1
|
Allison RM, Johnson DJ, Neale MJ, Gray S. Recombinase-independent chromosomal rearrangements between dispersed inverted repeats in Saccharomyces cerevisiae meiosis. Nucleic Acids Res 2023; 51:9703-9715. [PMID: 37548404 PMCID: PMC10570019 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by homologous recombination (HR) uses a DNA template with similar sequence to restore genetic identity. Allelic DNA repair templates can be found on the sister chromatid or homologous chromosome. During meiotic recombination, DSBs preferentially repair from the homologous chromosome, with a proportion of HR events generating crossovers. Nevertheless, regions of similar DNA sequence exist throughout the genome, providing potential DNA repair templates. When DSB repair occurs at these non-allelic loci (termed ectopic recombination), chromosomal duplications, deletions and rearrangements can arise. Here, we characterize in detail ectopic recombination arising between a dispersed pair of inverted repeats in wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae at both a local and a chromosomal scale-the latter identified via gross chromosomal acentric and dicentric chromosome rearrangements. Mutation of the DNA damage checkpoint clamp loader Rad24 and the RecQ helicase Sgs1 causes an increase in ectopic recombination. Unexpectedly, additional mutation of the RecA orthologues Rad51 and Dmc1 alters-but does not abolish-the type of ectopic recombinants generated, revealing a novel class of inverted chromosomal rearrangement driven by the single-strand annealing pathway. These data provide important insights into the role of key DNA repair proteins in regulating DNA repair pathway and template choice during meiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachal M Allison
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Dominic J Johnson
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Matthew J Neale
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Stephen Gray
- School of Life Sciences, Queen’s Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Tomita A, Sasanuma H, Owa T, Nakazawa Y, Shimada M, Fukuoka T, Ogi T, Nakada S. Inducing multiple nicks promotes interhomolog homologous recombination to correct heterozygous mutations in somatic cells. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5607. [PMID: 37714828 PMCID: PMC10504326 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41048-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing has great potential utility for treating genetic diseases. However, its therapeutic applications are limited by unintended genomic alterations arising from DNA double-strand breaks and random integration of exogenous DNA. In this study, we propose NICER, a method for correcting heterozygous mutations that employs multiple nicks (MNs) induced by Cas9 nickase and a homologous chromosome as an endogenous repair template. Although a single nick near the mutation site rarely leads to successful gene correction, additional nicks on homologous chromosomes strongly enhance gene correction efficiency via interhomolog homologous recombination (IH-HR). This process partially depends on BRCA1 and BRCA2, suggesting the existence of several distinct pathways for MN-induced IH-HR. According to a genomic analysis, NICER rarely induces unintended genomic alterations. Furthermore, NICER restores the expression of disease-causing genes in cells derived from genetic diseases with compound heterozygous mutations. Overall, NICER provides a precise strategy for gene correction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Tomita
- Department of Bioregulation and Cellular Response, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sasanuma
- Department of Genome Medicine, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, 156-0057, Japan
| | - Tomoo Owa
- Department of Bioregulation and Cellular Response, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuka Nakazawa
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (RIeM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mayuko Shimada
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (RIeM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Takahiro Fukuoka
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (RIeM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Genomedia Inc., Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tomoo Ogi
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (RIeM), Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakada
- Department of Bioregulation and Cellular Response, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Noureen A, Khan MZ, Amin I, Zainab T, Mansoor S. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Targeting of Susceptibility Factor eIF4E-Enhanced Resistance Against Potato Virus Y. Front Genet 2022; 13:922019. [PMID: 35910230 PMCID: PMC9326172 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.922019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an important staple food around the world, and potato virus Y (PVY) is a major constraint for potato production. The VPg protein of PVY interacts with the translation initiation factor eIF4E of the host that works as a susceptibility factor during infection. The interaction between eIF4E and VPg was disrupted by CRISPR/Cas9. The homozygous conserved region of eIF4E of the potato variety “Kruda” was mutated by CRISPR/Cas9. Tracking of insertion, deletion, and conversion events was performed by Sanger sequencing with ∼15% editing efficiency. Truncated and mutated eIF4E proteins were unable to interact with VPg, and the virus was not able to exploit the host machinery for replication and systemic spreading. Mutated eIF4E lines showed enhanced resistance to PVYO strain. DAS-ELISA and RT-PCR were used for validation of the observed resistance. PVY resistance in tetraploid lines via CRISPR/Cas9 provides a route to develop novel resistant potato cultivars.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azka Noureen
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
- University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (UIBB), Pir Mehr Ali Shah-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Zuhaib Khan
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Imran Amin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Tayyaba Zainab
- University Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology (UIBB), Pir Mehr Ali Shah-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
- National Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (NCIB), Pir Mehr Ali Shah-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Tayyaba Zainab, ; Shahid Mansoor,
| | - Shahid Mansoor
- Agricultural Biotechnology Division, National Institute for Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS), Faisalabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Tayyaba Zainab, ; Shahid Mansoor,
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
In mammalian cells, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are mainly repaired by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway. Ku (a heterodimer formed by Ku70 and Ku80 proteins) and DNA ligase IV are the core NHEJ factors. Ku could also be involved in other cellular processes, including telomere length regulation, DNA replication, transcription, and translation control. Leishmania, an early branching eukaryote and the causative agent of leishmaniasis, has no functional NHEJ pathway due to its lack of DNA ligase IV and other NHEJ factors but retains Ku70 and Ku80 proteins. In this study, we generated Leishmania donovani Ku70 disruption mutants and Ku70 and Ku80 double gene (Ku70/80) disruption mutants. We found that Leishmania Ku is still involved in DSB repair, possibly through its binding to DNA ends to block and slowdown 5′ end resections and Ku-Ku or other protein interactions. Depending on location of a DSB between the direct repeat genomic sequences, Leishmania Ku could have an inhibiting effect, no effect or a promoting effect on the DSB repair mediated by single strand annealing (SSA), the most frequently used DSB repair pathway in Leishmania. Ku70/80 proteins are also required for the healthy proliferation of Leishmania cells. Interestingly, unlike in Trypanosoma brucei and L. mexicana, Ku70/80 proteins are dispensable for maintaining the normal lengths of telomeres in L. donovani. We also show it is possible to reconstitute the two components (Ku and Ligase D) NHEJ pathway derived from Mycobacterium marinum in Leishmania. This improved DSB repair fidelity and efficiency in Leishmania and sets up an example that the bacterial NHEJ pathway can be successfully reconstructed in an NHEJ-deficient eukaryotic parasite. IMPORTANCE Nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) is the most efficient double-stranded DNA break (DSB) repair pathway in mammalian cells. In contrast, the protozoan parasite Leishmania has no functional NHEJ pathway but retains the core NHEJ factors of Ku70 and Ku80 proteins. In this study, we found that Leishmania Ku heterodimers are still participating in DSB repair possibly through blocking 5′ end resections and Ku-Ku protein interactions. Depending on the DSB location, Ku could have an inhibiting or promoting effect on DSB repair mediated by the single-strand annealing repair pathway. Ku is also required for the normal growth of the parasite but surprisingly dispensable for maintaining the telomere lengths. Further, we show it is possible to introduce Mycobacterium marinum NHEJ pathway into Leishmania. Understanding DSB repair mechanisms of Leishmania may improve the CRISPR gene targeting specificity and efficiency and help identify new drug targets for this important human parasite.
Collapse
|
5
|
Perspective on the Use of DNA Repair Inhibitors as a Tool for Imaging and Radionuclide Therapy of Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14071821. [PMID: 35406593 PMCID: PMC8997380 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14071821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The current routine treatment for glioblastoma (GB), the most lethal high-grade brain tumor in adults, aims to induce DNA damage in the tumor. However, the tumor cells might be able to repair that damage, which leads to therapy resistance. Fortunately, DNA repair defects are common in GB cells, and their survival is often based on a sole backup repair pathway. Hence, targeted drugs inhibiting essential proteins of the DNA damage response have gained momentum and are being introduced in the clinic. This review gives a perspective on the use of radiopharmaceuticals targeting DDR kinases for imaging in order to determine the DNA repair phenotype of GB, as well as for effective radionuclide therapy. Finally, four new promising radiopharmaceuticals are suggested with the potential to lead to a more personalized GB therapy. Abstract Despite numerous innovative treatment strategies, the treatment of glioblastoma (GB) remains challenging. With the current state-of-the-art therapy, most GB patients succumb after about a year. In the evolution of personalized medicine, targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT) is gaining momentum, for example, to stratify patients based on specific biomarkers. One of these biomarkers is deficiencies in DNA damage repair (DDR), which give rise to genomic instability and cancer initiation. However, these deficiencies also provide targets to specifically kill cancer cells following the synthetic lethality principle. This led to the increased interest in targeted drugs that inhibit essential DDR kinases (DDRi), of which multiple are undergoing clinical validation. In this review, the current status of DDRi for the treatment of GB is given for selected targets: ATM/ATR, CHK1/2, DNA-PK, and PARP. Furthermore, this review provides a perspective on the use of radiopharmaceuticals targeting these DDR kinases to (1) evaluate the DNA repair phenotype of GB before treatment decisions are made and (2) induce DNA damage via TRT. Finally, by applying in-house selection criteria and analyzing the structural characteristics of the DDRi, four drugs with the potential to become new therapeutic GB radiopharmaceuticals are suggested.
