oxidative stress caused by inflammation, intrinsic cell factors or environmental exposures, contributes to the pathogenesis of many degenerative diseases and cancer. Here we review the studies demonstrating associations between oxidative stress and accelerated telomere attrition in human tissue, mice and cell culture, and discuss possible mechanisms and cellular pathways that protect telomeres from oxidative damage.
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32
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Eidhof I, van de Warrenburg BP, Schenck A. Integrative network and brain expression analysis reveals mechanistic modules in ataxia. J Med Genet 2018; 56:283-292. [PMID: 30591515 PMCID: PMC6581079 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2018-105703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background Genetic forms of ataxia are a heterogenous group of degenerative diseases of the cerebellum. Many causative genes have been identified. We aimed to systematically investigate these genes to better understand ataxia pathophysiology. Methods A manually curated catalogue of 71 genes involved in disorders with progressive ataxias as a major clinical feature was subjected to an integrated gene ontology, protein network and brain gene expression profiling analysis. Results We found that genes mutated in ataxias operate in networks with significantly enriched protein connectivity, demonstrating coherence on a global level, independent of inheritance mode. Moreover, elevated expression specifically in the cerebellum predisposes to ataxia. Genes expressed in this pattern are significantly over-represented among genes mutated in ataxia and are enriched for ion homeostasis/synaptic functions. The majority of genes mutated in ataxia, however, does not show elevated cerebellar expression that could account for region-specific degeneration. For these, we identified defective cellular stress responses as a major common biological theme, suggesting that the defence pathways against stress are more critical to maintain cerebellar integrity than integrity of other brain regions. Approximately half of the genes mutated in ataxia, mostly part of the stress module, show higher expression at embryonic stages, which argues for a developmental predisposition. Conclusion Genetic defects in ataxia predominantly affect neuronal homeostasis, to which the cerebellum appears to be excessively susceptible. Based on the identified modules, it is conceivable to propose common therapeutic interventions that target deregulated calcium and reactive oxygen species levels, or mechanisms that can decrease the harmful downstream effects of these deleterious insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Eidhof
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart P van de Warrenburg
- Department of Neurology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Annette Schenck
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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33
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Walker C, El-Khamisy SF. Perturbed autophagy and DNA repair converge to promote neurodegeneration in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and dementia. Brain 2018; 141:1247-1262. [PMID: 29584802 PMCID: PMC5917746 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awy076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining genomic stability constitutes a major challenge facing cells. DNA breaks can arise from direct oxidative damage to the DNA backbone, the inappropriate activities of endogenous enzymes such as DNA topoisomerases, or due to transcriptionally-derived RNA/DNA hybrids (R-loops). The progressive accumulation of DNA breaks has been linked to several neurological disorders. Recently, however, several independent studies have implicated nuclear and mitochondrial genomic instability, perturbed co-transcriptional processing, and impaired cellular clearance pathways as causal and intertwined mechanisms underpinning neurodegeneration. Here, we discuss this emerging paradigm in the context of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia, and outline how this knowledge paves the way to novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callum Walker
- Krebs Institute, Department of Molecular biology and biotechnology, University of Sheffield, UK
- The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Sherif F El-Khamisy
- Krebs Institute, Department of Molecular biology and biotechnology, University of Sheffield, UK
- Center for Genomics, Helmy Institute for Medical Sciences, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza, Egypt
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34
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Wang Q, Xu L, Chen P, Xu Z, Qiu J, Ge J, Yu K, Zhuang J. Brca1 Is Upregulated by 5-Aza-CdR and Promotes DNA Repair and Cell Survival, and Inhibits Neurite Outgrowth in Rat Retinal Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041214. [PMID: 29673145 PMCID: PMC5979323 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that Brca1 acts as a “hinge” in the development of the central nervous system (CNS). However, the precise role of Brca1 in rat retinal neurons remains unclear. Here, we found that Brca1 is developmentally downregulated and silenced in adult retina. Brca1 was upregulated in rat primary retinal neurons by 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-CdR) treatment. Moreover, the upregulation of Brca1 by both 5-Aza-CdR and transgenic Brca1 promoted genomic stability and improved cell viability following exposure to ionizing radiation (IR). Furthermore, transgenic Brca1 significantly inhibited neurite outgrowth of retinal neurons, which implicates that Brca1 silencing promotes cell differentiation and determines neuronal morphology. Taken together, our results reveal a biological function of Brca1 in retinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Lijun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Pei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Zhuojun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Jin Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Jian Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Keming Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
| | - Jing Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510060, China.