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee D, Apelt K, Lee SO, Chan HR, Luijsterburg MS, Leung JWC, Miller K. ZMYM2 restricts 53BP1 at DNA double-strand breaks to favor BRCA1 loading and homologous recombination. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:3922-3943. [PMID: 35253893 PMCID: PMC9023290 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
An inability to repair DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) threatens genome integrity and can contribute to human diseases, including cancer. Mammalian cells repair DSBs mainly through homologous recombination (HR) and nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ). The choice between these pathways is regulated by the interplay between 53BP1 and BRCA1, whereby BRCA1 excludes 53BP1 to promote HR and 53BP1 limits BRCA1 to facilitate NHEJ. Here, we identify the zinc-finger proteins (ZnF), ZMYM2 and ZMYM3, as antagonizers of 53BP1 recruitment that facilitate HR protein recruitment and function at DNA breaks. Mechanistically, we show that ZMYM2 recruitment to DSBs and suppression of break-associated 53BP1 requires the SUMO E3 ligase PIAS4, as well as SUMO binding by ZMYM2. Cells deficient for ZMYM2/3 display genome instability, PARP inhibitor and ionizing radiation sensitivity and reduced HR repair. Importantly, depletion of 53BP1 in ZMYM2/3-deficient cells rescues BRCA1 recruitment to and HR repair of DSBs, suggesting that ZMYM2 and ZMYM3 primarily function to restrict 53BP1 engagement at breaks to favor BRCA1 loading that functions to channel breaks to HR repair. Identification of DNA repair functions for these poorly characterized ZnF proteins may shed light on their unknown contributions to human diseases, where they have been reported to be highly dysregulated, including in several cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Doohyung Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Katja Apelt
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Seong-Ok Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Hsin-Ru Chan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Martijn S Luijsterburg
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Justin W C Leung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Kyle M Miller
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
- Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bergstrand S, O'Brien EM, Coucoravas C, Hrossova D, Peirasmaki D, Schmidli S, Dhanjal S, Pederiva C, Siggens L, Mortusewicz O, O'Rourke JJ, Farnebo M. Small Cajal body-associated RNA 2 (scaRNA2) regulates DNA repair pathway choice by inhibiting DNA-PK. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1015. [PMID: 35197472 PMCID: PMC8866460 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28646-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) participate in DNA repair is accumulating, however, whether they can control DNA repair pathway choice is unknown. Here we show that the small Cajal body-specific RNA 2 (scaRNA2) can promote HR by inhibiting DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) and, thereby, NHEJ. By binding to the catalytic subunit of DNA-PK (DNA-PKcs), scaRNA2 weakens its interaction with the Ku70/80 subunits, as well as with the LINP1 lncRNA, thereby preventing catalytic activation of the enzyme. Inhibition of DNA-PK by scaRNA2 stimulates DNA end resection by the MRN/CtIP complex, activation of ATM at DNA lesions and subsequent repair by HR. ScaRNA2 is regulated in turn by WRAP53β, which binds this RNA, sequestering it away from DNA-PKcs and allowing NHEJ to proceed. These findings reveal that RNA-dependent control of DNA-PK catalytic activity is involved in regulating whether the cell utilizes NHEJ or HR. Proper repair of DNA double-strand breaks is essential for genomic stability. Here, the authors report that a long non-coding RNA, scaRNA2, inhibits DNA-PK and thereby regulates the choice between error-prone NHEJ and error-free HR DNA repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Bergstrand
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Neo, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eleanor M O'Brien
- Department of Cell and Molecular biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christos Coucoravas
- Department of Cell and Molecular biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dominika Hrossova
- Department of Cell and Molecular biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dimitra Peirasmaki
- Department of Cell and Molecular biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sandro Schmidli
- Department of Cell and Molecular biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soniya Dhanjal
- Department of Cell and Molecular biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chiara Pederiva
- Department of Cell and Molecular biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lee Siggens
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Neo, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oliver Mortusewicz
- Department of Oncology and Pathology, SciLife, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julienne J O'Rourke
- Department of Cell and Molecular biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marianne Farnebo
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Neo, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. .,Department of Cell and Molecular biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Keane S, de Weerd HA, Ejeskär K. DLG2 impairs dsDNA break repair and maintains genome integrity in neuroblastoma. DNA Repair (Amst) 2022; 112:103302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2022.103302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
9
|
Kieffer SR, Lowndes NF. Immediate-Early, Early, and Late Responses to DNA Double Stranded Breaks. Front Genet 2022; 13:793884. [PMID: 35173769 PMCID: PMC8841529 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.793884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss or rearrangement of genetic information can result from incorrect responses to DNA double strand breaks (DSBs). The cellular responses to DSBs encompass a range of highly coordinated events designed to detect and respond appropriately to the damage, thereby preserving genomic integrity. In analogy with events occurring during viral infection, we appropriate the terms Immediate-Early, Early, and Late to describe the pre-repair responses to DSBs. A distinguishing feature of the Immediate-Early response is that the large protein condensates that form during the Early and Late response and are resolved upon repair, termed foci, are not visible. The Immediate-Early response encompasses initial lesion sensing, involving poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), KU70/80, and MRN, as well as rapid repair by so-called ‘fast-kinetic’ canonical non-homologous end joining (cNHEJ). Initial binding of PARPs and the KU70/80 complex to breaks appears to be mutually exclusive at easily ligatable DSBs that are repaired efficiently by fast-kinetic cNHEJ; a process that is PARP-, ATM-, 53BP1-, Artemis-, and resection-independent. However, at more complex breaks requiring processing, the Immediate-Early response involving PARPs and the ensuing highly dynamic PARylation (polyADP ribosylation) of many substrates may aid recruitment of both KU70/80 and MRN to DSBs. Complex DSBs rely upon the Early response, largely defined by ATM-dependent focal recruitment of many signalling molecules into large condensates, and regulated by complex chromatin dynamics. Finally, the Late response integrates information from cell cycle phase, chromatin context, and type of DSB to determine appropriate pathway choice. Critical to pathway choice is the recruitment of p53 binding protein 1 (53BP1) and breast cancer associated 1 (BRCA1). However, additional factors recruited throughout the DSB response also impact upon pathway choice, although these remain to be fully characterised. The Late response somehow channels DSBs into the appropriate high-fidelity repair pathway, typically either ‘slow-kinetic’ cNHEJ or homologous recombination (HR). Loss of specific components of the DSB repair machinery results in cells utilising remaining factors to effect repair, but often at the cost of increased mutagenesis. Here we discuss the complex regulation of the Immediate-Early, Early, and Late responses to DSBs proceeding repair itself.
Collapse
|
10
|
Phosphorylation of TRIP13 at Y56 induces radiation resistance but sensitizes head and neck cancer to cetuximab. Mol Ther 2022; 30:468-484. [PMID: 34111559 PMCID: PMC8753291 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy, a mainstay of treatment for head and neck cancer, is not always curative due to the development of treatment resistance; additionally, multi-institutional trials have questioned the efficacy of concurrent radiation with cetuximab, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor. We unraveled a mechanism for radiation resistance; that is, radiation induces EGFR, which phosphorylates TRIP13 (thyroid hormone receptor interactor 13) on tyrosine 56. Phosphorylated (phospho-)TRIP13 promotes non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair to induce radiation resistance. NHEJ is the main repair pathway for radiation-induced DNA damage. Tumors expressing high TRIP13 do not respond to radiation but are sensitive to cetuximab or cetuximab combined with radiation. Suppression of phosphorylation of TRIP13 at Y56 abrogates these effects. These findings show that EGFR-mediated phosphorylation of TRIP13 at Y56 is a vital mechanism of radiation resistance. Notably, TRIP13-pY56 could be used to predict the response to radiation or cetuximab and could be explored as an actionable target.