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35
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Leija-Salazar M, Piette C, Proukakis C. Review: Somatic mutations in neurodegeneration. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2018; 44:267-285. [PMID: 29369391 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Somatic mutations are postzygotic mutations which may lead to mosaicism, the presence of cells with genetic differences in an organism. Their role in cancer is well established, but detailed investigation in health and other diseases has only been recently possible. This has been empowered by the improvements of sequencing techniques, including single-cell sequencing, which can still be error-prone but is rapidly improving. Mosaicism appears relatively common in the human body, including the normal brain, probably arising in early development, but also potentially during ageing. In this review, we first discuss theoretical considerations and current evidence relevant to somatic mutations in the brain. We present a framework to explain how they may be integrated with current views on neurodegeneration, focusing mainly on sporadic late-onset neurodegenerative diseases (Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). We review the relevant studies so far, with the first evidence emerging in Alzheimer's in particular. We also discuss the role of mosaicism in inherited neurodegenerative disorders, particularly somatic instability of tandem repeats. We summarize existing views and data to present a model whereby the time of origin and spatial distribution of relevant somatic mutations, combined with any additional risk factors, may partly determine the development and onset age of sporadic neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Leija-Salazar
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - C Piette
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - C Proukakis
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University College London Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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36
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Castiglione MP, Ramos RL, Leheste JR, Torres G. Central and Peripheral Expression of DNA Double-Strand Breaks in Human and Mouse Tissues. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:1251-1257. [PMID: 29466834 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells accumulate DNA lesions when they undergo phases of the cell cycle or during normal cellular activity. In this regard, several DNA repair signaling pathways have evolved to maintain genome stability and avoid the potential acquisition of mutations. To define and further characterize the expression of DNA double-strand breaks in humans and mice, we used immunocytochemistry to localize a DNA damage signal within the spatial confines of the cell nucleus. We show that DNA double-strand breaks are abundantly expressed in postmitotic neurons of the human and mouse brain. Notably, DNA double-strand breaks are present in human hypothalamic and mouse striatal and hippocampal cells, with stable expression of the nuclear signal detected throughout the mammalian brain. Analysis of the mouse tongue, heart, and testis shows that expression of DNA double-strand breaks is only demonstrated in circumscribed populations of peripheral cells. These data suggest that levels of DNA double-strand breaks are tissue-specific with the tongue, heart and testicular tissue having different thresholds of DNA repair and DNA damage from those outlined at the brain level. Anat Rec, 301:1251-1257, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia P Castiglione
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, 11568
| | - Raddy L Ramos
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, 11568
| | - Joerg R Leheste
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, 11568
| | - German Torres
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Old Westbury, New York, 11568
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37
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38
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Abstract
Diseases such as Huntington's disease and certain spinocerebellar ataxias are caused by the expansion of genomic cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) trinucleotide repeats beyond a specific threshold. These diseases are all characterised by neurological symptoms and central neurodegeneration, but our understanding of how expanded repeats drive neuronal loss is incomplete. Recent human genetic evidence implicates DNA repair pathways, especially mismatch repair, in modifying the onset and progression of CAG repeat diseases. Repair pathways might operate directly on repeat sequences by licensing or inhibiting repeat expansion in neurons. Alternatively, or in addition, because many of the genes containing pathogenic CAG repeats encode proteins that themselves have roles in the DNA damage response, it is possible that repeat expansions impair specific DNA repair pathways. DNA damage could then accrue in neurons, leading to further expansion at repeat loci, thus setting up a vicious cycle of pathology. In this review, we consider DNA damage and repair pathways in postmitotic neurons in the context of disease-causing CAG repeats. Investigating and understanding these pathways, which are clearly relevant in promoting and ameliorating disease in humans, is a research priority, as they are known to modify disease and therefore constitute prevalidated drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Massey
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Lesley Jones
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Hadyn Ellis Building, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
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39