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang M, Chen S, Ao D. Targeting DNA repair pathway in cancer: Mechanisms and clinical application. MedComm (Beijing) 2021; 2:654-691. [PMID: 34977872 PMCID: PMC8706759 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the last decades, the growing understanding on DNA damage response (DDR) pathways has broadened the therapeutic landscape in oncology. It is becoming increasingly clear that the genomic instability of cells resulted from deficient DNA damage response contributes to the occurrence of cancer. One the other hand, these defects could also be exploited as a therapeutic opportunity, which is preferentially more deleterious in tumor cells than in normal cells. An expanding repertoire of DDR-targeting agents has rapidly expanded to inhibitors of multiple members involved in DDR pathways, including PARP, ATM, ATR, CHK1, WEE1, and DNA-PK. In this review, we sought to summarize the complex network of DNA repair machinery in cancer cells and discuss the underlying mechanism for the application of DDR inhibitors in cancer. With the past preclinical evidence and ongoing clinical trials, we also provide an overview of the history and current landscape of DDR inhibitors in cancer treatment, with special focus on the combination of DDR-targeted therapies with other cancer treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manni Wang
- Department of BiotherapyCancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of BiotherapyCancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| | - Danyi Ao
- Department of BiotherapyCancer CenterWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduChina
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Topological Analysis of γH2AX and MRE11 Clusters Detected by Localization Microscopy during X-ray-Induced DNA Double-Strand Break Repair. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13215561. [PMID: 34771723 PMCID: PMC8582740 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), known as the most severe damage in chromatin, were induced in breast cancer cells and normal skin fibroblasts by 2 Gy ionizing photon radiation. In response to DSB induction, phosphorylation of the histone variant H2AX to γH2AX was observed in the form of foci visualized by specific antibodies. By means of super-resolution single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM), it has been recently shown in a first article about these data that these foci can be separated into clusters of about the same size (diameter ~400 nm). The number of clusters increased with the dose applied and decreased with the repair time. It has also been shown that during the repair period, antibody-labeled MRE11 clusters of about half of the γH2AX cluster diameter were formed inside several γH2AX clusters. MRE11 is part of the MRE11-RAD50-NBS1 (MRN) complex, which is known as a DNA strand resection and broken-end bridging component in homologous recombination repair (HRR) and alternative non-homologous end joining (a-NHEJ). This article is a follow-up of the former ones applying novel procedures of mathematics (topology) and similarity measurements on the data set: to obtain a measure for cluster shape and shape similarities, topological quantifications employing persistent homology were calculated and compared. In addition, based on our findings that γH2AX clusters associated with heterochromatin show a high degree of similarity independently of dose and repair time, these earlier published topological analyses and similarity calculations comparing repair foci within individual cells were extended by topological data averaging (2nd-generation heatmaps) over all cells analyzed at a given repair time point; thereby, the two dimensions (0 and 1) expressed by components and holes were studied separately. Finally, these mean value heatmaps were averaged, in addition. For γH2AX clusters, in both normal fibroblast and MCF-7 cancer cell lines, an increased similarity was found at early time points (up to 60 min) after irradiation for both components and holes of clusters. In contrast, for MRE11, the peak in similarity was found at later time points (2 h up to 48 h) after irradiation. In general, the normal fibroblasts showed quicker phosphorylation of H2AX and recruitment of MRE11 to γH2AX clusters compared to breast cancer cells and a shorter time interval of increased similarity for γH2AX clusters. γH2AX foci and randomly distributed MRE11 molecules naturally occurring in non-irradiated control cells did not show any significant topological similarity.
Collapse
|
13
|
Russi M, Marson D, Fermeglia A, Aulic S, Fermeglia M, Laurini E, Pricl S. The fellowship of the RING: BRCA1, its partner BARD1 and their liaison in DNA repair and cancer. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 232:108009. [PMID: 34619284 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein (BRCA1) and its partner - the BRCA1-associated RING domain protein 1 (BARD1) - are key players in a plethora of fundamental biological functions including, among others, DNA repair, replication fork protection, cell cycle progression, telomere maintenance, chromatin remodeling, apoptosis and tumor suppression. However, mutations in their encoding genes transform them into dangerous threats, and substantially increase the risk of developing cancer and other malignancies during the lifetime of the affected individuals. Understanding how BRCA1 and BARD1 perform their biological activities therefore not only provides a powerful mean to prevent such fatal occurrences but can also pave the way to the development of new targeted therapeutics. Thus, through this review work we aim at presenting the major efforts focused on the functional characterization and structural insights of BRCA1 and BARD1, per se and in combination with all their principal mediators and regulators, and on the multifaceted roles these proteins play in the maintenance of human genome integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Russi
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Domenico Marson
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Alice Fermeglia
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Suzana Aulic
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Fermeglia
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Erik Laurini
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sabrina Pricl
- Molecular Biology and Nanotechnology Laboratory (MolBNL@UniTs), DEA, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy; Department of General Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sharma AB, Erasimus H, Pinto L, Caron MC, Gopaul D, Peterlini T, Neumann K, Nazarov PV, Fritah S, Klink B, Herold-Mende CC, Niclou SP, Pasero P, Calsou P, Masson JY, Britton S, Van Dyck E. XAB2 promotes Ku eviction from single-ended DNA double-strand breaks independently of the ATM kinase. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:9906-9925. [PMID: 34500463 PMCID: PMC8464071 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Replication-associated single-ended DNA double-strand breaks (seDSBs) are repaired predominantly through RAD51-mediated homologous recombination (HR). Removal of the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) factor Ku from resected seDSB ends is crucial for HR. The coordinated actions of MRE11-CtIP nuclease activities orchestrated by ATM define one pathway for Ku eviction. Here, we identify the pre-mRNA splicing protein XAB2 as a factor required for resistance to seDSBs induced by the chemotherapeutic alkylator temozolomide. Moreover, we show that XAB2 prevents Ku retention and abortive HR at seDSBs induced by temozolomide and camptothecin, via a pathway that operates in parallel to the ATM-CtIP-MRE11 axis. Although XAB2 depletion preserved RAD51 focus formation, the resulting RAD51-ssDNA associations were unproductive, leading to increased NHEJ engagement in S/G2 and genetic instability. Overexpression of RAD51 or RAD52 rescued the XAB2 defects and XAB2 loss was synthetically lethal with RAD52 inhibition, providing potential perspectives in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Bharadwaj Sharma
- DNA Repair and Chemoresistance Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Hélène Erasimus
- DNA Repair and Chemoresistance Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Lia Pinto
- DNA Repair and Chemoresistance Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Faculty of Science, Technology and Communication, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Marie-Christine Caron
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Oncology Division, Québec City, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, Canada
| | - Diyavarshini Gopaul
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS et Université de Montpellier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Montpellier, France
| | - Thibaut Peterlini
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Oncology Division, Québec City, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, Canada
| | - Katrin Neumann
- DNA Repair and Chemoresistance Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Petr V Nazarov
- Quantitative Biology Unit, Multiomics Data Science Group, LIH, Luxembourg
| | - Sabrina Fritah
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, LIH, Luxembourg
| | - Barbara Klink
- National Center of Genetics, Laboratoire National de Santé, Dudelange, Luxembourg.,Functional Tumour Genetics Group, Department of Oncology, LIH, Luxembourg
| | | | - Simone P Niclou
- NorLux Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Department of Oncology, LIH, Luxembourg.,Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Philippe Pasero
- Institut de Génétique Humaine, CNRS et Université de Montpellier, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Calsou
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2018
| | - Jean-Yves Masson
- CHU de Québec Research Center, Oncology Division, Québec City, Canada.,Department of Molecular Biology, Medical Biochemistry and Pathology, Laval University Cancer Research Center, Québec City, Canada
| | - Sébastien Britton
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer 2018
| | - Eric Van Dyck
- DNA Repair and Chemoresistance Group, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Chemotherapy of HER2- and MDM2-Enriched Breast Cancer Subtypes Induces Homologous Recombination DNA Repair and Chemoresistance. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13184501. [PMID: 34572735 PMCID: PMC8471926 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary MDM2 is a protein responsible for negative regulation of the p53 tumor suppressor. In addition, MDM2 exhibits chaperone-like properties similar to the HSP90 molecular chaperone. Multiple studies revealed that MDM2 is deeply involved in cancer development and progression. Some recently published results indicate that the role of MDM2 in DNA repair inhibition is more complex than previously thought. We show that MDM2 is directly involved in the homologous recombination DNA repair, and its chaperone-like activity is crucial for this function. The DNA repair inhibition is a result of inefficient MDM2 dissociation from the NBN protein complex. When cancer cells are treated with chemotherapy, MDM2 can be easily released from the interaction and degraded, resulting in effective homologous recombination DNA repair, which translates into the acquisition of a chemoresistant phenotype by the tumor. This knowledge may allow for identification of the patients that are at particular risk of tumor chemoresistance. Abstract Analyzing the TCGA breast cancer database, we discovered that patients with the HER2 cancer subtype and overexpression of MDM2 exhibited decreased post-treatment survival. Inhibition of MDM2 expression in the SKBR3 cell line (HER2 subtype) diminished the survival of cancer cells treated with doxorubicin, etoposide, and camptothecin. Moreover, we demonstrated that inhibition of MDM2 expression diminished DNA repair by homologous recombination (HR) and sensitized SKBR3 cells to a PARP inhibitor, olaparib. In H1299 (TP53−/−) cells treated with neocarzinostatin (NCS), overexpression of MDM2 WT or E3-dead MDM2 C478S variant stimulated the NCS-dependent phosphorylation of ATM, NBN, and BRCA1, proteins involved in HR DNA repair. However, overexpression of chaperone-dead MDM2 K454A variant diminished phosphorylation of these proteins as well as the HR DNA repair. Moreover, we demonstrated that, upon NCS treatment, MDM2 K454A interacted with NBN more efficiently than MDM2 WT and that MDM2 WT was degraded more efficiently than MDM2 K454A. Using a proliferation assay, we showed that overexpression of MDM2 WT, but not MDM2 K454A, led to acquisition of resistance to NCS. The presented results indicate that, following chemotherapy, MDM2 WT was released from MDM2-NBN complex and efficiently degraded, hence allowing extensive HR DNA repair leading to the acquisition of chemoresistance by cancer cells.