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Yoon G, Caldecott KW. Nonsyndromic cerebellar ataxias associated with disorders of DNA single-strand break repair. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 155:105-115. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64189-2.00007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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40
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Adle-Biassette H, Golden JA, Harding B. Developmental and perinatal brain diseases. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2018; 145:51-78. [PMID: 28987191 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-802395-2.00006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This chapter briefly describes the normal development of the nervous system, the neuropathology and pathophysiology of acquired and secondary disorders affecting the embryo, fetus, and child. They include CNS manifestations of chromosomal change; forebrain patterning defects; disorders of the brain size; cell migration and specification disorders; cerebellum, hindbrain and spinal patterning defects; hydrocephalus; secondary malformations and destructive pathologies; vascular malformations; arachnoid cysts and infectious diseases. The distinction between malformations and disruptions is important for pathogenesis and genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Homa Adle-Biassette
- Department of Pathology, Lariboisière Hospital, APHP and Paris Diderot University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Jeffery A Golden
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Brian Harding
- Department of Pathology/Neuropathology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Kaluski S, Portillo M, Besnard A, Stein D, Einav M, Zhong L, Ueberham U, Arendt T, Mostoslavsky R, Sahay A, Toiber D. Neuroprotective Functions for the Histone Deacetylase SIRT6. Cell Rep 2017; 18:3052-3062. [PMID: 28355558 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The histone deacetylase SIRT6 promotes DNA repair, but its activity declines with age with a concomitant accumulation of DNA damage. Furthermore, SIRT6 knockout mice exhibit an accelerated aging phenotype and die prematurely. Here, we report that brain-specific SIRT6-deficient mice survive but present behavioral defects with major learning impairments by 4 months of age. Moreover, the brains of these mice show increased signs of DNA damage, cell death, and hyperphosphorylated Tau-a critical mark in several neurodegenerative diseases. Mechanistically, SIRT6 regulates Tau protein stability and phosphorylation through increased activation of the kinase GSK3α/β. Finally, SIRT6 mRNA and protein levels are reduced in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Taken together, our results suggest that SIRT6 is critical to maintain genomic stability in the brain and that its loss leads to toxic Tau stability and phosphorylation. Therefore, SIRT6 and its downstream signaling could be targeted in Alzheimer's disease and age-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Kaluski
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Miguel Portillo
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Antoine Besnard
- The Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and The MGH Center for Regenerative Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Daniel Stein
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Monica Einav
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Lei Zhong
- The Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and The MGH Center for Regenerative Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Uwe Ueberham
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Arendt
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Raul Mostoslavsky
- The Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and The MGH Center for Regenerative Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Amar Sahay
- The Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and The MGH Center for Regenerative Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Debra Toiber
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
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42
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Seol JH, Shim EY, Lee SE. Microhomology-mediated end joining: Good, bad and ugly. Mutat Res 2017; 809:81-87. [PMID: 28754468 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are induced by a variety of genotoxic agents, including ionizing radiation and chemotherapy drugs for treating cancers. The elimination of DSBs proceeds via distinctive error-free and error-prone pathways. Repair by homologous recombination (HR) is largely error-free and mediated by RAD51/BRCA2 gene products. Classical non-homologous end joining (C-NHEJ) requires the Ku heterodimer and can efficiently rejoin breaks, with occasional loss or gain of DNA information. Recently, evidence has unveiled another DNA end-joining mechanism that is independent of recombination factors and Ku proteins, termed alternative non-homologous end joining (A-NHEJ). While A-NHEJ-mediated repair does not require homology, in a subtype of A-NHEJ, DSB breaks are sealed by microhomology (MH)-mediated base-pairing of DNA single strands, followed by nucleolytic trimming of DNA flaps, DNA gap filling, and DNA ligation, yielding products that are always associated with DNA deletion. This highly error-prone DSB repair pathway is termed microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ). Dissecting the mechanisms of MMEJ is of great interest because of its potential to destabilize the genome through gene deletions and chromosomal rearrangements in cells deficient in canonical repair pathways, including HR and C-NHEJ. In addition, evidence now suggests that MMEJ plays a physiological role in normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ja-Hwan Seol
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, United States
| | - Eun Yong Shim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, United States
| | - Sang Eun Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, United States; Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, United States.