Collapse
|
16
|
Hirayama R, Ito A, Uzawa A, Matsumoto Y, Noguchi M, Li H, Suzuki M, Ando K, Okayasu R, Hasegawa S, Furusawa Y. Lethal DNA Lesions Caused by Direct and Indirect Actions of X rays are Repaired via Different DSB Repair Pathways under Aerobic and Anoxic Conditions. Radiat Res 2021; 195:441-451. [PMID: 33721021 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00235.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We examined lethal damages of X rays induced by direct and indirect actions, in terms of double-strand break (DSB) repair susceptibility using two kinds of repair-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines. These CHO mutants (51D1 and xrs6) are genetically deficient in one of the two important DNA repair pathways after genotoxic injury [homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end binding (NHEJ) pathways, respectively]. The contribution of indirect action on cell killing can be estimated by applying the maximum level of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to get rid of OH radicals. To control the proportion of direct and indirect actions in lethal damage, we irradiated CHO mutant cells under aerobic and anoxic conditions. The contributions of indirect action on HR-defective 51D1 cells were 76% and 57% under aerobic and anoxic conditions, respectively. Interestingly, these percentages were similar to those of the wild-type cells even if the radiosensitivity was different. However, the contributions of indirect action to cell killing on NHEJ-defective xrs6 cells were 52% and 33% under aerobic and anoxic conditions, respectively. Cell killing by indirect action was significantly affected by the oxygen concentration and the DSB repair pathways but was not correlated with radiosensitivity. These results suggest that the lethal damage induced by direct action is mostly repaired by NHEJ repair pathway since killing of NHEJ-defective cells has significantly higher contribution by the direct action. In other words, the HR repair pathway may not effectively repair the DSB by direct action in place of the NHEJ repair pathway. We conclude that the type of DSB produced by direct action is different from that of DSB induced by indirect action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Hirayama
- Departments of a Charged Particle Therapy Research, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ito
- School of Engineering, Tokai University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akiko Uzawa
- Departments of a Charged Particle Therapy Research, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | | | - Miho Noguchi
- Institute for Quantum Life Science, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Huizi Li
- Departments of a Charged Particle Therapy Research, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Motofumi Suzuki
- Departments of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.,Laboratory for Bioanalysis and Molecular Imaging, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Koichi Ando
- Heavy Ion Medical Center, Gunma University, Gunma, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Okayasu
- Departments of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan.,Christian Academy in Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumitaka Hasegawa
- Departments of a Charged Particle Therapy Research, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Furusawa
- Departments of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Levone BR, Lenzken SC, Antonaci M, Maiser A, Rapp A, Conte F, Reber S, Mechtersheimer J, Ronchi AE, Mühlemann O, Leonhardt H, Cardoso MC, Ruepp MD, Barabino SM. FUS-dependent liquid-liquid phase separation is important for DNA repair initiation. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202008030. [PMID: 33704371 PMCID: PMC7953258 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202008030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are emerging as important effectors of the cellular DNA damage response (DDR). The RBP FUS is implicated in RNA metabolism and DNA repair, and it undergoes reversible liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) in vitro. Here, we demonstrate that FUS-dependent LLPS is necessary for the initiation of the DDR. Using laser microirradiation in FUS-knockout cells, we show that FUS is required for the recruitment to DNA damage sites of the DDR factors KU80, NBS1, and 53BP1 and of SFPQ, another RBP implicated in the DDR. The relocation of KU80, NBS1, and SFPQ is similarly impaired by LLPS inhibitors, or LLPS-deficient FUS variants. We also show that LLPS is necessary for efficient γH2AX foci formation. Finally, using superresolution structured illumination microscopy, we demonstrate that the absence of FUS impairs the proper arrangement of γH2AX nanofoci into higher-order clusters. These findings demonstrate the early requirement for FUS-dependent LLPS in the activation of the DDR and the proper assembly of DSB repair complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brunno R. Levone
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia C. Lenzken
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Antonaci
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Andreas Maiser
- Department of Biology II, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Alexander Rapp
- Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Francesca Conte
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefan Reber
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jonas Mechtersheimer
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Antonella E. Ronchi
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Oliver Mühlemann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Heinrich Leonhardt
- Department of Biology II, Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - M. Cristina Cardoso
- Department of Biology, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marc-David Ruepp
- UK Dementia Research Institute, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Silvia M.L. Barabino
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Li T, Petreaca RC, Forsburg SL. Schizosaccharomyces pombe KAT5 contributes to resection and repair of a DNA double-strand break. Genetics 2021; 218:6173406. [PMID: 33723569 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin remodeling is essential for effective repair of a DNA double-strand break (DSB). KAT5 (Schizosaccharomyces pombe Mst1, human TIP60) is a MYST family histone acetyltransferase conserved from yeast to humans that coordinates various DNA damage response activities at a DNA DSB, including histone remodeling and activation of the DNA damage checkpoint. In S. pombe, mutations in mst1+ causes sensitivity to DNA damaging drugs. Here we show that Mst1 is recruited to DSBs. Mutation of mst1+ disrupts recruitment of repair proteins and delays resection. These defects are partially rescued by deletion of pku70, which has been previously shown to antagonize repair by homologous recombination (HR). These phenotypes of mst1 are similar to pht1-4KR, a nonacetylatable form of histone variant H2A.Z, which has been proposed to affect resection. Our data suggest that Mst1 functions to direct repair of DSBs toward HR pathways by modulating resection at the DSB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Program of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2910, USA
| | - Ruben C Petreaca
- Program of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2910, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Ohio State University, Marion, OH 43302, USA
| | - Susan L Forsburg
- Program of Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-2910, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Jones CE, Forsburg SL. Monitoring Schizosaccharomyces pombe genome stress by visualizing end-binding protein Ku. Biol Open 2021; 10:bio.054346. [PMID: 33579693 PMCID: PMC7904001 DOI: 10.1242/bio.054346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of genome stability have exploited visualization of fluorescently tagged proteins in live cells to characterize DNA damage, checkpoint, and repair responses. In this report, we describe a new tool for fission yeast, a tagged version of the end-binding protein Pku70 which is part of the KU protein complex. We compare Pku70 localization to other markers upon treatment to various genotoxins, and identify a unique pattern of distribution. Pku70 provides a new tool to define and characterize DNA lesions and the repair response. Summary: The authors describe a fluorescently tagged Ku70 protein to monitor replication stress in live S. pombe cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chance E Jones
- Program in Molecular & Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Susan L Forsburg
- Program in Molecular & Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hatkevich T, Miller DE, Turcotte CA, Miller MC, Sekelsky J. A pathway for error-free non-homologous end joining of resected meiotic double-strand breaks. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:879-890. [PMID: 33406239 PMCID: PMC7826270 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) made during meiosis are repaired by recombination with the homologous chromosome to generate, at selected sites, reciprocal crossovers that are critical for the proper separation of homologs in the first meiotic division. Backup repair processes can compensate when the normal meiotic recombination processes are non-functional. We describe a novel backup repair mechanism that occurs when the homologous chromosome is not available in Drosophila melanogaster meiosis. In the presence of a previously described mutation (Mcm5A7) that disrupts chromosome pairing, DSB repair is initiated by homologous recombination but is completed by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). Remarkably, this process yields precise repair products. Our results provide support for a recombination intermediate recently proposed in mouse meiosis, in which an oligonucleotide bound to the Spo11 protein that catalyzes DSB formation remains bound after resection. We propose that this oligonucleotide functions as a primer for fill-in synthesis to allow scarless repair by NHEJ. We argue that this is a conserved repair mechanism that is likely to be invoked to overcome occasional challenges in normal meiosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talia Hatkevich
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, 120 Mason Farm Road, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Danny E Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Carolyn A Turcotte
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, 120 Mason Farm Road, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Margaret C Miller
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, 120 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jeff Sekelsky
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, 120 Mason Farm Road, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, 120 South Road, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Integrative Program in Biological and Genome Sciences, 250 Bell Tower Drive, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Zell J, Rota Sperti F, Britton S, Monchaud D. DNA folds threaten genetic stability and can be leveraged for chemotherapy. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:47-76. [PMID: 35340894 PMCID: PMC8885165 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00151a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Damaging DNA is a current and efficient strategy to fight against cancer cell proliferation. Numerous mechanisms exist to counteract DNA damage, collectively referred to as the DNA damage response (DDR) and which are commonly dysregulated in cancer cells. Precise knowledge of these mechanisms is necessary to optimise chemotherapeutic DNA targeting. New research on DDR has uncovered a series of promising therapeutic targets, proteins and nucleic acids, with application notably via an approach referred to as combination therapy or combinatorial synthetic lethality. In this review, we summarise the cornerstone discoveries which gave way to the DNA being considered as an anticancer target, and the manipulation of DDR pathways as a valuable anticancer strategy. We describe in detail the DDR signalling and repair pathways activated in response to DNA damage. We then summarise the current understanding of non-B DNA folds, such as G-quadruplexes and DNA junctions, when they are formed and why they can offer a more specific therapeutic target compared to that of canonical B-DNA. Finally, we merge these subjects to depict the new and highly promising chemotherapeutic strategy which combines enhanced-specificity DNA damaging and DDR targeting agents. This review thus highlights how chemical biology has given rise to significant scientific advances thanks to resolutely multidisciplinary research efforts combining molecular and cell biology, chemistry and biophysics. We aim to provide the non-specialist reader a gateway into this exciting field and the specialist reader with a new perspective on the latest results achieved and strategies devised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Zell
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB CNRS UMR 6302, UBFC Dijon France
| | - Francesco Rota Sperti
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB CNRS UMR 6302, UBFC Dijon France
| | - Sébastien Britton
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS Toulouse France
- Équipe Labellisée la Ligue Contre le Cancer 2018 Toulouse France
| | - David Monchaud
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne, ICMUB CNRS UMR 6302, UBFC Dijon France
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
McPherson MT, Holub AS, Husbands AY, Petreaca RC. Mutation Spectra of the MRN (MRE11, RAD50, NBS1/NBN) Break Sensor in Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123794. [PMID: 33339169 PMCID: PMC7765586 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A DNA double strand break cuts a chromosome in two and is one of the most dangerous forms of DNA damage. Improper repair can lead to various chromosomal re-arrangements that have been detected in almost all cancer cells. A complex of three proteins (MRE11, RAD50, NBS1 or NBN) detects chromosome breaks and orchestrates repair processes. Mutations in these “break sensor” genes have been described in a multitude of cancers. Here, we provide a comprehensive analysis of reported mutations from data deposited on the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) archive. We also undertake an evolutionary analysis of these genes with the aim to understand whether these mutations preferentially accumulate in conserved residues. Interestingly, we find that mutations are overrepresented in evolutionarily conserved residues of RAD50 and NBS1/NBN but not MRE11. Abstract The MRN complex (MRE11, RAD50, NBS1/NBN) is a DNA double strand break sensor in eukaryotes. The complex directly participates in, or coordinates, several activities at the break such as DNA resection, activation of the DNA damage checkpoint, chromatin remodeling and recruitment of the repair machinery. Mutations in components of the MRN complex have been described in cancer cells for several decades. Using the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer (COSMIC) database, we characterized all the reported MRN mutations. This analysis revealed several hotspot frameshift mutations in all three genes that introduce premature stop codons and truncate large regions of the C-termini. We also found through evolutionary analyses that COSMIC mutations are enriched in conserved residues of NBS1/NBN and RAD50 but not in MRE11. Given that all three genes are important to carcinogenesis, we propose these differential enrichment patterns may reflect a more severe pleiotropic role for MRE11.
Collapse
|
23
|
Ensminger M, Löbrich M. One end to rule them all: Non-homologous end-joining and homologous recombination at DNA double-strand breaks. Br J Radiol 2020; 93:20191054. [PMID: 32105514 PMCID: PMC8519636 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20191054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Double-strand breaks (DSBs) represent the most severe type of DNA damage since they can lead to genomic rearrangements, events that can initiate and promote tumorigenic processes. DSBs arise from various exogenous agents that induce two single-strand breaks at opposite locations in the DNA double helix. Such two-ended DSBs are repaired in mammalian cells by one of two conceptually different processes, non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homologous recombination (HR). NHEJ has the potential to form rearrangements while HR is believed to be error-free since it uses a homologous template for repair. DSBs can also arise from single-stranded DNA lesions if they lead to replication fork collapse. Such DSBs, however, have only one end and are repaired by HR and not by NHEJ. In fact, the majority of spontaneously arising DSBs are one-ended and HR has likely evolved to repair one-ended DSBs. HR of such DSBs demands the engagement of a second break end that is generated by an approaching replication fork. This HR process can cause rearrangements if a homologous template other than the sister chromatid is used. Thus, both NHEJ and HR have the potential to form rearrangements and the proper choice between them is governed by various factors, including cell cycle phase and genomic location of the lesion. We propose that the specific requirements for repairing one-ended DSBs have shaped HR in a way which makes NHEJ the better choice for the repair of some but not all two-ended DSBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ensminger
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Löbrich
- Radiation Biology and DNA Repair, Technical University of Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dong W, Li L, Teng X, Yang X, Si S, Chai J. End Processing Factor APLF Promotes NHEJ Efficiency and Contributes to TMZ- and Ionizing Radiation-Resistance in Glioblastoma Cells. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:10593-10605. [PMID: 33116637 PMCID: PMC7584509 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s254292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most commonly diagnosed primary brain tumor in adults. Despite a variety of advances in the understanding of GBM cancer biology during recent decades, very few of them were applied into treatment, and the survival rate of GBM patients has not been improved majorly due to the low chemosensitivity to temozolomide (TMZ) or low radiosensitivity. Therefore, it is urgent to elucidate mechanisms of TMZ- and IR-resistance and develop novel therapeutic strategies to improve GBM treatment. Methods TMZ- and IR-resistant cell lines were acquired by continuous exposing parental GBM cells to TMZ or IR for 3 months. Cell viability was determined by using Sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Protein and mRNA expression were examined by Western blotting assay and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay, respectively. Homologous recombination (HR) and nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) efficiency were measured by HR and NHEJ reporter assay. Cell apoptosis was determined by Caspase3/7 activity. Autophagy was analyzed using CYTO-ID® Autophagy detection kit. Tumor growth was examined by U87 xenograft mice model. Results DNA repair efficiency of non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway is significantly increased in TMZ- and IR-resistant GBM cells. Importantly, APLF, which is one of the DNA end processing factors in NHEJ, is upregulated in TMZ- and IR-resistant GBM cells and patients. APLF deficiency significantly decreases NHEJ efficiency and improves cell sensitivity to TMZ and IR both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion Our study provides evidence for APLF serving as a promising, novel target in GBM chemo- and radio-therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dong
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academic Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanlan Li
- Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuepeng Teng
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academic Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Yang
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academic Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujing Si
- Department of Oncology, Gaoqing People's Hospital, Zibo, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Chai