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43
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Abbotts R, Wilson DM. Coordination of DNA single strand break repair. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 107:228-244. [PMID: 27890643 PMCID: PMC5443707 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The genetic material of all organisms is susceptible to modification. In some instances, these changes are programmed, such as the formation of DNA double strand breaks during meiotic recombination to generate gamete variety or class switch recombination to create antibody diversity. However, in most cases, genomic damage is potentially harmful to the health of the organism, contributing to disease and aging by promoting deleterious cellular outcomes. A proportion of DNA modifications are caused by exogenous agents, both physical (namely ultraviolet sunlight and ionizing radiation) and chemical (such as benzopyrene, alkylating agents, platinum compounds and psoralens), which can produce numerous forms of DNA damage, including a range of "simple" and helix-distorting base lesions, abasic sites, crosslinks and various types of phosphodiester strand breaks. More significant in terms of frequency are endogenous mechanisms of modification, which include hydrolytic disintegration of DNA chemical bonds, attack by reactive oxygen species and other byproducts of normal cellular metabolism, or incomplete or necessary enzymatic reactions (such as topoisomerases or repair nucleases). Both exogenous and endogenous mechanisms are associated with a high risk of single strand breakage, either produced directly or generated as intermediates of DNA repair. This review will focus upon the creation, consequences and resolution of single strand breaks, with a particular focus on two major coordinating repair proteins: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) and X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1 (XRCC1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Abbotts
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - David M Wilson
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Chen HR, Juan HC, Wong YH, Tsai JW, Fann MJ. Cdk12 Regulates Neurogenesis and Late-Arising Neuronal Migration in the Developing Cerebral Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:2289-2302. [PMID: 27073218 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) pathways are critical for ensuring that replication stress and various types of DNA lesion do not perturb production of neural cells during development. Cdk12 maintains genomic stability by regulating expression of DDR genes. Mutant mice in which Cdk12 is conditionally deleted in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) die after birth and exhibit microcephaly with a thinner cortical plate and an aberrant corpus callosum. We show that NPCs of mutant mice accumulate at G2 and M phase, and have lower expression of DDR genes, more DNA double-strand breaks and increased apoptosis. In addition to there being fewer neurons, there is misalignment of layers IV-II neurons and the presence of abnormal axonal tracts of these neurons, suggesting that Cdk12 is also required for the migration of late-arising cortical neurons. Using in utero electroporation, we demonstrate that the migrating mutant cells remain within the intermediate zone and fail to adopt a bipolar morphology. Overexpression of Cdk5 brings about a partially restoration of the neurons reaching layers IV-II in the mutant mice. Thus, Cdk12 is crucial to the repair of DNA damage during the proliferation of NPCs and is also central to the proper migration of late-arising neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ru Chen
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences.,Brain Research Center
| | - Hsien-Chia Juan
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences
| | | | - Jin-Wu Tsai
- Brain Research Center.,Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan 11221, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Ji Fann
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences.,Brain Research Center
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45
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Barzilai A, Schumacher B, Shiloh Y. Genome instability: Linking ageing and brain degeneration. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 161:4-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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46
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Grundy GJ, Polo LM, Zeng Z, Rulten SL, Hoch NC, Paomephan P, Xu Y, Sweet SM, Thorne AW, Oliver AW, Matthews SJ, Pearl LH, Caldecott KW. PARP3 is a sensor of nicked nucleosomes and monoribosylates histone H2B(Glu2). Nat Commun 2016; 7:12404. [PMID: 27530147 PMCID: PMC4992063 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PARP3 is a member of the ADP-ribosyl transferase superfamily that we show accelerates the repair of chromosomal DNA single-strand breaks in avian DT40 cells. Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance experiments reveal that PARP3 employs a conserved DNA-binding interface to detect and stably bind DNA breaks and to accumulate at sites of chromosome damage. PARP3 preferentially binds to and is activated by mononucleosomes containing nicked DNA and which target PARP3 trans-ribosylation activity to a single-histone substrate. Although nicks in naked DNA stimulate PARP3 autoribosylation, nicks in mononucleosomes promote the trans-ribosylation of histone H2B specifically at Glu2. These data identify PARP3 as a molecular sensor of nicked nucleosomes and demonstrate, for the first time, the ribosylation of chromatin at a site-specific DNA single-strand break.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle J. Grundy