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academic Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Britton S, Chanut P, Delteil C, Barboule N, Frit P, Calsou P. ATM antagonizes NHEJ proteins assembly and DNA-ends synapsis at single-ended DNA double strand breaks. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:9710-9723. [PMID: 32890395 PMCID: PMC7515714 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two DNA repair pathways operate at DNA double strand breaks (DSBs): non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), that requires two adjacent DNA ends for ligation, and homologous recombination (HR), that resects one DNA strand for invasion of a homologous duplex. Faithful repair of replicative single-ended DSBs (seDSBs) is mediated by HR, due to the lack of a second DNA end for end-joining. ATM stimulates resection at such breaks through multiple mechanisms including CtIP phosphorylation, which also promotes removal of the DNA-ends sensor and NHEJ protein Ku. Here, using a new method for imaging the recruitment of the Ku partner DNA-PKcs at DSBs, we uncover an unanticipated role of ATM in removing DNA-PKcs from seDSBs in human cells. Phosphorylation of DNA-PKcs on the ABCDE cluster is necessary not only for DNA-PKcs clearance but also for the subsequent MRE11/CtIP-dependent release of Ku from these breaks. We propose that at seDSBs, ATM activity is necessary for the release of both Ku and DNA-PKcs components of the NHEJ apparatus, and thereby prevents subsequent aberrant interactions between seDSBs accompanied by DNA-PKcs autophosphorylation and detrimental commitment to Lig4-dependent end-joining.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Britton
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer 2018, Toulouse, France
| | - Pauline Chanut
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer 2018, Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Delteil
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer 2018, Toulouse, France
| | - Nadia Barboule
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer 2018, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Frit
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer 2018, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick Calsou
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Equipe Labellisée Ligue contre le Cancer 2018, Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Inagawa T, Wennink T, Lebbink JHG, Keijzers G, Florea BI, Verkaik NS, van Gent DC. C-Terminal Extensions of Ku70 and Ku80 Differentially Influence DNA End Binding Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186725. [PMID: 32937838 PMCID: PMC7555691 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ku70/80 heterodimer binds to DNA ends and attracts other proteins involved in the non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway of DNA double-strand break repair. We developed a novel assay to measure DNA binding and release kinetics using differences in Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) of the ECFP-Ku70/EYFP-Ku80 heterodimer in soluble and DNA end bound states. We confirmed that the relative binding efficiencies of various DNA substrates (blunt, 3 nucleotide 5′ extension, and DNA hairpin) measured in the FRET assay reflected affinities obtained from direct measurements using surface plasmon resonance. The FRET assay was subsequently used to investigate Ku70/80 behavior in the context of a DNA-dependent kinase (DNA-PK) holocomplex. As expected, this complex was much more stable than Ku70/80 alone, and its stability was influenced by DNA-PK phosphorylation status. Interestingly, the Ku80 C-terminal extension contributed to DNA-PK complex stability but was not absolutely required for its formation. The Ku70 C-terminal SAP domain, on the other hand, was required for the stable association of Ku70/80 to DNA ends, but this effect was abrogated in DNA-PK holocomplexes. We conclude that FRET measurements can be used to determine Ku70/80 binding kinetics. The ability to do this in complex mixtures makes this assay particularly useful to study larger NHEJ protein complexes on DNA ends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takabumi Inagawa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (T.I.); (T.W.); (J.H.G.L.); (G.K.); (B.I.F.); (N.S.V.)
| | - Thomas Wennink
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (T.I.); (T.W.); (J.H.G.L.); (G.K.); (B.I.F.); (N.S.V.)
| | - Joyce H. G. Lebbink
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (T.I.); (T.W.); (J.H.G.L.); (G.K.); (B.I.F.); (N.S.V.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Keijzers
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (T.I.); (T.W.); (J.H.G.L.); (G.K.); (B.I.F.); (N.S.V.)
| | - Bogdan I. Florea
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (T.I.); (T.W.); (J.H.G.L.); (G.K.); (B.I.F.); (N.S.V.)
| | - Nicole S. Verkaik
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (T.I.); (T.W.); (J.H.G.L.); (G.K.); (B.I.F.); (N.S.V.)
| | - Dik C. van Gent
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (T.I.); (T.W.); (J.H.G.L.); (G.K.); (B.I.F.); (N.S.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-10-7043932
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Shibata A, Jeggo PA. Roles for the DNA-PK complex and 53BP1 in protecting ends from resection during DNA double-strand break repair. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2020; 61:718-726. [PMID: 32779701 PMCID: PMC7482155 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rraa053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
p53-binding protein 1 (53BP1) exerts distinct impacts in different situations involving DNA double-strand break (DSB) rejoining. Here we focus on how 53BP1 impacts upon the repair of ionising radiation-induced DSBs (IR-DSBs) and how it interfaces with Ku, the DNA end-binding component of canonical non-homologous end-joining (c-NHEJ), the major DSB repair pathway in mammalian cells. We delineate three forms of IR-DSB repair: resection-independent c-NHEJ, which rejoins most IR-DSBs with fast kinetics in G1 and G2, and Artemis and resection-dependent c-NHEJ and homologous recombination (HR), which repair IR-DSBs with slow kinetics in G1 and G2 phase, respectively. The fast component of DSB repair after X-ray exposure occurs via c-NHEJ with normal kinetics in the absence of 53BP1. Ku is highly abundant and has avid DNA end-binding capacity which restricts DNA end-resection and promotes resection-independent c-NHEJ at most IR-DSBs. Thus, 53BP1 is largely dispensable for resection-independent c-NHEJ. In contrast, 53BP1 is essential for the process of rejoining IR-DSBs with slow kinetics. This role requires 53BP1's breast cancer susceptibility gene I (BRCA1) C-terminal (BRCT) 2 domain, persistent ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) activation and potentially relaxation of compacted chromatin at heterochromatic-DSBs. In distinction, 53BP1 inhibits resection-dependent IR-DSB repair in G1 and G2, and this resection-inhibitory function can be counteracted by BRCA1. We discuss a model whereby most IR-DSBs are rapidly repaired by 53BP1-independent and resection-independent c-NHEJ due to the ability of Ku to inhibit resection, but, if delayed, then resection in the presence of Ku is triggered, the 53BP1 barrier comes into force and BRCA1 counteraction is required for resection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Shibata
- Signal Transduction Program, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Penny A Jeggo
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, East Sussex BN19RQ, UK
- Corresponding author. Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, East Sussex BN19RQ, UK. Tel: 0044 1273 678482; Fax: 0044 1273 678121;
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Active Replication Checkpoint Drives Genome Instability in Fission Yeast mcm4 Mutant. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:MCB.00033-20. [PMID: 32341083 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00033-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon replication fork arrest, the replication checkpoint kinase Cds1 is stimulated to preserve genome integrity. Robust activation of Cds1 in response to hydroxyurea prevents the endonuclease Mus81 from cleaving the stalled replication fork inappropriately. However, we find that the response is different in temperature-sensitive mcm4 mutants, affecting a subunit of the MCM replicative helicase. We show that Cds1 inhibition of Mus81 promotes genomic instability and allows mcm4-dg cells to evade cell cycle arrest. Cds1 regulation of Mus81 activity also contributes to the formation of the replication stress-induced DNA damage markers replication protein A (RPA) and Ku. These results identify a surprising role for Cds1 in driving DNA damage and disrupted chromosomal segregation under certain conditions of replication stress.
Collapse
|
29
|
Telomerase Biogenesis and Activities from the Perspective of Its Direct Interacting Partners. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061679. [PMID: 32599885 PMCID: PMC7352425 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT)—the catalytic subunit of telomerase—is reactivated in up to 90% of all human cancers. TERT is observed in heterogenous populations of protein complexes, which are dynamically regulated in a cell type- and cell cycle-specific manner. Over the past two decades, in vitro protein–protein interaction detection methods have discovered a number of endogenous TERT binding partners in human cells that are responsible for the biogenesis and functionalization of the telomerase holoenzyme, including the processes of TERT trafficking between subcellular compartments, assembly into telomerase, and catalytic action at telomeres. Additionally, TERT have been found to interact with protein species with no known telomeric functions, suggesting that these complexes may contribute to non-canonical activities of TERT. Here, we survey TERT direct binding partners and discuss their contributions to TERT biogenesis and functions. The goal is to review the comprehensive spectrum of TERT pro-malignant activities, both telomeric and non-telomeric, which may explain the prevalence of its upregulation in cancer.
Collapse
|
30
|
Limiting the DNA Double-Strand Break Resectosome for Genome Protection. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 45:779-793. [PMID: 32513599 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DNA double-strand break (DSB) resection, once thought to be a simple enzymatic process, is emerging as a highly complex series of coordinated activities required to maintain genome integrity. Progress in cell biology, biochemistry, and genetics has deciphered the precise resecting activities, the regulatory components, and their ability to properly channel the resected DNA to the appropriate DNA repair pathway. Herein, we review the mechanisms of regulation of DNA resection, with an emphasis on negative regulators that prevent single-strand (ss)DNA accumulation to maintain genome stability. Interest in targeting DNA resection inhibitors is emerging because their inactivation leads to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi) resistance. We also present detailed regulation of DNA resection machineries, their analysis by functional assays, and their impact on disease and PARPi resistance.
Collapse
|
31
|
Translin-Trax: Considerations for Oncological Therapeutic Targeting. Trends Cancer 2020; 6:450-453. [PMID: 32460000 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dicer-deficient cancers have poor prognoses, which is linked to the degradation of tumour-suppressing miRNA precursors by the Translin-Trax (Tn-Tx) ribonuclease. Inhibition of Tn-Tx potentially offers a new therapeutic intervention point. However, Tn-Tx functions in an array of biological processes, and here we consider how this complexity could influence therapeutic design strategies.
Collapse
|
32
|
Beyond reversal: ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteases and the orchestration of the DNA double strand break repair response. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 47:1881-1893. [PMID: 31769469 PMCID: PMC6925521 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cellular response to genotoxic DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) uses a multitude of post-translational modifications to localise, modulate and ultimately clear DNA repair factors in a timely and accurate manner. Ubiquitination is well established as vital to the DSB response, with a carefully co-ordinated pathway of histone ubiquitination events being a central component of DSB signalling. Other ubiquitin-like modifiers (Ubl) including SUMO and NEDD8 have since been identified as playing important roles in DSB repair. In the last five years ∼20 additional Ub/Ubl proteases have been implicated in the DSB response. The number of proteases identified highlights the complexity of the Ub/Ubl signal present at DSBs. Ub/Ubl proteases regulate turnover, activity and protein-protein interactions of DSB repair factors both catalytically and non-catalytically. This not only ensures efficient repair of breaks but has a role in channelling repair into the correct DSB repair sub-pathways. Ultimately Ub/Ubl proteases have essential roles in maintaining genomic stability. Given that deficiencies in many Ub/Ubl proteases promotes sensitivity to DNA damaging chemotherapies, they could be attractive targets for cancer treatment.
Collapse
|
33
|
Structural mechanism of DNA-end synapsis in the non-homologous end joining pathway for repairing double-strand breaks: bridge over troubled ends. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 47:1609-1619. [PMID: 31829407 DOI: 10.1042/bst20180518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) is a major repair pathway for DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), which is the most toxic DNA damage in cells. Unrepaired DSBs can cause genome instability, tumorigenesis or cell death. DNA end synapsis is the first and probably the most important step of the NHEJ pathway, aiming to bring two broken DNA ends close together and provide structural stability for end processing and ligation. This process is mediated through a group of NHEJ proteins forming higher-order complexes, to recognise and bridge two DNA ends. Spatial and temporal understanding of the structural mechanism of DNA-end synapsis has been largely advanced through recent structural and single-molecule studies of NHEJ proteins. This review focuses on core NHEJ proteins that mediate DNA end synapsis through their unique structures and interaction properties, as well as how they play roles as anchor and linker proteins during the process of 'bridge over troubled ends'.
Collapse
|
34
|
Role of Rad51 and DNA repair in cancer: A molecular perspective. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 208:107492. [PMID: 32001312 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of genome integrity is essential for any organism survival and for the inheritance of traits to offspring. To the purpose, cells have developed a complex DNA repair system to defend the genetic information against both endogenous and exogenous sources of damage. Accordingly, multiple repair pathways can be aroused from the diverse forms of DNA lesions, which can be effective per se or via crosstalk with others to complete the whole DNA repair process. Deficiencies in DNA healing resulting in faulty repair and/or prolonged DNA damage can lead to genes mutations, chromosome rearrangements, genomic instability, and finally carcinogenesis and/or cancer progression. Although it might seem paradoxical, at the same time such defects in DNA repair pathways may have therapeutic implications for potential clinical practice. Here we provide an overview of the main DNA repair pathways, with special focus on the role played by homologous repair and the RAD51 recombinase protein in the cellular DNA damage response. We next discuss the recombinase structure and function per se and in combination with all its principal mediators and regulators. Finally, we conclude with an analysis of the manifold roles that RAD51 plays in carcinogenesis, cancer progression and anticancer drug resistance, and conclude this work with a survey of the most promising therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting RAD51 in experimental oncology.
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
The significance of canonical DNA non-homologous end-joining (c-NHEJ) for DNA double strand break (DSB) repair has increased from lower organisms to higher eukaryotes, and plays the predominant role in human cells. Ku, the c-NHEJ end-binding component, binds DSBs with high efficiency enabling c-NHEJ to be the first choice DSB repair pathway, although alternative pathways can ensue after regulated steps to remove Ku. Indeed, radiation-induced DSBs are repaired rapidly in human cells. However, an important question is the fidelity with which radiation-induced DSBs are repaired, which is essential for assessing any harmful impacts caused by radiation exposure. Indeed, is compromised fidelity a price we pay for high capacity repair. Two subpathways of c-NHEJ have been revealed; a fast process that does not require nucleases or significant chromatin changes and a slower process that necessitates resection factors, and potentially more significant chromatin changes at the DSB. Recent studies have also shown that DSBs within transcriptionally active regions are repaired by specialised mechanisms, and the response at such DSBs encompasses a process of transcriptional arrest. Here, we consider the limitations of c-NHEJ that might result in DSB misrepair. We consider the common IR-induced misrepair events and discuss how they might arise via the distinct subpathways of c-NHEJ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Shibata
- Signal Transduction Program, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Penny A Jeggo
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, EastSussex, BN19RQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Venit T, Mahmood SR, Endara-Coll M, Percipalle P. Nuclear actin and myosin in chromatin regulation and maintenance of genome integrity. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 355:67-108. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
|
37
|
Hoch NC, Polo LM. ADP-ribosylation: from molecular mechanisms to human disease. Genet Mol Biol 2019; 43:e20190075. [PMID: 31930280 PMCID: PMC7198025 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2019-0075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification of proteins by ADP-ribosylation, catalysed by
poly (ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) using NAD+ as a substrate,
plays central roles in DNA damage signalling and repair, modulates a range of
cellular signalling cascades and initiates programmed cell death by parthanatos.
Here, we present mechanistic aspects of ADP-ribose modification, PARP activation
and the cellular functions of ADP-ribose signalling, and discuss how this
knowledge is uncovering therapeutic avenues for the treatment of increasingly
prevalent human diseases such as cancer, ischaemic damage and
neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas C Hoch
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis M Polo
- Cancer Research UK DNA Repair Enzymes Group, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, UK.,Institute of Histology and Embryology of Mendoza - CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Scherthan H, Lee JH, Maus E, Schumann S, Muhtadi R, Chojowski R, Port M, Lassmann M, Bestvater F, Hausmann M. Nanostructure of Clustered DNA Damage in Leukocytes after In-Solution Irradiation with the Alpha Emitter Ra-223. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11121877. [PMID: 31779276 PMCID: PMC6966434 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11121877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer patients are increasingly treated with alpha-particle-emitting radiopharmaceuticals. At the subcellular level, alpha particles induce densely spaced ionizations and molecular damage. Induction of DNA lesions, especially clustered DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), threatens a cell's survival. Currently, it is under debate to what extent the spatial topology of the damaged chromatin regions and the repair protein arrangements are contributing. METHODS Super-resolution light microscopy (SMLM) in combination with cluster analysis of single molecule signal-point density regions of DSB repair markers was applied to investigate the nano-structure of DNA damage foci tracks of Ra-223 in-solution irradiated leukocytes. RESULTS Alpha-damaged chromatin tracks were efficiently outlined by γ-H2AX that formed large (super) foci composed of numerous 60-80 nm-sized nano-foci. Alpha damage tracks contained 60-70% of all γ-H2AX point signals in a nucleus, while less than 30% of 53BP1, MRE11 or p-ATM signals were located inside γ-H2AX damage tracks. MRE11 and p-ATM protein fluorescent tags formed focal nano-clusters of about 20 nm peak size. There were, on average, 12 (± 9) MRE11 nanoclusters in a typical γ-H2AX-marked alpha track, suggesting a minimal number of MRE11-processed DSBs per track. Our SMLM data suggest regularly arranged nano-structures during DNA repair in the damaged chromatin domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harry Scherthan
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, University of Ulm, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 München, Germany; (J.-H.L.); (E.M.); (R.M.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (M.H.); Tel.: +49-89-992692-2272 (H.S.); +49-6221-549824 (M.H.)
| | - Jin-Ho Lee
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, University of Ulm, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 München, Germany; (J.-H.L.); (E.M.); (R.M.); (M.P.)