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Science Park Road, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Luis M. Polo
- Cancer Research UK DNA Repair Enzymes Group, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Science Park Road, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Zhihong Zeng
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Science Park Road, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Stuart L. Rulten
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Science Park Road, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Nicolas C. Hoch
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Science Park Road, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
- CAPES Foundation, Ministry of Education of Brazil, Brasilia/DF 70040-020, Brazil
| | - Pathompong Paomephan
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Science Park Road, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Yingqi Xu
- Cross-faculty NMR centre, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Steve M. Sweet
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Science Park Road, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Alan W. Thorne
- Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Portsmouth, St Michael's Building, Portsmouth PO1 2DT, UK
| | - Antony W. Oliver
- Cancer Research UK DNA Repair Enzymes Group, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Science Park Road, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Steve J. Matthews
- Cross-faculty NMR centre, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Laurence H. Pearl
- Cancer Research UK DNA Repair Enzymes Group, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Science Park Road, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Keith W. Caldecott
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Science Park Road, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
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47
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Aparicio T, Baer R, Gottesman M, Gautier J. MRN, CtIP, and BRCA1 mediate repair of topoisomerase II-DNA adducts. J Cell Biol 2016; 212:399-408. [PMID: 26880199 PMCID: PMC4754713 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201504005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Analyses in Xenopus egg extracts show that the MRN complex, CtIP, BRCA1, and the interaction between CtIP and BRCA1 are required for the removal of Top2–DNA adducts, forsubsequent resection of Top2-adducted double-strand break ends, and for cellular resistance to etoposide during genomic DNA replication. Repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) with complex ends poses a special challenge, as additional processing is required before DNA ligation. For example, protein–DNA adducts must be removed to allow repair by either nonhomologous end joining or homology-directed repair. Here, we investigated the processing of topoisomerase II (Top2)–DNA adducts induced by treatment with the chemotherapeutic agent etoposide. Through biochemical analysis in Xenopus laevis egg extracts, we establish that the MRN (Mre11, Rad50, and Nbs1) complex, CtIP, and BRCA1 are required for both the removal of Top2–DNA adducts and the subsequent resection of Top2-adducted DSB ends. Moreover, the interaction between CtIP and BRCA1, although dispensable for resection of endonuclease-generated DSB ends, is required for resection of Top2-adducted DSBs, as well as for cellular resistance to etoposide during genomic DNA replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Aparicio
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032
| | - Richard Baer
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032
| | - Max Gottesman
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032
| | - Jean Gautier
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032 Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032
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48