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Emanuel Maus
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, University of Ulm, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 München, Germany; (J.-H.L.); (E.M.); (R.M.); (M.P.)
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Sarah Schumann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Razan Muhtadi
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, University of Ulm, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 München, Germany; (J.-H.L.); (E.M.); (R.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Robert Chojowski
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Matthias Port
- Bundeswehr Institute of Radiobiology, University of Ulm, Neuherbergstraße 11, 80937 München, Germany; (J.-H.L.); (E.M.); (R.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Michael Lassmann
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Würzburg, Oberdürrbacher Str. 6, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; (S.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Felix Bestvater
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Michael Hausmann
- Kirchhoff-Institute for Physics, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 227, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (M.H.); Tel.: +49-89-992692-2272 (H.S.); +49-6221-549824 (M.H.)
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Sato H, Jeggo PA, Shibata A. Regulation of programmed death-ligand 1 expression in response to DNA damage in cancer cells: Implications for precision medicine. Cancer Sci 2019; 110:3415-3423. [PMID: 31513320 PMCID: PMC6824998 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti‐programmed death‐1 (PD‐1)/programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) therapy, which is one of the most promising cancer therapies, is licensed for treating various tumors. Programmed death‐ligand 1, which is expressed on the surface of cancer cells, leads to the inhibition of T lymphocyte activation and immune evasion if it binds to the receptor PD‐1 on CTLs. Anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 Abs inhibit interactions between PD‐1 and PD‐L1 to restore antitumor immunity. Although certain patients achieve effective responses to anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 therapy, the efficacy of treatment is highly variable. Clinical trials of anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 therapy combined with radiotherapy/chemotherapy are underway with suggestive evidence of favorable outcome; however, the molecular mechanism is largely unknown. Among several molecular targets that can influence the efficacy of anti‐PD‐1/PD‐L1 therapy, PD‐L1 expression in tumors is considered to be a critical biomarker because there is a positive correlation between the efficacy of combined treatment protocols and PD‐L1 expression levels. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms underlying the regulation of PD‐L1 expression in cancer cells, particularly the mechanism of PD‐L1 expression following DNA damage, is important. In this review, we consider recent findings on the regulation of PD‐L1 expression in response to DNA damage signaling in cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiro Sato
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Penny A Jeggo
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Atsushi Shibata
- Signal Transduction Program, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research (GIAR), Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Shevtsov M, Sato H, Multhoff G, Shibata A. Novel Approaches to Improve the Efficacy of Immuno-Radiotherapy. Front Oncol 2019; 9:156. [PMID: 30941308 PMCID: PMC6433964 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy (RT) has been applied for decades as a treatment modality in the management of various types of cancer. Ionizing radiation induces tumor cell death, which in turn can either elicit protective anti-tumor immune responses or immunosuppression in the tumor micromilieu that contributes to local tumor recurrence. Immunosuppression is frequently accompanied by the attraction of immunosuppressive cells such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), M2 tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), T regulatory cells (Tregs), N2 neutrophils, and by the release of immunosuppressive cytokines (TGF-β, IL-10) and chemokines. Immune checkpoint pathways, particularly of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis, have been determined as key regulators of cancer immune escape. While IFN-dependent upregulation of PD-L1 has been extensively investigated, up-to-date studies indicated the importance of DNA damage signaling in the regulation of PD-L1 expression following RT. DNA damage dependent PD-L1 expression is upregulated by ATM/ATR/Chk1 kinase activities and cGAS/STING-dependent pathway, proving the role of DNA damage signaling in PD-L1 induced expression. Checkpoint blockade immunotherapies (i.e., application of anti-PD-1 and anti-PD-L1 antibodies) combined with RT were shown to significantly improve the objective response rates in therapy of various primary and metastatic malignancies. Further improvements in the therapeutic potential of RT are based on combinations of RT with other immunotherapeutic approaches including vaccines, cytokines and cytokine inducers, and an adoptive immune cell transfer (DCs, NK cells, T cells). In the current review we provide immunological rationale for a combination of RT with various immunotherapies as well as analysis of the emerging preclinical evidences for these therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Shevtsov
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), St. Petersburg, Russia.,First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Polenov Russian Scientific Research Institute of Neurosurgery, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Hiro Sato
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Center for Translational Cancer Research, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Atsushi Shibata
- Education and Research Support Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Shibata A, Jeggo P. A historical reflection on our understanding of radiation-induced DNA double strand break repair in somatic mammalian cells; interfacing the past with the present. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:945-956. [PMID: 30608893 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1564083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: The International Journal of Radiation Biology (IJRB) is celebrating 60 years of publishing in 2019. IJRB has made an enormous contribution to publishing papers that have enhanced our understanding of the DNA damage response (DDR) activated following exposure to ionizing radiation (IR). The IR-induced DDR field has a rich history but many outstanding papers pass unread by young scientists overwhelmed by the current literature. We provide a historical reflection on key advances in the DDR field and interface them with current knowledge. Conclusions: DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) were identified as the major biological lesion induced by IR. But early studies on cells from IR-sensitive ataxia telangiectasia patients showed that DSB repair was not sufficient to prevent IR hypersensitivity. Subsequently, the ATM-dependent signal transduction process was revealed, with the breadth of the response being slowly unearthed. Early studies demonstrated at least two processes of DSB repair and revealed that mis-repair causes translocation formation. Recent studies, however, are unraveling more complexity in the repair process, including the specific processing of DSBs within transcriptionally active regions, and the significance of the chromatin environment. Despite the quality of these early and current studies, many questions remain to be addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Shibata
- a Education and Research Support Center , Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine , Gunma , Maebashi , Japan
| | - Penny Jeggo
- b Genome Damage and Stability Centre, School of Life Sciences , University of Sussex , Brighton , UK
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Shuryak I. Review of microbial resistance to chronic ionizing radiation exposure under environmental conditions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2019; 196:50-63. [PMID: 30388428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation (IR) produces multiple types of damage to nucleic acids, proteins and other crucial cellular components. Nevertheless, various microorganisms from phylogenetically distant taxa (bacteria, archaea, fungi) can resist IR levels many orders of magnitude above natural background. This intriguing phenomenon of radioresistance probably arose independently many times throughout evolution as a byproduct of selective pressures from other stresses (e.g. desiccation, UV radiation, chemical oxidants). Most of the literature on microbial radioresistance is based on acute γ-irradiation experiments performed in the laboratory, typically involving pure cultures grown under near-optimal conditions. There is much less information about the upper limits of radioresistance in the field, such as in radioactively-contaminated areas, where several radiation types (e.g. α and β, as well as γ) and other stressors (e.g. non-optimal temperature and nutrient levels, toxic chemicals, interspecific competition) act over multiple generations. Here we discuss several examples of radioresistant microbes isolated from extremely radioactive locations (e.g. Chernobyl and Mayak nuclear plant sites) and estimate the radiation dose rates they were able to tolerate. Some of these organisms (e.g. the fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides, the cyanobacterium Geitlerinema amphibium) are widely-distributed and colonize a variety of habitats. These examples suggest that resistance to chronic IR and chemical contamination is not limited to rare specialized strains from extreme environments, but can occur among common microbial taxa, perhaps due to overlap between mechanisms of resistance to IR and other stressors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Igor Shuryak
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University, 630 West 168(th) street, VC-11-234/5, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| |
Collapse
|