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Martin LJ, Wong M. Enforced DNA repair enzymes rescue neurons from apoptosis induced by target deprivation and axotomy in mouse models of neurodegeneration. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 161:149-162. [PMID: 27364693 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is unknown whether DNA damage accumulation is an upstream instigator or secondary effect of the cell death process in different populations of adult postmitotic neurons in the central nervous system. In two different mouse models of injury-induced neurodegeneration characterized by relatively synchronous accumulation of mitochondria, oxidative stress, and DNA damage prior to neuronal apoptosis, we enforced the expression of human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (hOGG1) and human apurinic-apyrimidinic endonuclease-1/Ref1 (hAPE) using recombinant adenoviruses (Ad). Thalamic lateral geniculate neurons and lumbar spinal cord motor neurons were transduced by Ad-hOGG1 and Ad-hAPE injections into the occipital cortex and skeletal muscle, respectively, prior to their target deprivation- and axotomy-induced retrograde apoptosis. Enforced expression of hOGG1 and hAPE in thalamus and spinal cord was confirmed by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. In injured populations of neurons in thalamus and spinal cord, a DNA damage response (DDR) was registered, as shown by localization of phospho-activated p53, Rad17, and replication protein A-32 immunoreactivities, and this DDR was attenuated more effectively by enforced hAPE expression than by hOGG1 expression. Enforced expression of hOGG1 and hAPE significantly protected thalamic neurons and motor neurons from retrograde apoptosis induced by target deprivation and axotomy. We conclude that a DDR response is engaged pre-apoptotically in different types of injured mature CNS neurons and that DNA repair enzymes can regulate the survival of retrogradely dying neurons, suggesting that DNA damage and activation of DDR are upstream mechanisms for this form of adult neurodegeneration in vivo, thus identifying DNA repair as a therapeutic target for neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee J Martin
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Pathobiology Graduate Training Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Margaret Wong
- Department of Pathology, Division of Neuropathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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49
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Current Evidence for Developmental, Structural, and Functional Brain Defects following Prenatal Radiation Exposure. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:1243527. [PMID: 27382490 PMCID: PMC4921147 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1243527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation is omnipresent. We are continuously exposed to natural (e.g., radon and cosmic) and man-made radiation sources, including those from industry but especially from the medical sector. The increasing use of medical radiation modalities, in particular those employing low-dose radiation such as CT scans, raises concerns regarding the effects of cumulative exposure doses and the inappropriate utilization of these imaging techniques. One of the major goals in the radioprotection field is to better understand the potential health risk posed to the unborn child after radiation exposure to the pregnant mother, of which the first convincing evidence came from epidemiological studies on in utero exposed atomic bomb survivors. In the following years, animal models have proven to be an essential tool to further characterize brain developmental defects and consequent functional deficits. However, the identification of a possible dose threshold is far from complete and a sound link between early defects and persistent anomalies has not yet been established. This review provides an overview of the current knowledge on brain developmental and persistent defects resulting from in utero radiation exposure and addresses the many questions that still remain to be answered.
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50
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Emerson CH, Bertuch AA. Consider the workhorse: Nonhomologous end-joining in budding yeast. Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 94:396-406. [PMID: 27240172 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2016-0001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) are dangerous sources of genome instability and must be repaired by the cell. Nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) is an evolutionarily conserved pathway to repair DSBs by direct ligation of the ends, with no requirement for a homologous template. While NHEJ is the primary DSB repair pathway in mammalian cells, conservation of the core NHEJ factors throughout eukaryotes makes the pathway attractive for study in model organisms. The budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been used extensively to develop a functional picture of NHEJ. In this review, we will discuss the current understanding of NHEJ in S. cerevisiae. Topics include canonical end-joining, alternative end-joining, and pathway regulation. Particular attention will be paid to the NHEJ mechanism involving core factors, including Yku70/80, Dnl4, Lif1, and Nej1, as well as the various factors implicated in the processing of the broken ends. The relevance of chromatin dynamics to NHEJ will also be discussed. This review illustrates the use of S. cerevisiae as a powerful system to understand the principles of NHEJ, as well as in pioneering the direction of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene H Emerson
- a Graduate Program in Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,b Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Alison A Bertuch
- b Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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